\nHEC-RAS hydraulic models were used to\u00a0simulate steady and unsteady flow.<\/span><\/p>\n
INTRODUCTION<\/h2>\n
We\u00a0classify water flumes among the\u00a0anthropogenic constructions that had a\u00a0great influence on\u00a0shaping our cultural landscape in\u00a0the\u00a0past centuries [1]. It\u00a0goes without saying that it\u00a0is\u00a0necessary to\u00a0care for flumes not only from the\u00a0conservation point of\u00a0view, but also from the\u00a0point of\u00a0view of\u00a0hydrological and hydraulic aspects. The primary function of\u00a0flumes is\u00a0water transport and the\u00a0subsequent use of\u00a0water energy for specific purposes. In\u00a0the\u00a0past, it\u00a0was mainly in\u00a0mills, sawmills, factories for processing of\u00a0textile raw materials, and paper mills. Transfer can take place within the\u00a0basin, but we\u00a0often come across flumes that transfer water between several basins.<\/span><\/p>\n The Harappan culture was the\u00a0first in\u00a0history to\u00a0engage in\u00a0the\u00a0construction of\u00a0flumes, in\u00a0the\u00a0Bronze Age, but their construction continued even further \u2013 through the\u00a0Roman period and the\u00a0Middle Ages until the\u00a0onset of\u00a0the\u00a0industrial revolution [2]. The precision and quality of\u00a0the\u00a0construction of\u00a0these important hydrological structures still fascinate us\u00a0today because many medieval projects still fulfil their function; for example, the\u00a0channels within the\u00a0T\u0159ebo\u0148 system, the\u00a0surroundings of\u00a0Pardubice (Opatovick\u00fd kan\u00e1l, Zminka), and Pood\u0159\u00ed PLA [3].<\/span><\/p>\n Flumes, as\u00a0artificially constructed water channels, increase the\u00a0density of\u00a0the\u00a0river network, influence the\u00a0flow regime of\u00a0water and sediments, groundwater conditions, and also vegetation. It\u00a0should be\u00a0noted that flumes are anthropogenic landforms that can be\u00a0classified as\u00a0the\u00a0initial stage of\u00a0channelization of\u00a0watercourses in\u00a0our country [1].<\/span><\/p>\n Many years have passed since the\u00a0beginnings of\u00a0the\u00a0flume construction, and therefore the\u00a0flumes may be\u00a0in\u00a0an\u00a0inoperable condition; in\u00a0the\u00a0event that we\u00a0would like to\u00a0restore their function, it\u00a0is\u00a0necessary to\u00a0assess their technical condition. Restoring the\u00a0function of\u00a0flumes is\u00a0becoming relevant due to\u00a0extreme climatic fluctuations in\u00a0the\u00a0form of\u00a0long dry periods or\u00a0intense floods. They could be\u00a0restored in\u00a0order to\u00a0improve the\u00a0discharge in\u00a0watercourses in\u00a0dry season, or, after consideration of\u00a0the\u00a0flume capacity, they could also be\u00a0used to\u00a0transfer flood discharges [3].<\/span><\/p>\n In\u00a0the\u00a0Jesen\u00edky Mountains, the\u00a0energy of\u00a0watercourses has been used since ancient times by\u00a0means of\u00a0flumes, which were often supplemented by\u00a0a\u00a0system of\u00a0small water reservoirs. Interesting constructions in\u00a0this location include, for example, Hanu\u0161ovick\u00fd flume, the\u00a0flumes in\u00a0Horn\u00ed Morava and Krup\u00e1, as\u00a0well as\u00a0the\u00a0flumes in\u00a0the\u00a0\u010cern\u00e1 Opava basin. One of\u00a0these flumes, in\u00a0N\u00edzk\u00fd Jesen\u00edk, is\u00a0the\u00a0flume in\u00a0\u017dimrovice, the\u00a0so-called Weisshuhn flume [3].<\/span><\/p>\n Carl Weisshuhn (1837\u20131919), a\u00a0well-known entrepreneur and builder, is\u00a0responsible for several important buildings in\u00a0Opava district and Silesia. In\u00a0the\u00a0second half of\u00a0the\u00a019th century, he\u00a0became famous for building bridges, viaducts, mountain railways, and standard railways. In\u00a01891, he\u00a0built a\u00a03.6\u00a0km\u00a0long flume bringing water to\u00a0the\u00a0newly built paper mill in\u00a0\u017dimrovice. Water flows into the\u00a0flume from the\u00a0left bank above Weisshuhn weir, situated on\u00a0the\u00a0meander of\u00a0the\u00a0Moravice river, and flows around the\u00a0rocky slopes below Koz\u00ed h\u0159bet. The\u00a0flume route is\u00a0led through three tunnels carved in\u00a0the\u00a0rock and two aqueducts crossing the\u00a0tributaries of\u00a0the\u00a0Moravice \u2013 Kamenn\u00fd stream and the\u00a0nameless stream. The flume channel is\u00a0rectangular and trapezoidal in\u00a0shape, 4\u20135\u00a0m wide, and originally lined with stones, while part of\u00a0it\u00a0is\u00a0built in\u00a0bedrock. At\u00a0the\u00a0end of\u00a0the\u00a0flume there is\u00a0an\u00a0outlet for ice and mud [4, 5].<\/span><\/p>\n To\u00a0start with, the\u00a0paper mill included one grinding mill with five horizontal grinders, one turbine, and one paper machine. At\u00a0the\u00a0beginning of\u00a0its operation, the\u00a0paper mill was able to\u00a0produce up\u00a0to\u00a08,000\u00a0kg\u00a0of\u00a0paper per day. At\u00a0that time, water flowed through \u017dimrovice flume to\u00a0the\u00a0paper mill at\u00a0a\u00a0speed of\u00a04\u00a0m3<\/sup> per second, which doubled the\u00a0output to\u00a0almost a\u00a0thousand horsepower\u00a0[6].<\/span><\/p>\n \u017dimrovice paper mill developed significantly at\u00a0the\u00a0turn of\u00a0the\u00a019th and 20th\u00a0centuries, when Weisshuhn received a\u00a0permit to\u00a0float wood that was harvested from the\u00a0forests growing around the\u00a0Moravice river [6]. In\u00a0favourable hydrological situations, especially during spring snowmelt or\u00a0autumn rains, the\u00a0wood (in\u00a0the\u00a0form of\u00a0a\u00a0metre-long log stripped of\u00a0the\u00a0bark) was floated up\u00a0to\u00a0Weisshuhn raft at\u00a0Koz\u00ed h\u0159bet and from there to\u00a0the\u00a0factory [7].<\/span><\/p>\n An\u00a0interesting fact is\u00a0that between the\u00a0railway station in\u00a0Hradec nad Moravic\u00ed and \u017dimrovice paper mills, Weisshuhn also had a\u00a04,100\u00a0m long narrow-gauge line built around the\u00a0Moravice river from Weisshuhn weir to\u00a0the\u00a0paper mills, which was referred to\u00a0as\u00a0\u201cPifka\u201d. This line was mainly used to\u00a0transport old paper from Hradec railway station to\u00a0\u017dimrovice [8].<\/span><\/p>\n Wood was floated by\u00a0the\u00a0flume until 1966; however, the\u00a0plant was nationalized in\u00a01946 and since then the\u00a0operators have changed several times. The\u00a0flume has remained functional and water intended for the\u00a0production of\u00a0electricity flows through it, supplying the\u00a0still functioning paper production [3]. Fig.\u00a06<\/span>. shows a\u00a0map showing the\u00a0area of\u00a0interest.<\/span><\/p>\n For a\u00a0better understanding of\u00a0the\u00a0influence of\u00a0the\u00a0flumes on\u00a0the\u00a0landscape (and more specifically on\u00a0its hydrological regime), apart from the\u00a0literature search, it\u00a0was necessary to\u00a0carry out field measurements and survey. At\u00a0Weisshuhn flume in\u00a0\u017dimrovice (\u017dimrovice flume), both field mapping and surveying of\u00a0objects (geodetic GNSS, total station) were carried out, as\u00a0well as\u00a0hydrometric measurements \u2013 a\u00a0hydrometric propeller was used as\u00a0well as\u00a0a\u00a0water flow meter (OTT MF\u00a0Pro) and acoustic devices (ADCP Teledyne RDI StreamPro, SonTek River Surveyor M9 and, in\u00a02024, also the\u00a0new RS5 and finally also the\u00a0ADV SonTek FlowTracker2). With the\u00a0help of\u00a0these data, it\u00a0is\u00a0possible to\u00a0carry out subsequent analyses in\u00a0hydraulic models, which enable 1D\/2D simulations of\u00a0steady and unsteady flow and offer rich possibilities for visualizing the\u00a0results, including partial data exports to\u00a0the\u00a0GIS environment. Field measurements, together with subsequent analyses and simulations, allow us\u00a0to\u00a0better understand and specify the\u00a0effects of\u00a0these constructions on\u00a0the\u00a0water regime in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape, for example water transfers during floods or, conversely, the\u00a0influence of\u00a0flumes in\u00a0periods of\u00a0drought [9].<\/span><\/p>\n In\u00a0order to\u00a0improve the\u00a0quality of\u00a0the\u00a0input topographical and altimetric data for the\u00a0subsequent schematization of\u00a0hydraulic models, a\u00a0geodetic survey of\u00a0selected sections and objects of\u00a0the\u00a0\u017dimrovice flume was carried out. These measurements were carried out using a\u00a0total station and a\u00a0dual-frequency measuring GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), which can be\u00a0used to\u00a0target objects with very high positional accuracy. In\u00a0places where hydrometric measurements were carried out, cross sections were also measured using GNSS and a\u00a0total station. SonTek RiverSurveyor M9 and RS5 ADCP devices also offer the\u00a0possibility to\u00a0use GPS data in\u00a0RTK mode.<\/span><\/p>\n The measurement of profile velocities was used for the parameterization and calibration of hydraulic models and the construction of measuring flow curves. Thanks to measurements with hand-held or float devices in several determined\u00a0<\/span>cross sections downstream, we\u00a0were able to\u00a0analyse the\u00a0drop in\u00a0Q and, based on\u00a0these drops, the\u00a0condition of\u00a0the\u00a0flume was assessed in\u00a0terms of\u00a0possible leaks and water losses. Despite its age, this flume proved to\u00a0be\u00a0in\u00a0very good condition, and it\u00a0is\u00a0admirable how well it\u00a0was built for its time, when engineering resources and tools were limited. The Q measurement outputs can be\u00a0evaluated in\u00a0the\u00a0Results section in\u00a0Figs. 4<\/span><\/em> and 5<\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n Hydrological (or mathematical) modelling is undoubtedly a tool that is practically indispensable nowadays. Using specialized software, we are able to simulate various scenarios without having to interfere with the real environment. For the needs of the simulation, including the influence of technical structures and water transfers (water distribution works, unloading), it was necessary to choose such software tools that allow simulating also these types of hydrological and hydraulic systems. The HEC-HMS software was used as part of the rainfall-runoff modelling, which is a program that was developed by the US Army and\u00a0<\/span>is\u00a0undergoing continuous development and improvement [3]. HEC-RAS and MIKE 11 were chosen from software tools that focus on\u00a0the\u00a0movement of\u00a0water in\u00a0riverbeds, whether natural or\u00a0artificial (hydraulic models in\u00a0general). All of\u00a0these program resources mentioned above are FEMA\/NFIP industry standards. The MIKE 11 schematization was subsequently imported into the\u00a0HEC-RAS model, so\u00a0that the\u00a0geometric and hydraulic (e.g. roughness of\u00a0the\u00a0riverbed) parameters of\u00a0the\u00a0schematizations were identical in\u00a0both models. A\u00a0big advantage of\u00a0both models is\u00a0the\u00a0possibility to\u00a0parametrize losses and leaks using the\u00a0so-called Leakage coefficients.<\/span><\/p>\n Figs. 4 <\/span><\/span><\/em>and 5<\/span><\/em> show that the\u00a0losses caused by\u00a0seepage are not essential in\u00a0terms of\u00a0endangering the\u00a0immediate surroundings or\u00a0the\u00a0functionality of\u00a0the\u00a0flume itself. We\u00a0can say that the\u00a0work has not lost its hydrological and hydraulic significance even after many years. The output is\u00a0not only the\u00a0measured and simulated hydraulic parameters of\u00a0the\u00a0flume, but also a\u00a0partial evaluation of\u00a0the\u00a0state of\u00a0the\u00a0technical structure. Furthermore, on\u00a0the\u00a0basis of\u00a0the\u00a0obtained results, we\u00a0can compare and analyse the\u00a0extent to\u00a0which the\u00a0outputs from hydraulic model simulations are usable, in\u00a0this case specifically the\u00a0HEC-RAS and MIKE 11 models. It\u00a0should be\u00a0emphasized that, despite the\u00a0complicated hydraulic conditions, the\u00a0outputs from the\u00a0models are very accurate and approach the\u00a0actual measured flow rate in\u00a0situ<\/span>. For further evaluation of\u00a0hydrological-hydraulic parameters and the\u00a0significance of\u00a0the\u00a0flume during the\u00a0flood or\u00a0drought period, further measurements and then simulations in\u00a0HD\u00a0models can be\u00a0carried out, which will help to\u00a0better understand and define the\u00a0significance of\u00a0these structures in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n We\u00a0can compare both graphs, where the\u00a0Q values are measured and then simulated for lower water bearing on\u00a0the\u00a0first one, and the\u00a0same was done for higher water bearing on\u00a0the\u00a0second one (Fig.\u00a05<\/span><\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n CHMI Ostrava plans to\u00a0continue researching old water management structures in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape, as\u00a0they are undeniably interesting works not only from a\u00a0historical and construction-technical point of\u00a0view [10], but also hydrological (water transfer) and ecological (refugia or\u00a0biocorridors for plant and animal species which are tied to\u00a0aquatic and transitional habitats). Partial results for specific locations are most often presented as\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0regular Vodn\u00ed ml\u00fdny (Water Mills) conference, which is\u00a0organized by\u00a0the\u00a0museum in\u00a0\u00dast\u00ed nad Orlic\u00ed under the\u00a0leadership of\u00a0PhDr. Radim Urb\u00e1nek. The authors hope that a\u00a0more comprehensive publication will be\u00a0created in\u00a0time.<\/span><\/p>\n Although the\u00a0measurement of\u00a0flow rates and the\u00a0modelling of\u00a0hydraulic processes in\u00a0the\u00a0flumes is\u00a0quite specific, the\u00a0work done so\u00a0far at\u00a0various locations (\u017dimrovice, Hanu\u0161ovice, \u017d\u010f\u00e1rsk\u00fd stream, Javorka, Ploskovick\u00fd stream, etc.) points to\u00a0the\u00a0fact that appropriately selected instrumentation and software make it\u00a0possible to\u00a0obtain usable results.<\/span><\/p>\n The Czech version of this article was peer-reviewed, the English version was translated from\u00a0the Czech original by Environmental Translation Ltd.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The CHMI Ostrava branch has repeatedly had the opportunity to measure water flumes, mostly during verification measurements of minimum residual flows, measurements for structural wear, or revision of flow measurement curves. As part of these measurements, it was a very valuable experience to get to know these undoubtedly very interesting waterworks, which are often also technical monuments. Part of these activities includ-ed measurements and subsequent modelling of Weisshuhn flume in \u017dimrovice. This article summarizes and comments on the partial results of these activities. One of the tasks was to determine the critical points in terms of water losses in the Weisshuhn flume. Although these phenomena do occur, the numbers are not significant, as illustrated by the results of measurements and modelling. Different types of devices were used for the measurements; mostly ADCP devices, namely RDITeledyne StreamPro, SonTek RiverSurveyor M9, and SonTek Teledyne RS5. MIKE 11.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":28753,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[2434,3476,3447,3475],"coauthors":[3183,3448,3449],"class_list":["post-29080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-hec-ras","tag-hydrometric-measurements","tag-mike-11","tag-weisshuhn-flume"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29080","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29080"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29080\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32965,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29080\/revisions\/32965"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28753"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29080"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29080"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29080"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=29080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Field work and measurements<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Unucka-obr-1.jpg\")
<\/a>\nFig. 1. Discharge measurement using ADCP RDI StreamPro, Weisshuhn flume in \u017dimrovice, 8th January 2024 (Photo: J. Unucka)<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\nFig. 2. Example of schematization of the main river Moravice and Weisshuhn flume, MIKE 11\u00a0hydraulic model<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\nFig. 3. Example of schematization of the main river Moravice and Weisshuhn flume, HEC-RAS\u00a0hydraulic model<\/h6>\n
Hydrological modelling<\/h3>\n
RESULTS<\/h2>\n
<\/a>\nFig. 4. Comparison of measured and simulated discharges during low flow episodes<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig. 5. Comparison of measured and simulated discharges during high flow episodes<\/h6>\n
<\/a>\nFig. 6. Location of the pilot area<\/h6>\n
<\/a><\/h6>\nFig. 7. Historical map of Weisshuhn flume<\/h6>\n