{"id":2729,"date":"2016-12-06T14:28:11","date_gmt":"2016-12-06T14:28:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=2729"},"modified":"2024-07-16T11:48:20","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T10:48:20","slug":"professional-seminar-the-impact-of-hydrological-drought-in-2015-on-surface-water-quality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2016\/12\/professional-seminar-the-impact-of-hydrological-drought-in-2015-on-surface-water-quality\/","title":{"rendered":"Professional seminar The impact of hydrological drought in 2015 on surface water quality"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00fd rok 2015 byl sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u011b podnorm\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0naopak teplotn\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b nadnorm\u00e1ln\u00ed. Sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd deficit se za\u010dal projevovat ji\u017e na po\u010d\u00e1tku roku 2015 a\u00a0vyvrcholil v\u00a0polovin\u011b srpna s\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm prohlouben\u00edm v\u00a0podzimn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0dlouhodob\u00fdm pr\u016fm\u011brem (obdob\u00ed 1981\u20132010) p\u0159es\u00e1hl sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd deficit v\u00a0srpnu 170\u2008mm a\u00a0ve velmi vysok\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch se pohyboval v\u00a0intervalu hodnot 135\u2013185\u2008mm po cel\u00fd podzim. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 teplota za rok 2015 \u010dinila 9,4\u2008\u00b0C a\u00a0byla ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0norm\u00e1lem z\u00a0let 1981\u20132010 o\u00a01,5\u2008\u00b0C vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Vzestup pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 teploty se projevil zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, kdy v\u00a0\u010dervenci bylo o\u00a02,4\u2008\u00b0C a\u00a0v\u00a0srpnu dokonce o\u00a04\u2008\u00b0C tepleji ne\u017e norm\u00e1ln\u011b. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed denn\u00ed teploty na n\u011bkter\u00fdch stanic\u00edch p\u0159ekra\u010dovaly 38\u2008\u00b0C. D\u016fsledkem toho se prakticky na cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed vyvinulo v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 hydrologick\u00e9 sucho, kdy byl na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b tok\u016f po mnoho dn\u00ed zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1n pr\u016ftok pod Q355<\/sub> (jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0pr\u016ftok, kter\u00fd je v\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9m pr\u016fm\u011bru dosa\u017een nebo p\u0159ekro\u010den po 355\u00a0dn\u00ed v\u00a0roce). Ve v\u00edce ne\u017e polovin\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f (160) bylo hydrologick\u00e9 sucho velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9, pr\u016ftok klesal a\u017e na hodnoty Q364<\/sub>. N\u011bkter\u00e9 toky ni\u017e\u0161\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du v\u00a0letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch \u00fapln\u011b vyschly [1].<\/p>\n\"velke%e2%95%a0u_jer%e2%95%a0ia%e2%95%a0ubi%e2%95%a0u_jezi%e2%95%a0urko_krus%e2%95%a0ine%e2%95%a0u_hory_uprava\"<\/a>\n

Jak se tento nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd stav odrazil na kvalit\u011b povrchov\u00e9 vody a\u00a0jak\u00fd dopad to m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt na vodn\u00ed organismy, bylo prezentov\u00e1no na semin\u00e1\u0159i Dopad hydrologick\u00e9ho sucha 2015 na kvalitu povrchov\u00fdch vod, kter\u00fd prob\u011bhl 12.\u00a0\u0159\u00edjna tohoto roku na Novotn\u00e9ho l\u00e1vce v\u00a0Praze. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou, na kterou je t\u0159eba si odpov\u011bd\u011bt, je, zda n\u00edzk\u00e9 pr\u016ftoky v\u00a0recipientech v\u00a0antropogenn\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed vedou ke zhor\u0161en\u00ed kvality vody, \u010di nikoliv. P\u0159i mal\u00fdch pr\u016ftoc\u00edch v\u00a0recipientu doch\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00e1konit\u011b k\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmu stupni \u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod. V\u00a0obdob\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho hydrologick\u00e9ho sucha m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt objem vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod dokonce srovnateln\u00fd nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016ftok.<\/p>\n

Semin\u00e1\u0159 zah\u00e1jil p\u0159edseda mezirezortn\u00ed odborn\u00e9 skupiny VODA\u00ad\u2011SUCHO, \u0159editel V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho T. G. Masaryka,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., Mgr.\u00a0Mark Rieder, kter\u00fd sezn\u00e1mil p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 s\u00a0c\u00edli a\u00a0\u010dinnost\u00ed t\u00e9to skupiny. Ve sv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku zm\u00ednil i\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e1 adapta\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed pro zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed dopad\u016f sucha a\u00a0nedostatku vody. K\u00a0p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b realizace opat\u0159en\u00ed pro zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto negativn\u00edch jev\u016f p\u0159ijala Vl\u00e1da \u010cR usnesen\u00ed \u010d.\u00a0620 ze dne 29.\u00a0\u010dervence\u00a02015, kter\u00fdm ministr\u016fm M\u017dP a\u00a0MZe mj.\u00a0ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159edlo\u017eit vl\u00e1d\u011b do poloviny p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho roku koncepci ochrany p\u0159ed n\u00e1sledky sucha.<\/p>\n

Navazuj\u00edc\u00ed program semin\u00e1\u0159e byl rozd\u011blen do t\u0159\u00ed tematick\u00fdch blok\u016f: vznik a\u00a0v\u00fdvoj sucha 2015 z\u00a0klimatologick\u00e9ho a\u00a0hydrologick\u00e9ho hlediska, jak se tento nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd stav projevil na kvalit\u011b povrchov\u00fdch vod tekouc\u00edch a\u00a0stojat\u00fdch a\u00a0nakonec, jak se se suchem vyrovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed vodn\u00ed organismy.<\/p>\n

Ing.\u00a0Radek Vlnas (\u010cHM\u00da, V\u00daV TGM,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i.) vyzdvihl klimatologick\u00e9 aspekty, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0roce 2015 vedly k\u00a0teplotn\u00edm a\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdm anom\u00e1li\u00edm ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 bylo srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0jin\u00fdmi epizodami sucha v\u00a0tomto a\u00a0minul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed. Na jeho p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ku nav\u00e1zal Ing.\u00a0Petr Vicenda (Povod\u00ed Vltavy, st\u00e1tn\u00ed podnik), kter\u00fd dokumentoval hydrologick\u00e9 sucho v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch a\u00a0zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0povod\u00ed Berounky. Zm\u00ednil mj., \u017ee brzk\u00fd rozvoj sucha v\u00a0minul\u00e9m roce byl zp\u016fsoben tak\u00e9 n\u00edzkou z\u00e1sobou vody ze sn\u011bhu t\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch zimn\u00edch obdob\u00ed. Nejdel\u0161\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9 sucho s\u00a0pr\u016ftokem pod Q364<\/sub> bylo zaznamen\u00e1no na \u0159ece \u00dahlav\u011b v\u00a0profilu \u0160t\u011bnovice (nad Plzn\u00ed), trvalo 78\u00a0dn\u00ed. Ke zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed dopad\u016f sucha na doln\u00edch a\u00a0st\u0159edn\u00edch toc\u00edch v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bly vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee; nadlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011brn\u00e9m profilu Vltavy je odhadov\u00e1no na skoro 30\u2008m3<\/sup>.s-1<\/sup>. P\u0159itom odb\u011bry surov\u00e9 vody pro \u00fapravu na vodu pitnou byly zachov\u00e1ny po celou dobu trv\u00e1n\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p>\n

Ing.\u00a0Kate\u0159ina Soukupov\u00e1 (Povod\u00ed Vltavy, st\u00e1tn\u00ed podnik) sezn\u00e1mila p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 s\u00a0v\u00fdsledky mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho monitoringu kvality povrchov\u00fdch vod v\u00a0povod\u00ed Vltavy. Prob\u00edhal v\u00a0obdob\u00ed srpen a\u017e listopad\u00a02015 na 36 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch profilech. \u010cetnost odb\u011br\u016f byla zahu\u0161t\u011bna na 1x t\u00fddn\u011b a\u017e 1x za 14\u00a0dn\u00ed. V\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdz byly porovn\u00e1ny s\u00a0obdob\u00edm 2013\u20132014. K\u00a0p\u0159ekra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00edch koncentrac\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0referen\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00edm doch\u00e1zelo zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b konduktivity, organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku a\u00a0celkov\u00e9ho fosforu p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na toc\u00edch ni\u017e\u0161\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du (podle Strahlera). Na toc\u00edch vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du dopad hydrologick\u00e9ho sucha na kvalitu vody nebyl a\u017e na ojedin\u011bl\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady v\u00fdznamn\u00fd (tak\u00e9 vlivem nadlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f). Ze speci\u00e1ln\u00edch ukazatel\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed byl v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch profilech v\u00fdznamn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst koncentrac\u00ed kyseliny ethylendiamintetraoctov\u00e9 (EDTA), kter\u00e1 je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed prac\u00edch a\u00a0\u010distic\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f. Byl tak\u00e9 potvrzen zn\u00e1m\u00fd jev \u201eskokov\u00e9ho\u201c zhor\u0161en\u00ed kvality vody pod intravil\u00e1ny m\u011bst a\u00a0obc\u00ed po sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 epizod\u011b, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edch\u00e1zelo d\u00e9letrvaj\u00edc\u00ed such\u00e9 obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n

A\u00a0jak na sucho zareagovaly vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee? S\u00a0t\u00edm poslucha\u010de sezn\u00e1mil p\u0159edn\u00ed expert na tuto problematiku RNDr.\u00a0Jind\u0159ich Duras,\u00a0Ph.D. (Povod\u00ed Vltavy, st\u00e1tn\u00ed podnik). P\u0159edn\u011b, hydrologick\u00e9 sucho v\u00a0povod\u00ed nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed nemus\u00ed nutn\u011b v\u00e9st ke zhor\u0161en\u00ed kvality vody v\u00a0n\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edroda si v\u00a0mnoh\u00e9m dok\u00e1\u017ee poradit. N\u011bkter\u00e9 samo\u010distic\u00ed procesy v\u00a0povod\u00ed nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha prob\u00edhaj\u00ed s\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed ne\u017e za norm\u00e1ln\u00edho stavu. Prodlu\u017euje se dotokov\u00e1 doba, s\u00a0klesaj\u00edc\u00ed hloubkou vody roste v\u00fdznam biologicky aktivn\u00edch povrch\u016f, vzr\u016fst\u00e1 \u00faloha infiltrace v\u00a0hypore\u00e1lu. Toto jsou jen n\u011bkter\u00e9 aspekty, kter\u00e9 Dr.\u00a0Duras zm\u00ednil. Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed tak\u00e9 na tom, v\u00a0jak\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti jsou od p\u0159\u00edtoku do n\u00e1dr\u017ee bodov\u00e9 zdroje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed lokalizov\u00e1ny. Tam, kde je vzd\u00e1lenost mal\u00e1, nemaj\u00ed samo\u010distic\u00ed procesy takovou mo\u017enost se uplatnit. Zhor\u0161en\u00e1 kvalita vody v\u00a0horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti n\u00e1dr\u017ee nemus\u00ed ohrozit kvalitu vody u\u00a0hr\u00e1ze, kde doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0odb\u011bru vody a\u00a0odtoku do recipientu. To se potvrdilo nap\u0159.\u00a0na VN \u0160vihov. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 kvalitu vody ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed, je cel\u00e1 \u0159ada, ka\u017edou VN je pot\u0159eba hodnotit individu\u00e1ln\u011b.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0posledn\u00edm nem\u00e9n\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e9m bloku byla p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ka RNDr.\u00a0Petra Pa\u0159ila (Masarykova univerzita Brno) na t\u00e9ma, jak se vliv vysych\u00e1n\u00ed toku projevuje na zm\u011bn\u011b druhov\u00e9 diverzity zoobentosu. Na p\u0159\u00edkladu vodn\u00edch bezobratl\u00fdch bylo uk\u00e1z\u00e1no, kter\u00e9 skupiny organism\u016f bude vysych\u00e1n\u00ed postihovat nejv\u00edce, a\u00a0byly zm\u00edn\u011bny i\u00a0ty druhy, kter\u00e9 mohou ze zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 situace na z\u00e1klad\u011b sv\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed t\u011b\u017eit. Nap\u0159.\u00a0ve st\u00e1tech ji\u017en\u00ed Evropy, kde je vysych\u00e1n\u00ed tok\u016f \u010dast\u00fdm jevem, je druhov\u00e1 diverzita bezobratl\u00fdch vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice, kde k\u00a0tomuto fenom\u00e9nu doch\u00e1z\u00ed zat\u00edm z\u0159\u00eddka.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch organism\u016f byly RNDr.\u00a0Jitkou Svobodovou (V\u00daV TGM,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i.) prezentov\u00e1ny populace rak\u016f \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy jsou schopny zavrtat se hloub\u011bji do hypore\u00e1lu, kde je dostate\u010dn\u00e1 vlhkost, a\u00a0p\u0159e\u010dkat tam hydrologicky nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 podm\u00ednky i\u00a0po n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f. Pokud je pot\u0159eba ra\u010d\u00ed populaci p\u0159esadit na jin\u00e9 m\u00edsto, m\u011bli by tak v\u017edy u\u010dinit odborn\u00edci, aby nedo\u0161lo ke zni\u010den\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edch druh\u016f rak\u016f na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed invazivn\u00edmi druhy (zvl. rakem pruhovan\u00fdm Orconectes limosus)<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Almost the entire 2015 precipitation was below normal and on the contrary temperature significantly above normal. Precipitation deficit began to show early in 2015 and peaked in mid-August with a further deepening in the autumn months.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2685,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[321,113,316,301],"coauthors":[493],"class_list":["post-2729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","tag-conference","tag-hydrological-drought","tag-surface-water","tag-water-quality"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2729","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2729"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2729\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30358,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2729\/revisions\/30358"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2685"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2729"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2729"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2729"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2729"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}