{"id":2714,"date":"2016-12-06T14:28:24","date_gmt":"2016-12-06T14:28:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=2714"},"modified":"2024-07-16T11:50:19","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T10:50:19","slug":"hydrological-modeling-of-precipitation%c2%ad%e2%80%91runoff-process-in-the-husi-potok-basin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2016\/12\/hydrological-modeling-of-precipitation%c2%ad%e2%80%91runoff-process-in-the-husi-potok-basin\/","title":{"rendered":"Hydrological modeling of precipitation\u00ad\u2011runoff process in the \u201cHus\u00ed potok\u201c basin"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

C\u00edlem projektu QJ1520268 Nov\u00e9 postupy optimalizace syst\u00e9m\u016f integrovan\u00e9 ochrany \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0kontextu jejich ekonomick\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnosti, kter\u00fd je \u0159e\u0161en na pracovi\u0161ti brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 pobo\u010dky V\u00daV TGM,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., je vytvo\u0159en\u00ed n\u00e1vrhu syst\u00e9mu optimalizace hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0vodn\u00edmi i\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edmi zdroji v\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9m horizontu, v\u010detn\u011b jejich bilancov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0syst\u00e9mu p\u016fda\u00ad\u2011rostlina\u00ad\u2011atmosf\u00e9ra. Sou\u010dasn\u011b \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed sleduje omezen\u00ed dopad\u016f klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 ekosyst\u00e9my, co\u017e je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti velmi aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9m. Pro posouzen\u00ed vliv\u016f konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch zm\u011bn v\u00a0povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka byl vytvo\u0159en sr\u00e1\u017eko\u00ad\u2011odtokov\u00fd (S\u00ad\u2011O) model v\u00a0programu HEC\u00ad\u2011HMS, kter\u00fd bude nad\u00e1le slou\u017eit pro dal\u0161\u00ed posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u00fdch n\u00e1vrh\u016f ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed i\u00a0modelov\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny. P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek se v\u011bnuje popisu vytvo\u0159en\u00ed S\u00ad\u2011O\u00a0modelu, kter\u00fd bude d\u00e1le pou\u017eit pro posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed funk\u010dnosti n\u00e1vrh\u016f protierozn\u00edch a\u00a0protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Prozat\u00edm byly testov\u00e1ny t\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e pokryvu\u00a0\u2013 st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed stav vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, n\u00e1vrh plo\u0161n\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b a\u00a0zatravn\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech ploch veden\u00fdch v\u00a0kategorii orn\u00e1 p\u016fda.<\/p>\n\"sne%e2%95%a0iz%e2%95%a0ika_2\"<\/a>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

C\u00edlem \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho projektu je na pilotn\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed navrhnout komplexn\u00ed integrovanou ochranu \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na organizaci \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0optim\u00e1ln\u00ed orientaci v\u00fdvoje zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho a\u00a0lesn\u00edho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. Pilotn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka \u2013 bylo pro n\u00e1vrh vybr\u00e1no zejm\u00e9na na z\u00e1klad\u011b posouzen\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00e9ho nebezpe\u010d\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek, kter\u00e9 charakterizuj\u00ed zejm\u00e9na specifick\u00e9 fyzicko\u00ad\u2011geografick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, pedohydrologick\u00e9 vlastnosti a\u00a0zp\u016fsoby u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed [1]. Vybran\u00e9 povod\u00ed bylo tak\u00e9 posti\u017eeno katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed povod\u0148ovou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v\u00a0\u010dervnu 2009. Ve m\u011bst\u011b Fulnek, nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm se ve st\u0159edu povod\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo na Hus\u00edm potoce, se \u0161kody zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 povodn\u011bmi vy\u0161plhaly na \u010d\u00e1stku 297\u00a0mil. K\u010d, v\u00a0obci Hladk\u00e9 \u017divotice dos\u00e1hly \u0161kody 17\u2008mil. K\u010d. Co\u017e dohromady p\u0159edstavovalo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 10\u2005% z\u00a0celkov\u00fdch \u0161kod vznikl\u00fdch p\u0159i ud\u00e1losti v\u00a0Moravskoslezsk\u00e9m kraji [2]. V\u00a0povod\u00ed se nach\u00e1z\u00ed lokality mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b siln\u011b ohro\u017eovan\u00e9 nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi odtoky z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek, kter\u00e9 vedou k\u00a0\u010detn\u00fdm povod\u0148ov\u00fdm situac\u00edm, doprov\u00e1zen\u00fdm intenzivn\u00ed vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed a\u00a0transportem splavenin.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch kapitol\u00e1ch je pops\u00e1no vytvo\u0159en\u00ed S\u00ad\u2011O\u00a0modelu v\u00a0programu HEC\u00ad\u2011HMS (Hydrology Engineering center\u00a0\u2013 Hydrologic modeling system) [3] vyvinut\u00fd v\u00a0US Army Corps of Engineers pro posouzen\u00ed vliv\u016f konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch zm\u011bn v\u00a0povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka a\u00a0mo\u017enosti vyhodnocen\u00ed jejich vlivu na odtokov\u00e9 stavy z\u00a0povod\u00ed. Model byl sestaven pro povod\u00ed, kde byla pro kalibraci vyu\u017eita povod\u0148ov\u00e1 situace z\u00a0kv\u011btna\u00a02010 a\u00a0pro verifikaci poslou\u017eila povod\u0148ov\u00e1 situace z\u00a0\u010dervence\u00a01997. Na vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch verifikovan\u00fdch modelech byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b provedeny simulace dvou p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed. P\u0159i prvn\u00edm sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i byla na jednotliv\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy navr\u017eena plo\u0161n\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 protierozn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed (organiza\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0agrotechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed). Druh\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 po\u010d\u00edtal se zatravn\u011bn\u00edm v\u0161ech orn\u00fdch ploch v\u00a0povod\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Materi\u00e1ly a metoda vytvo\u0159en\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9ho modelu<\/h2>\n

Jedin\u00fd monitorovan\u00fd m\u011brn\u00fd profil kategorie B (veden\u00fd na hl\u00e1sn\u00e9 a\u00a0p\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b \u010cHM\u00da pod \u010d\u00edslem 266, databankov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo stanice 2511) se z\u00e1znamem pr\u016ftoku v\u00a0hodinov\u00e9m kroku z\u00a0po\u017eadovan\u00fdch obdob\u00ed v\u00fdskytu ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v\u00a0povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na Hus\u00edm potoce (\u0159. km 10,36) p\u0159ed vtokem levostrann\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edtoku Gru\u010dovky ve m\u011bst\u011b Fulnek a\u00a0je provozov\u00e1n \u010cHM\u00da. Proto bylo pro prvotn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eko\u00ad\u2011odtokov\u00fd (S\u00ad\u2011O) model uva\u017eov\u00e1no povod\u00ed pro z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00fd profil ve m\u011bst\u011b Fulnek, kter\u00e9 zauj\u00edm\u00e1 plochu 58,97\u2008km2<\/sup>, co\u017e je zhruba 41\u2005% cel\u00e9ho povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka.<\/p>\n\"uhrova-1\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a01. Schematizace pro HEC\u00ad\u2011HMS
\nFig. 1. Schematization to HEC\u00ad\u2011HMS<\/h6>\n

Prvn\u00edm nezbytn\u00fdm krokem pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed S\u00ad\u2011O\u00a0modelu je schematizace povod\u00ed, tj.\u00a0rozd\u011blen\u00ed na d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed povod\u00ed, z\u00a0nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e9 m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 specifick\u00e9 vlastnosti. Hlavn\u00edm vstupem pro schematizaci i\u00a0stanoven\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch vstupn\u00edch parametr\u016f byl digit\u00e1ln\u00ed model ter\u00e9nu 4. generace (DMT 4G), z\u00edskan\u00fd od \u010c\u00daZK, kter\u00fd zobrazuje upraven\u00fd zemsk\u00fd povrch v\u00a0digit\u00e1ln\u00edm tvaru ve form\u011b v\u00fd\u0161ek diskr\u00e9tn\u00edch bod\u016f v\u00a0pravideln\u00e9 s\u00edti (5 x 5\u2008m) bod\u016f s\u00a0\u00faplnou st\u0159edn\u00ed chybou v\u00fd\u0161ky 0,3\u2008m v\u00a0odkryt\u00e9m ter\u00e9nu a\u00a01\u2008m v\u00a0zalesn\u011bn\u00e9m ter\u00e9nu. Tato 4. generace DMT byla vytvo\u0159ena metodou leteck\u00e9ho laserov\u00e9ho skenov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 prob\u011bhlo v\u00a0letech 2009 a\u017e 2013. Schematizace byla vytvo\u0159ena v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS za pomoci n\u00e1stroje HEC\u00ad\u2011GeoHMS [3], kter\u00fd byl vyu\u017eit ke zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed DMT, ur\u010den\u00ed rozvodnic a\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, ur\u010den\u00ed fin\u00e1ln\u00ed podoby \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed povod\u00ed a\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 byl pou\u017eit i\u00a0pro v\u00fdpo\u010det n\u011bkter\u00fdch fyzicko\u00ad\u2011geografick\u00fdch charakteristik povod\u00ed soutokov\u00fdch uzl\u016f a\u00a0k\u00a0nim se vztahuj\u00edc\u00edch d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch \u00fasek\u016f vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed vstupn\u00ed parametry S\u00ad\u2011O\u00a0modelu a\u00a0jsou uvedeny v\u00a0tabulce 1<\/em>. \u0158e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed bylo rozd\u011bleno na 19 d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00ed s\u00a0plochou v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed zhruba 0,15\u201311\u2008km2<\/sup> (obr.\u00a01<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. Vstupn\u00ed parametry do modelu\u00a0\u2013 charakteristiky d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00ed
\nTable 1. Input parameters for the model\u00a0\u2013 characteristics of subbasins and reaches<\/h5>\n\"uhrova-tabulka-1\"<\/a>\n

Do programu HEC\u00ad\u2011HMS vstupuje schematizovan\u00e9 povod\u00ed, tj.\u00a0\u00faseky a\u00a0jejich charakteristiky (d\u00e9lky, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 sklony, rozm\u011bry, drsnosti) a\u00a0k\u00a0nim zav\u011b\u0161en\u00e9 plochy a\u00a0jejich charakteristiky (plocha, sklon\u00a0aj.) podle zvolen\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00fdch metod. Rozm\u011bry a\u00a0drsnosti \u00fasek\u016f tok\u016f byly stanoveny velice podrobn\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b ter\u00e9nn\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 prob\u011bhla v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b tohoto roku. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci t\u011bchto m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed byly \u0161et\u0159eny jednotliv\u00e9 typov\u011b rozd\u00edln\u00e9 \u00faseky tok\u016f tak, aby\u00a0byly v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m stanoven\u00e9m \u00faseku zam\u011b\u0159eny a\u00a0zmapov\u00e1ny nejm\u00e9n\u011b dva prizmatick\u00e9 \u00faseky. Do\u0161lo tak k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed podrobn\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze informac\u00ed o\u00a0stavu tok\u016f v\u00a0povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka a\u00a0stanoven\u00ed vypov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch charakteristik pro ka\u017ed\u00fd \u00fasek. Pro v\u00fdpo\u010det jednotliv\u00fdch komponent\u016f odtok\u016f je v\u00a0HEC\u00ad\u2011HMS na v\u00fdb\u011br n\u011bkolik metod. Pro na\u0161e podm\u00ednky byla pro v\u00fdpo\u010det zvolena metoda SCS CN,\u00a0a\u00a0tedy dal\u0161\u00edmi definovan\u00fdmi parametry plochy d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00ed byly pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty \u010d\u00edsla odtokov\u00fdch k\u0159ivek (CN\u00a0\u2013 Curve Number), \u010das koncentrace Tc<\/sub>, pod\u00edl nepropustn\u00fdch ploch a\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina vstupn\u00edch ukazatel\u016f byla stanovena v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS za pomoci n\u00e1stroj\u016f Geo\u00ad\u2011HMS a\u00a0Spatial Analyst. Pracovn\u00ed postup stanoven\u00ed \u010d\u00edsel CN v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0sestrojen\u00ed vektorov\u00e9 vrstvy kombinuj\u00edc\u00ed vrstvu HSP a\u00a0vrstvu vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed. Jednotliv\u00fdm vznikl\u00fdm kombinac\u00edm HSP a\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed byly p\u0159i\u0159azeny konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed hodnoty \u010d\u00edsla CN \u010derpan\u00e9 z\u00a0metodick\u00e9ho postupu Ochrana zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy p\u0159ed eroz\u00ed [4]. Hodnoty CN reprezentuj\u00ed vlastnosti povod\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 p\u016fdn\u00ed pom\u011bry, vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed (tabulka 2<\/em>) a\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00ed vl\u00e1hov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm faktorem z\u00a0hlediska tvorby odtoku a\u00a0tedy i\u00a0retence povod\u00ed je tak\u00e9 nasycenost povod\u00ed p\u0159ed povod\u0148ovou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. P\u0159edchoz\u00ed vlhkosti p\u016fdy ur\u010dovan\u00e9 na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u011btidenn\u00edho \u00fahrnu p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek, resp. indexu p\u0159edchoz\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek (IPS) na IPS\u00a0II.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 2. Pod\u00edl kultur p\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9m vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajinn\u00e9ho pokryvu v\u00a0povod\u00ed
\nTable 2. Actual land use in the basin<\/h5>\n\"uhrova-tabulka-2\"<\/a>\n

Volba metody transformace p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku je kl\u00ed\u010dovou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed metodick\u00e9ho postupu, nebo\u0165 p\u0159\u00edmo ur\u010duje tvar vlny, a\u00a0t\u00edm i\u00a0velikost kulmina\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016ftoku. V\u00a0t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci byl vyu\u017eit jednotkov\u00fd hydrogram podle Clarka (Clark unit hydrograph). S\u00a0ohledem na stanovenou metodu v\u00fdpo\u010dtu SCS CN byl \u010das koncentrace Tc<\/sub> vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n podle vzorce SCS (Soil Conservation service) (rovnice 2), vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0TLAG<\/sub> (rovnice 1), co\u017e je \u010dasov\u00fd posun v\u00a0hodin\u00e1ch mezi v\u00fdskytem maxima p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinn\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky a\u00a0v\u00fdskytem kulmina\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016ftoku v\u00a0po\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9m z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00e9m profilu [5].<\/p>\n\"uhrova-vzorec-1\"<\/a>\n\n\n\n\n\n
kde<\/td>\nL<\/em><\/td>\nje<\/td>\nd\u00e9lka \u00fadolnice [m],<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nA<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\npotencion\u00e1ln\u00ed retence povod\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e1 pomoc\u00ed CN k\u0159ivek [mm] (rovnice 3),<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nY<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\npr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd sklon povod\u00ed [%].<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\"uhrova-vzorec-2\"<\/a>\n\"uhrova-vzorec-3\"<\/a>\n

Pro v\u00fdpo\u010det podzemn\u00edho odtoku byla vyu\u017eita recesn\u00ed metoda (recession) a\u00a0odtok v\u00a0koryt\u011b byl stanoven s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm metody Muskingum\u00ad\u2011Cunge. Metoda je zalo\u017eena na aproximaci kombinace rovnice kontinuity a\u00a0difuzn\u00ed formy momentov\u00e9 rovnice [6] a\u00a0podrobn\u011bji je pops\u00e1na nap\u0159.\u00a0[7].<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladem odtoku velk\u00fdch vod, pota\u017emo p\u0159irozen\u00e9 retence povod\u00ed jsou sr\u00e1\u017eky, kter\u00e9 jsou do modelu zad\u00e1v\u00e1ny ve form\u011b \u010dasov\u00e9 \u0159ady (hyetogramu). Pro stanoven\u00ed charakteristik vyu\u017eit\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinn\u00fdch de\u0161\u0165\u016f (tabulka 3<\/em>) bylo vyu\u017eito dat pozemn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic Mo\u0161nov a\u00a0V\u00edtkov provozovan\u00fdch \u010cHM\u00da.<\/p>\n

Pro kalibraci byla pou\u017eita \u010dasov\u00e1 \u0159ada sr\u00e1\u017eek ze stanice Mo\u0161nov a\u00a0pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0profilu Fulnek v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 27.\u00a0kv\u011btna\u00a02010 (12:00)\u201329.\u00a0kv\u011btna\u00a02010 (23:00) a\u00a0pro verifikaci pak ud\u00e1lost, kter\u00e1 prob\u011bhla v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 6.\u00a0\u010dervence\u00a01997 (0:00)\u20139.\u00a0\u010dervence\u00a01997 (23:00), zde byla pou\u017eita \u010dasov\u00e1 \u0159ada sr\u00e1\u017eek ze stanice V\u00edtkov. V\u00a0obou p\u0159\u00edpadech byly dosazeny hodnoty v\u00a0hodinov\u00e9m kroku.<\/p>\n

Tyto dva p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinn\u00e9 de\u0161t\u011b byly vybr\u00e1ny z\u00a0n\u011bkolika \u0159ad m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch dat, kter\u00e9 byly z\u00a0d\u016fvodu \u0159ady nekvalit \u010di nepou\u017eitelnosti sou\u010dasn\u011b s\u00a0daty odtokov\u00fdmi, jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vstupn\u00ed data, vylou\u010deny. Rozpory mezi odtokov\u00fdmi daty a\u00a0daty ze sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic (zejm\u00e9na neprom\u00edtnut\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek do odtoku \u010di naopak) jsou zp\u016fsobeny zejm\u00e9na velkou vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic od m\u011brn\u00e9ho profilu Fulnek. Stanice V\u00edtkov se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve vzd\u00e1lenosti zhruba 12,74\u2008km a\u00a0stanice Mo\u0161nov (na Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm leti\u0161ti Leo\u0161e Jan\u00e1\u010dka) ve vzd\u00e1lenosti 14,73\u2008km vzdu\u0161nou \u010darou.<\/p>\n

Pro posouzen\u00ed shody modelovan\u00e9ho a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho hydrogramu v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011brov\u00e9m profilu S\u00ad-O\u00a0modelu bylo pou\u017eito Nash\u00ad\u2011Suttcliffe krit\u00e9rium E [8] (rovnice 4), kter\u00e9 je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00edm krit\u00e9riem p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed hydrologick\u00fdch model\u016f.<\/p>\n\"uhrova-vzorec-4\"<\/a>\n\n\n\n\n\n
kde<\/td>\nQOBi<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\nje<\/td>\npozorovan\u00fd pr\u016ftok pro dan\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd krok [m3<\/sup>\/s],<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nQSIMi<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nsimulovan\u00fd pr\u016ftok pro dan\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd krok [m3<\/sup>\/s],<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n\u01ecOB<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\npr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd pozorovan\u00fd pr\u016ftok pro celou \u010dasovou \u0159adu [m3<\/sup>\/s].<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/h5>\n

Pokud plat\u00ed krit\u00e9rium shody E = 1, jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0absolutn\u00ed shodu. Kdy\u017e je E \u2265 0,5, jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0uspokojivou shodu, a\u00a0pokud je E < 0,5 (m\u016f\u017ee nab\u00fdvat hodnot a\u017e do -\u221e), pak jde o\u00a0neuspokojivou shodu a\u00a0simulovan\u00fd hydrogram nen\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b kvalitn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na verifikovan\u00fdch modelech byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b provedeny simulace dvou p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly reprezentov\u00e1ny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zm\u011bnou parametr\u016f CN. Prvn\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 spo\u010d\u00edval v\u00a0n\u00e1vrhu tzv.\u00a0organiza\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0agrotechnick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, n\u00e1vrh byl proveden se\u00a0zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na ochranu p\u016fdy p\u0159ed projevy vodn\u00ed eroze (obr.\u00a02<\/em>). Z\u00a0celkov\u00e9 plochy 34,7\u2008km2<\/sup> orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy bylo navr\u017eeno na cca\u00a035,4\u2005% plo\u0161n\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 opat\u0159en\u00ed. Vylou\u010den\u00ed p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed erozn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch plodin je navr\u017eeno na 17,2\u2005% orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy, tedy \u017ee p\u016fda bude os\u00e1zena \u00fazko\u0159\u00e1dkov\u00fdmi plodinami dostate\u010dn\u011b kryj\u00edc\u00ed povrch p\u016fdy v\u00a0obdob\u00ed v\u00fdskytu p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek. A\u00a0d\u00e1le byla navr\u017eena agrotechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed na cca\u00a013,3\u2005% orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy s\u00a0ponech\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm poskliz\u0148ov\u00fdch zbytk\u016f, s\u00a0p\u0159edpokladem dobr\u00fdch hydrologick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek. K\u00a0trval\u00e9mu zatravn\u011bn\u00ed je navr\u017eeno 4,9\u2005% orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy. Druh\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 spo\u010d\u00edval v\u00a0zatravn\u011bn\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9 orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy, cca\u00a046,1\u2005% plochy povod\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 3. Charakteristiky vyu\u017eit\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinn\u00fdch de\u0161\u0165\u016f
\nTable 3. Characteristics of casual rain<\/h5>\n\"uhrova-tabulka-3\"<\/a>\n

Dosa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky a diskuse<\/h2>\n

C\u00edlem hydrologick\u00e9ho modelov\u00e1n\u00ed je vytvo\u0159it takov\u00fd sr\u00e1\u017eko\u00ad\u2011odtokov\u00fd model, kter\u00fd by se co nejv\u00edce bl\u00ed\u017eil skute\u010dn\u00e9mu chov\u00e1n\u00ed povod\u00ed, tedy skute\u010dn\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm pr\u016ftok\u016fm. Toho lze dos\u00e1hnout optimalizac\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch parametr\u016f popisuj\u00edc\u00edch syst\u00e9m pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159i procesu kalibrace a\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159en\u00edm kalibrovan\u00e9ho modelu v\u00a0procesu verifikace.<\/p>\n

Kalibrace modelu<\/h3>\n

Pro kalibraci byla pou\u017eita \u010dasov\u00e1 \u0159ada sr\u00e1\u017eek ze stanice Mo\u0161nov a\u00a0pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0profilu Fulnek z\u00a0kv\u011btna\u00a02010\u2008s\u00a0hodinov\u00fdm krokem s\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00fdm kulmina\u010dn\u00edm pr\u016ftokem 5,1\u2008m3<\/sup>\/s.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci ru\u010dn\u00ed kalibrace byly kalibrov\u00e1ny tyto parametry:<\/p>\n