The complete list of these measures is extensive and varied. Individual RWM measures differ from each other in the\u00a0type of measure, effectiveness, and implementation and spatial requirements. It also includes measures that have been used for grey water management for a\u00a0long time, introduced in the\u00a0sense of green infrastructure development or their combination [7, 9, 10]. Their implementation is often associated with new construction; however, they can also be added to already existing built-up area. The\u00a0applicability of individual measures depends primarily on the\u00a0physical and geographical conditions of the\u00a0given site and the\u00a0availability of suitable areas (especially in the\u00a0case of an existing built-up area). A\u00a0separate issue is the\u00a0cost and the\u00a0need for their operational maintenance. An important question arises for the\u00a0investor \u2013 which measure to decide on?<\/p>\n
METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL<\/h2>\nRWM software development<\/h3>\n
RainWaterManager (RWM) software was developed to support the\u00a0user in the\u00a0decision-making process on the\u00a0choice of RWM measures. Primarily, the\u00a0software is intended to help with selecting a\u00a0suitable RWM measure, evaluating its effectiveness, and promoting its implementation. Secondly, it should raise awareness of their existence and use. A\u00a0total of 17 RWM measures are included in the\u00a0software (flood-release basin; stormwater retention tank; underground retention tank; rain garden; green roofs; surface infiltration system; infiltration longitudinal features; concentric surface infiltration; infiltration tunnel; infiltration shaft; underground infiltration drain; rainwater accumulation; pool, wetland in an urbanized landscape; herb beds; green facades; planting trees and shrubs; water features). Individual measures are described in detail in the\u00a0catalogue of RWM measures [10]. The\u00a0digital version of the\u00a0RWM catalogue is part of the\u00a0RWM software.<\/p>\n
RWM software is divided into four separate modules. These are accessible through the\u00a0splash window (Fig.\u00a01<\/em>). The\u00a0individual modules are:<\/p>\n This module helps the\u00a0user to choose the\u00a0appropriate RWM measure. The\u00a0user chooses preset answers to 11 questions. The\u00a0questions cover a\u00a0wide range of areas including thematic focus, use of space, natural conditions, local restrictions, and costs of implementation and maintenance. There are a\u00a0total of 38 possible answers. The\u00a0answers are used as input criteria for evaluating the\u00a0appropriateness of measures. Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) is used for this evaluation [11, 12]. In the\u00a0MCA process, all RWM measures available in the\u00a0RWM software are evaluated. Based on the\u00a0choice of a\u00a0specific criterion, all RWM measures are scored. The\u00a0degree of scoring depends on the\u00a0degree of appropriateness of the\u00a0given measure for the\u00a0chosen criterion. If the\u00a0chosen criterion fully corresponds to the\u00a0needs of the\u00a0given measure, it is evaluated with a\u00a0full number of points. In other cases, the\u00a0measure is evaluated with fewer points depending on the\u00a0degree of correspondence. A\u00a0point scale of 1\u20135 is used for the\u00a0assessment (1 \u2013 the\u00a0least, 5 \u2013 the\u00a0most). With each addition of another criterion, each measure is assigned a\u00a0relevant number of points. The\u00a0measure that thus receives the\u00a0highest point evaluation is selected as the\u00a0most appropriate. The\u00a0point values of the\u00a0relationships between criteria and measures are defined in a\u00a0preference matrix. This matrix has been preset to achieve maximum objectivity. However, the\u00a0user can modify the\u00a0preference matrix and thereby inject their own preferences into the\u00a0MCA process.<\/p>\n MCA results are shown both graphically and numerically. Each measure is assigned a\u00a0pictogram within the\u00a0RWM. Pictograms are sorted in descending order based on the\u00a0achieved point score from the\u00a0MCA. The\u00a0relative value of the\u00a0score (max. 100 %) is shown under the\u00a0relevant pictogram. The\u00a0presentation of MCA results in the\u00a0\u201eMeasure selection\u201c window is shown in Fig.\u00a02<\/em>. After clicking on the\u00a0pictogram, the\u00a0user is shown a\u00a0detailed description of a\u00a0specific RWM measure and its application in practice.<\/p>\n In this module, the\u00a0user can simply calculate the\u00a0values of selected hydrological characteristics in the\u00a0area and the\u00a0effect of the\u00a0selected RWM measure on these values. The\u00a0user can thus evaluate the\u00a0necessary scope of the\u00a0planned measure, its effectiveness, or price. The\u00a0graphic form of the\u00a0\u201eMeasure dimensioning\u201c panel is shown in Fig.\u00a03<\/em>.<\/p>\n For the primary estimation of hydrological characteristics, it is necessary to enter a simplified description of the expected use of the site. The user enters the sizes of the individual areas that together form the area of interest, selects\u00a0their type from the\u00a0menu, and assigns them an inclination value. It is also necessary to indicate the\u00a0amount of design rainfall. It is possible to enter the\u00a0amount of rainfall manually (knowledge of the\u00a0amount of precipitation for rain with a\u00a0duration of t = 15 min and a\u00a0repetition time of p = 0.2 for the\u00a0given site is required), or use data from the\u00a0nearest rain gauge station offered by the\u00a0program. The\u00a0calculation can also consider the\u00a0expected influence of future climate change on the\u00a0value of precipitation intensity [4, 13, 14]. The\u00a0calculation itself is implemented based on the\u00a0rational method [15]. The\u00a0selected hydrological characteristics are the\u00a0values of maximum stormwater runoff, maximum specific runoff, and volume of rainwater to be loaded. Furthermore, the\u00a0blue-green infrastructure coefficient (BGIC) is calculated.<\/p>\n The type and extent of RWM measures that the\u00a0user intends to implement can then be added to the\u00a0primary estimate. It is also necessary to enter what type of area will be replaced by the\u00a0measure. Subsequently, there is a\u00a0new calculation, which takes into account the\u00a0effect of RWM measures on selected hydrological characteristics. When selecting a\u00a0RWM measure, the\u00a0estimated cost of its implementation is also calculated.<\/p>\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bures-obr-1.jpg\")
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a01. RWM software splash window<\/h6>\n
\u201eMeasure selection\u201c<\/h3>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a02. Presentation of MCA results in the\u00a0\u201eMeasure selection\u201c module<\/h6>\n
\u201eMeasure dimensioning\u201c<\/h3>\n
<\/a>\nFig.\u00a03. Graphic form of the\u00a0\u201eMeasure dimensioning\u201c module<\/h6>\n
\u201eEnforcement tools\u201c<\/h3>\n