{"id":2529,"date":"2016-10-06T13:05:01","date_gmt":"2016-10-06T13:05:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=2529"},"modified":"2024-07-16T11:46:44","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T10:46:44","slug":"water-protection-against-nitrates-from-agriculture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2016\/10\/water-protection-against-nitrates-from-agriculture\/","title":{"rendered":"Water protection against nitrates from agriculture"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4><i class=\"fa fa-exclamation-circle fa-3x pull-left\"><\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n<h2>Souhrn<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00edlem sm\u011brnice Rady 91\/676\/EHS o\u00a0ochran\u011b vod p\u0159ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm zp\u016fsoben\u00e9m dusi\u010dnany ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f [1] (d\u00e1le \u201enitr\u00e1tov\u00e1 sm\u011brnice\u201c) je sni\u017eovat zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, a\u00a0p\u0159edch\u00e1zet dal\u0161\u00edmu takov\u00e9mu zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed, a\u00a0to jednak pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dod\u00e1vek kvalitn\u00ed pitn\u00e9 vody a\u00a0jednak k\u00a0ochran\u011b povrchov\u00e9 vody p\u0159ed eutrofizac\u00ed. Transpozice nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice byla provedena ustanoven\u00edm \u00a7\u202f33 z\u00e1kona \u010d.\u00a0254\/2001 Sb., o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch, ve zn\u011bn\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f [2], kde je ulo\u017eeno vl\u00e1d\u011b na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm stanovit zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti a\u00a0v\u00a0t\u011bchto oblastech upravit pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0skladov\u00e1n\u00ed hnojiv a\u00a0statkov\u00fdch hnojiv, st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed plodin a\u00a0prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti byly v\u00a0roce 2003 na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm vl\u00e1dy \u010d.\u00a0103\/2003 Sb., o\u00a0stanoven\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a\u00a0o\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0skladov\u00e1n\u00ed hnojiv a\u00a0statkov\u00fdch hnojiv, st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed plodin a\u00a0prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0t\u011bchto oblastech [3], vymezeny v\u00fd\u010dtem katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e1 le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0povod\u00edch povrchov\u00fdch vod a\u00a0oblastech podzemn\u00edch vod, kde bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dusi\u010dnany ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f nebo kde okolnosti nasv\u011bd\u010duj\u00ed tomu, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmu zhor\u0161en\u00ed jakosti vod. Toto na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy z\u00e1rove\u0148 stanovilo, \u017ee p\u0159ezkoum\u00e1n\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1vrhy na zm\u011bny jejich rozsahu mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159edlo\u017eeny vl\u00e1d\u011b nejpozd\u011bji do \u010dty\u0159 let od prvn\u00edho vymezen\u00ed. V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jsou vyhl\u00e1\u0161eny zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm vl\u00e1dy \u010d.\u00a0262\/2012 Sb., o\u00a0stanoven\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a\u00a0ak\u010dn\u00edm programu v\u00a0platn\u00e9m zn\u011bn\u00ed [4], kter\u00e9 nahradilo p\u016fvodn\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d.\u00a0103\/2003 Sb.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/pohranici.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2529];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"425\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2487 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/pohranici.jpg\" alt=\"pohranici\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/pohranici.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/pohranici-300x159.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/pohranici-768x408.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/425;\" \/><\/a>\n<h2>\u00davod<\/h2>\n<p>Zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod dusi\u010dnany je z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd probl\u00e9m, kter\u00fd ohro\u017euje nejen \u010dlov\u011bka, ale tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodu a\u00a0krajinu. Rada Evropsk\u00fdch spole\u010denstv\u00ed proto v\u00a0roce 1991 konstatovala, \u017ee obsahy nitr\u00e1t\u016f ve vod\u00e1ch v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdch oblastech stoupaj\u00ed a\u00a0dosahuj\u00ed hodnot, kter\u00e9 jsou nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 vzhledem k\u00a0limit\u016fm dan\u00fdch po\u017eadavky na jakost vod ve zdroj\u00edch pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pro pitn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely a\u00a0\u017ee tento v\u00fdvoj nen\u00ed obecn\u011b v\u00a0souladu se z\u00e1jmy ochrany p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00fdmi v\u00a0jin\u00fdch usnesen\u00edch EHS. Rada ES proto p\u0159ijala sm\u011brnici 91\/676\/EHS k\u00a0ochran\u011b vod p\u0159ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm dusi\u010dnany ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f (nitr\u00e1tov\u00e1 sm\u011brnice), kter\u00e1 ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 \u010dlensk\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm vymezit zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti a\u00a0u\u010dinit pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 kroky ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tohoto zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Po\u017eadavky uveden\u00e9 sm\u011brnice byly transponov\u00e1ny do \u010desk\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va v\u00a0\u00a7\u202f33 z\u00e1kona \u010d.\u00a0254\/2001 Sb., o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch, ve zn\u011bn\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f, kde je ulo\u017eeno vl\u00e1d\u011b na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm stanovit zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti a\u00a0v\u00a0t\u011bchto oblastech upravit pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0skladov\u00e1n\u00ed hnojiv a\u00a0statkov\u00fdch hnojiv, st\u0159\u00eddan\u00ed plodin a\u00a0prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>Po\u017eadavky sm\u011brnice Rady 91\/676\/EHS\u00a0(nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice)<\/h2>\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice je sn\u00ed\u017eit zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 dusi\u010dnany ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159edch\u00e1zet dal\u0161\u00edmu takov\u00e9mu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Pro spln\u011bn\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016f t\u00e9to sm\u011brnice bylo nutn\u00e9 prov\u00e9st p\u011bt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch z\u00e1sadn\u00edch krok\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stanovit zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 a\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00e9 vody, vytvo\u0159it monitoring jakosti povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0monitoring \u00fa\u010dinnosti ak\u010dn\u00edho programu.<\/li>\n<li>Vymezit zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed odvod\u0148ovan\u00e1 do povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch nebo ohro\u017een\u00fdch dusi\u010dnany ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. Hlavn\u00edm kvalitativn\u00edm krit\u00e9riem zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod je koncentrace dusi\u010dnan\u016f vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 50\u2008mg\/l nebo takov\u00e1 koncentrace, kter\u00e1 by mohla stanovenou hranici p\u0159ekro\u010dit, pokud by nebyla zavedena \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed posouzen\u00ed je tak\u00e9 ur\u010den\u00ed m\u00edry eutrofizace povrchov\u00fdch vod. Vymezen\u00e9 zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti podl\u00e9haj\u00ed revizi nejpozd\u011bji do 4\u00a0let od p\u0159edchoz\u00edho vymezen\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Stanovit Z\u00e1sady spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 praxe zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na ochranu vod p\u0159ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm dusi\u010dnany ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f (d\u00e1le jen \u201eZ\u00e1sady\u201c), kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed souhrn obecn\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f jak hospoda\u0159it, aby nedoch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0nadm\u011brn\u00e9mu zat\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00fdch vod dusi\u010dnany. Z\u00e1sady jsou uplat\u0148ov\u00e1ny na dobrovoln\u00e9 b\u00e1zi na cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR. Pro tyto \u00fa\u010dely jsou pak p\u0159ipraveny \u0161kolic\u00ed programy pro zem\u011bd\u011blce.<\/li>\n<li>Sestavit, zav\u00e9st a\u00a0realizovat ak\u010dn\u00ed program, kontrolovat a\u00a0vynucovat dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed jeho jednotliv\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Ak\u010dn\u00ed program p\u0159edstavuje povinn\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby hospoda\u0159en\u00ed ve vymezen\u00fdch zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0dostupn\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch a\u00a0technick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f a\u00a0respektuje rozd\u00edln\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u00ed a\u00a0klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed. Ak\u010dn\u00ed program mus\u00ed obsahovat po\u017eadavky stanoven\u00e9 v\u00a0nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnici a\u00a0opat\u0159en\u00ed uveden\u00e1 v\u00a0Z\u00e1sad\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<li>Pro zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti se tak st\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed stanoven\u00e1 v\u00a0Z\u00e1sad\u00e1ch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00edho programu, jeho\u017e pln\u011bn\u00ed je pro podnikatele hospoda\u0159\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed povinn\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed implementace nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice je tak\u00e9 zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0odesl\u00e1n\u00ed povinn\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v Evropsk\u00e9 komisi o\u00a0pln\u011bn\u00ed nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice za ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u010dty\u0159let\u00e9 obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2529];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"481\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2479 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-1.jpg\" alt=\"hrabankova-1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-1-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-1-768x462.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/481;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a01. Rozd\u011blen\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR podle vlastnost\u00ed hydrogeologick\u00e9 struktury \u00fatvar\u016f podzemn\u00edch vod<br \/>\nFig. 1. Distribution of area of CR according to the hydrogeological structure<\/h6>\n<p>Zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR a\u00a0prvn\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00ed program byly vyhl\u00e1\u0161eny na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm vl\u00e1dy \u010d.\u00a0103\/2003 Sb., o\u00a0stanoven\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a\u00a0o\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0skladov\u00e1n\u00ed hnojiv a\u00a0statkov\u00fdch hnojiv, st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed plodin a\u00a0prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0t\u011bchto oblastech [3], s\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed od 11.\u00a0dubna\u00a02003, na z\u00e1klad\u011b zmocn\u011bn\u00ed \u00a7\u202f33 z\u00e1kona \u010d.\u00a0254\/2001 Sb., o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch. Prvn\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00ed program pro zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky byl vyhl\u00e1\u0161en k\u00a01.\u00a01.\u00a02004, s\u00a0term\u00ednem jeho zaveden\u00ed do 31.\u00a012.\u00a02007. Prvn\u00ed revize vymezen\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed byla uplatn\u011bna novelou tohoto na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, a\u00a0to na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm vl\u00e1dy \u010d.\u00a0219\/2007 Sb., s\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed od 1.\u00a09.\u00a02007 [5]. Druh\u00fd ak\u010dn\u00ed program na obdob\u00ed 2008\u20132011 byl vyhl\u00e1\u0161en novelou na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d.\u00a0103\/2003 Sb., a\u00a0to na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm vl\u00e1dy \u010d.\u00a0108\/2008 Sb., s\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed od 4.\u00a04.\u00a02008 [6]. P\u016fvodn\u00ed p\u0159edpis byl v\u00a0roce 2012 zru\u0161en nov\u00fdm na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm vl\u00e1dy\u00a0\u010d.\u00a0262\/2012 Sb., o\u00a0stanoven\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a\u00a0ak\u010dn\u00edm programu (d\u00e1le jen \u201ena\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy\u201c) [4], kter\u00e9 s\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed od 1.\u00a08.\u00a02012 vyhl\u00e1sil druhou revizi zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a\u00a0vyhl\u00e1sil 3. ak\u010dn\u00ed program. T\u0159et\u00ed revize vymezen\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed byla uplatn\u011bna novelou \u010d.\u00a0235\/2016 Sb. tohoto na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed od 1.\u00a08.\u00a02016 [7]. \u010ctvrt\u00fd ak\u010dn\u00ed program a\u00a0jeho \u00fapravy v\u00a0t\u00e9to novele vych\u00e1zely p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f monitoringu realizace t\u0159et\u00edho ak\u010dn\u00edho programu v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 praxi, nov\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch poznatk\u016f a\u00a0po\u017eadavk\u016f Evropsk\u00e9 komise.<\/p>\n<h2>Vymezen\u00ed a\u00a0revize zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed<\/h2>\n<h3>Vymezen\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Jak ji\u017e bylo v\u00fd\u0161e konstatov\u00e1no, prvn\u00ed zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti byly vymezeny v\u00a0roce 2002 [8]. P\u0159i vymezov\u00e1n\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed bylo nutn\u00e9 vy\u0159e\u0161it, jak postupovat p\u0159i vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech koncentrac\u00ed podzemn\u00edch a\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod. Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm podkladem pro vymezov\u00e1n\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod bylo vymezen\u00ed ov\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch a\u00a0neov\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch oblast\u00ed v\u00a0roce 1999 v\u00a0projektu\u00a0VaV 510\/4\/98 Omezov\u00e1n\u00ed plo\u0161n\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0\u010cR [9]. Tyto oblasti byly takto rozd\u011bleny na z\u00e1klad\u011b posouzen\u00ed, zda se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sky v\u00fdznamnou oblast (povod\u00ed vod\u00e1rensk\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed), d\u00e1le podle toho, jak\u00e9 je riziko vyplavov\u00e1n\u00ed dusi\u010dnan\u016f vzhledem k\u00a0bilan\u010dn\u00edmu p\u0159ebytku dusi\u010dnan\u016f p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdch v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b, a\u00a0samoz\u0159ejm\u011b hlavn\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b vyhodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f dostupn\u00e9ho monitoringu jakosti povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed projev\u016f eutrofizace zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 dusi\u010dnany. Prvn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed prob\u00edhalo zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pro povrchov\u00e9 a\u00a0zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pro podzemn\u00ed vody. P\u0159i posouzen\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod bylo pot\u0159eba identifikovat, jak se zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dusi\u010dnany \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch a\u00a0kde se projev\u00ed jeho \u00fa\u010dinky. Vych\u00e1zelo se z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch podm\u00ednek \u00fatvar\u016f podzemn\u00edch vod. Podle vlastnost\u00ed hydrogeologick\u00e9 struktury je mo\u017en\u00e9 ob\u011bh podzemn\u00edch vod rozd\u011blit na dva p\u0159\u00edpady. V\u00a0prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b (\u00fatvary podzemn\u00ed vody s\u00a0jednoduch\u00fdm ob\u011bhem) jde o\u00a0oblasti s\u00a0nesouvisl\u00fdm zvodn\u011bn\u00edm (hlavn\u011b oblasti krystalinick\u00fdch hornin) nebo m\u011blk\u00fdm ob\u011bhem podzemn\u00ed vody v\u00a0p\u0159ipovrchov\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm kvart\u00e9rn\u00ed kolektory), zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod se zde v\u011bt\u0161inou bezprost\u0159edn\u011b objevuje i\u00a0v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch. V\u00a0t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech byly hodnoceny koncentrace NO<sub>3<\/sub> spole\u010dn\u011b v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch i\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch. V\u00a0hydrogeologick\u00fdch rajonech se souvisl\u00fdm zvodn\u011bn\u00edm (p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u00a0p\u00e1nevn\u00edch struktur\u00e1ch) je hlub\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ob\u011bh podzemn\u00ed vody. Podzemn\u00ed a\u00a0povrchov\u00e1 voda se zde tedy mus\u00ed hodnotit zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165, proto\u017ee absence zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch v\u00a0t\u011bchto oblastech automaticky nevylu\u010duje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod. Cel\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR bylo tedy rozd\u011bleno na dva typy oblast\u00ed podle p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00edho typu ob\u011bhu podzemn\u00edch vod (<em>obr.\u00a01<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u00a0za\u0159azen\u00ed plochy mezi zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti byly tak\u00e9 pou\u017eity podp\u016frn\u00e9 podklady, kter\u00e9 umo\u017enily odli\u0161it p\u016fvod zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, rozsah vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u016fdy v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch oblastech, intenzitu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0obecnou zranitelnost p\u016fd a\u00a0horninov\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2529];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"565\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2480 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-2.jpg\" alt=\"hrabankova-2\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-2-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-2-768x542.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/565;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a02. Vyhodnocen\u00ed monitoringu povrchov\u00fdch vod<br \/>\nFig. 2. Assessment of the nitrate concentrations in surface water<\/h6>\n<p>V\u00a0roce 2002 je\u0161t\u011b nebyl zaveden speci\u00e1ln\u00ed monitoring povrchov\u00fdch vod pro nitr\u00e1tovou sm\u011brnici, pro hodnocen\u00ed byla tedy vyu\u017eita v\u0161echna dostupn\u00e1 data z\u00a0dosavadn\u00edch prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch monitoring\u016f jakosti povrchov\u00fdch vod, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b z\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na drobn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch zaji\u0161\u0165ovan\u00fdch St\u00e1tn\u00ed meliora\u010dn\u00ed spr\u00e1vou (SMS) a\u00a0tak\u00e9 z\u00a0prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod provozovan\u00e9ho \u010cesk\u00fdm hydrometeorologick\u00fdm \u00fastavem (\u010cHM\u00da). Pro hospod\u00e1\u0159skou bilanci dus\u00edku byly pou\u017eity statistick\u00e9 \u00fadaje \u010cesk\u00e9ho statistick\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu (\u010cS\u00da) a\u00a0\u00fadaje z\u00a0datab\u00e1ze Ministerstva zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed (MZe). Pro rozli\u0161en\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f byla vyu\u017eita vrstva CORINE\u00a0\u2013 Land Cover po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 z\u00a0dru\u017eicov\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f z\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1990\u20131992.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti vymezen\u00e9 v\u00a0povod\u00edch 4. \u0159\u00e1du byly po jejich homogenizaci p\u0159evedeny z\u00a0legislativn\u011b\u00ad\u2011administrativn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f na plochy katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed vlastn\u00edkovi nebo u\u017eivateli pozemku identifikovat, zda se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti, \u010di nikoliv. Pro p\u0159evod \u00fazem\u00ed na katastry byla stanovena pevn\u00e1 krit\u00e9ria (plocha katastru je vice ne\u017e ze 75\u00a0% pokryta vymezen\u00fdm zraniteln\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm), aby nedoch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edmu roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed vymezen\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed.\u00a0Zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti byly vymezeny na 36,7\u00a0% \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky.<\/p>\n<h2>Revize zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Podle nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice mus\u00ed prob\u00edhat pravideln\u00e9 p\u0159ezkoum\u00e1n\u00ed vymezen\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed do 4\u00a0let od jej\u00edho vymezen\u00ed. V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice tak prob\u011bhly ji\u017e 3 revize, v\u00a0letech 2007 [10], 2011 [11] a\u00a0v\u00a0roce 2015 [12]. P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu revidovan\u00e9ho vymezen\u00ed se vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee pokud maj\u00ed b\u00fdt opat\u0159en\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00edch program\u016f \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 a\u00a0t\u00edm zaji\u0161t\u011bna ochrana vod, je nutn\u00e9 v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m obdob\u00ed mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi revizemi zam\u011b\u0159it pozornost na skute\u010dn\u011b probl\u00e9mov\u00e9 oblasti a\u00a0v\u00a0nich aplikovat co nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 povedou ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed stavu. Vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 to ze smyslu nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice, jej\u00edm\u017e \u00fa\u010delem je c\u00edlen\u00e9 sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f v\u00a0jasn\u011b definovan\u00fdch oblastech. Proto \u010cesk\u00e1 republika p\u0159istoupila k\u00a0mo\u017enosti, \u017ee v\u00a0r\u00e1mci reviz\u00ed budou vyhodnocena aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed data z\u00a0jakosti povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u011b tak\u00e9 jejich trendy, a\u00a0podle t\u011bchto v\u00fdsledk\u016f bude rozhodnuto bu\u010f o\u00a0roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed plochy zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, nebo v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho zlep\u0161en\u00ed stavu tak\u00e9 o\u00a0jejich zru\u0161en\u00ed. T\u00fdk\u00e1 se to p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kde koncentrace dusi\u010dnan\u016f za p\u0159edchoz\u00ed obdob\u00ed byly pod hranic\u00ed 25\u2008mg\/l a\u00a0trend jejich v\u00fdvoje byl klesaj\u00edc\u00ed. V\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1no, \u017ee dostate\u010dnou ochranu \u00fazem\u00ed ji\u017e zajist\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje (nap\u0159.\u00a0Z\u00e1sady spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 praxe). Tato metodika byla pou\u017eita ve v\u0161ech t\u0159ech proveden\u00fdch reviz\u00edch.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-3.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2529];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"565\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2481 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-3.jpg\" alt=\"hrabankova-3\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-3-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-3-768x542.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/565;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a03. Vyhodnocen\u00ed monitoringu podzemn\u00edch vod<br \/>\nFig. 3. Assessment of the nitrate concentrations in groundwater<\/h6>\n<p>Od roku 2002, kdy byly zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti vymezeny, do\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu posunu ve v\u00fdvoji v\u00a0oblasti datov\u00fdch podklad\u016f i\u00a0ke zp\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsobu hodnocen\u00ed. I\u00a0nad\u00e1le jsou pro revize pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na data \u010cHM\u00da o\u00a0jakosti povrchov\u00fdch i\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod. V\u00fdraznou pomoc\u00ed pro zkvalitn\u011bn\u00ed podklad\u016f pro jednotliv\u00e9 revize bylo navr\u017een\u00ed nov\u00e9ho optimalizovan\u00e9ho monitoringu drobn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, kter\u00fd navazoval na s\u00ed\u0165 provozovanou St\u00e1tn\u00ed meliora\u010dn\u00ed spr\u00e1vou od roku 1993 a\u00a0pot\u00e9 jej\u00ed n\u00e1stupnickou organizac\u00ed Zem\u011bd\u011blskou vodohospod\u00e1\u0159skou spr\u00e1vou. Tento monitoring je c\u00edlen\u011b situov\u00e1n pro pot\u0159eby nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 je p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st profil\u016f um\u00edst\u011bna v\u00a0m\u00edstech reprezentativn\u00edch pro monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f podle R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice 2000\/60\/ES [13]. Monitorovac\u00ed\u00a0s\u00ed\u0165 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch profil\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou m\u011b\u0159eny dlouhodob\u011b ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc a\u00a0jsou situov\u00e1ny pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0m\u00edstech reprezentativn\u00edch pro monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f. Dal\u0161\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jsou vedlej\u0161\u00ed profily, kter\u00e9 jsou sledov\u00e1ny 12\u00d7 za rok a\u00a0jsou rozd\u011bleny do \u010dty\u0159 skupin tak, aby byly m\u011b\u0159eny v\u00a0pravideln\u00fdch 4let\u00fdch cyklech. V\u00fdsledky t\u011bchto sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch podklad\u016f pro revize zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed. Od zaveden\u00ed t\u00e9to monitorovac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b prob\u011bhlo n\u011bkolik jej\u00edch optimalizac\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je provozov\u00e1na podniky Povod\u00ed podle jejich \u00fazemn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti, v\u00fdsledky pak spravuje Povod\u00ed Moravy,\u00a0s.\u00a0p.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00edky projektu Technologick\u00e9 agentury \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky TA01010670 Chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod pro lidskou spot\u0159ebu\u00a0\u2013 hodnocen\u00ed jakosti surov\u00e9 vody a\u00a0jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0praxi [14] bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e pou\u017e\u00edt pro hodnocen\u00ed jakosti tak\u00e9 data o\u00a0jakosti surov\u00e9 vody ur\u010den\u00e9 pro lidskou spot\u0159ebu po\u0159izovan\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b z\u00e1kona \u010d.\u00a0274\/2001 Sb., o\u00a0vodovodech a\u00a0kanalizac\u00edch pro ve\u0159ejnou pot\u0159ebu [15] a\u00a0jeho prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00ed vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0428\/2001 Sb. [16]. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0v\u00fdsledky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed jakosti provozovatel\u016f vodovod\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed tato data v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti pravideln\u011b zas\u00edlaj\u00ed podnik\u016fm Povod\u00ed a\u00a0krajsk\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159ad\u016fm (d\u0159\u00edve Ministerstvu zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed). Tyto \u00fadaje byly vzhledem ke zp\u016fsobu jejich vykazov\u00e1n\u00ed pro\u00a0hromadn\u00e9 vyhodnocen\u00ed nedostupn\u00e9, d\u00edky \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9mu projektu vznikla ve V\u00daV TGM datab\u00e1ze, kterou bylo mo\u017eno vyu\u017e\u00edt jako z\u00e1sadn\u00ed podklad pro hodnocen\u00ed jakosti zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b podzemn\u00edch vod.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-4.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2529];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"565\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2482 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-4.jpg\" alt=\"hrabankova-4\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-4.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-4-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-4-768x542.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/565;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6 class=\"05POPISKYobrazku\">Obr.\u00a04. N\u00e1vrh revidovan\u00e9ho vymezen\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed<br \/>\nFig. 4. Proposal for revision of the designation of vulnerable zones<\/h6>\n<p>Na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch obr\u00e1zc\u00edch (<em>obr.\u00a02<\/em> a\u00a0<em>3<\/em>) je uk\u00e1zka v\u00fdsledk\u016f hodnocen\u00ed jakosti povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod pro revize v\u00a0roce 2015. Jednotliv\u00e1 monitorovac\u00ed m\u00edsta jsou vyhodnocena a\u00a0rozd\u011blena do kategori\u00ed podle hodnoty koncentrac\u00ed NO<sub>3<\/sub>. Pokud to bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00a0hlediska \u010dasov\u00fdch \u0159ad m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, u\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9ho m\u00edsta byl vyhodnocen tak\u00e9 trend: vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed (\u0161ipka sm\u011brem nahoru), klesaj\u00edc\u00ed (\u0161ipka dol\u016f) a\u00a0stabiln\u00ed (vodorovn\u00e1 \u0161ipka). Kde nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 hodnotit trend vzhledem k\u00a0po\u010dtu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, je toto m\u00edsto vyzna\u010deno pouze jako bod.<\/p>\n<h5>Tabulka 1. Tabulka ploch vymezen\u00fdch zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed<br \/>\nTable 1. Table of areas of defined vulnerable areas<\/h5>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-tabulka-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2529];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"275\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2486 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-tabulka-1.jpg\" alt=\"hrabankova-tabulka-1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-tabulka-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-tabulka-1-300x103.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-tabulka-1-768x264.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/275;\" \/><\/a>\n<p class=\"00TEXTbezodsazeni\">*) rozsah zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy podle vrstvy Corine Land Cover 90 pro rok 2003, Corine Land Cover 2000 pro rok 2007, Corine Land Cover 2006 pro rok 2011 a\u00a0Corine Land Cover 2012 pro rok 2015<\/p>\n<p class=\"00TEXT\">Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdraznou zm\u011bnou p\u0159i reviz\u00edch zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed bylo vytvo\u0159en\u00ed metodiky pro hodnocen\u00ed eutrofizace [17]. Hodnocen\u00ed je zalo\u017eeno v\u00a0prvn\u00edm kroku na vyhodnocen\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed dusi\u010dnan\u016f, pokud koncentrace p\u0159esahuje 25\u2008mg\/l, jsou tyto profily d\u00e1le vyhodnocov\u00e1ny z\u00a0hlediska celkov\u00e9ho fosforu. U\u00a0profil\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou na z\u00e1klad\u011b tohoto posouzen\u00ed hodnoceny v\u00a0hor\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e v\u00a0dobr\u00e9m stavu, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmu kroku\u00a0\u2013 ur\u010den\u00ed m\u00edry vlivu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b pod\u00edlu dusi\u010dnanov\u00e9ho dus\u00edku na celkov\u00e9m anorganick\u00e9m dus\u00edku ve vzorku. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b hodnoty tohoto pom\u011bru a\u00a0pod\u00edlu zastoupen\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch p\u016fd v\u00a0povod\u00ed je toto povod\u00ed ozna\u010deno jako zraniteln\u00e9\/nezraniteln\u00e9 z\u00a0hlediska eutrofizace vod.<\/p>\n<p class=\"00TEXT\">V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 revize zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed vych\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m obdob\u00ed z\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch vrstev katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f leteck\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed CORINE Land Cover.<\/p>\n<p class=\"00TEXT\">V\u00a0<em><span class=\"01ITALIC\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;\">tabulce<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"01ITALIC\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;\">1<\/span><\/span><\/em> a\u00a0<em><span class=\"01ITALIC\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;\">obr.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"01ITALIC\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;\">4<\/span><\/span><\/em> je zaznamen\u00e1n v\u00fdvoj rozsahu zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed v\u00a0cel\u00e9m obdob\u00ed implementace nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2002\u20132015.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"03NADPIS2\">P\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v o\u00a0pln\u011bn\u00ed nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice<\/h2>\n<p class=\"00TEXTbezodsazeni\">Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed implementace nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice je tak\u00e9 zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0odesl\u00e1n\u00ed povinn\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v Evropsk\u00e9 komisi o\u00a0pln\u011bn\u00ed nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice za ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u010dty\u0159let\u00e9 obdob\u00ed. Reportingov\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va je odes\u00edl\u00e1na ka\u017ed\u00fdm \u010dlensk\u00fdm st\u00e1tem v\u00a0p\u0159edepsan\u00e9m form\u00e1tu a\u00a0obsahuje vyhodnocen\u00ed a\u00a0statistick\u00e9 \u00fadaje za p\u0159edepsan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0\u00fadaje z\u00a0oblasti monitoringu vod a\u00a0pln\u011bn\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00edho programu, ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy je tak\u00e9 v\u00fdhled v\u00fdvoje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod z\u00a0hlediska \u00fa\u010dinnosti nastaven\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed jej\u00ed jakosti.<\/p>\n<p class=\"00TEXTbezodsazeni\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-5.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2529];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"418\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2483 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-5.jpg\" alt=\"hrabankova-5\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-5.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-5-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-5-768x401.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/418;\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h6 class=\"00TEXTbezodsazeni\">Obr.\u00a05. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace dusi\u010dnan\u016f v\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch podle \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f EU<br \/>\nFig. 5. Frequency diagram of groundwater classes (annual average nitrate concentrations in EU member states)<\/h6>\n<p class=\"00TEXT\">Evropsk\u00e1 komise pak na z\u00e1klad\u011b jednotliv\u00fdch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v vyhotov\u00ed celoevropskou zpr\u00e1vu a\u00a0statistiky o\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnosti nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b pak z\u00a0t\u011bchto v\u00fdsledk\u016f \u010derp\u00e1 nov\u00e9 poznatky o\u00a0mo\u017en\u00fdch pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch d\u016frazech, nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0oblasti nastaven\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00edch program\u016f pro zem\u011bd\u011blce. Ze statistik vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee \u010cesk\u00e1 republika se nach\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0hlediska rozlohy zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed v\u00a0evropsk\u00e9m pr\u016fm\u011bru (samoz\u0159ejm\u011b zde nejsou zapo\u010dteny st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 se rozhodly stanovit zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti celoplo\u0161n\u011b). Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je i\u00a0srovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f monitoringu dusi\u010dnan\u016f v\u00a0ostatn\u00edch st\u00e1tech. Nov\u00e1 evropsk\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va bude vytvo\u0159ena na za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 2017, uv\u00e1d\u00edme tedy pro informaci uk\u00e1zku z\u00a0posledn\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy z\u00a0roku 2012 (<span class=\"01ITALIC\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;\"><em>obr.\u00a05\u20137<\/em>).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"00TEXT\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-6.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2529];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"418\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2484 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-6.jpg\" alt=\"hrabankova-6\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-6.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-6-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-6-768x401.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/418;\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h6 class=\"05POPISKYobrazku\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: -.1pt;\">Obr.\u00a06. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace dusi\u010dnan\u016f v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch podle \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f EU<br \/>\n<\/span>Fig. 6. Frequency diagram of average nitrate concentrations in fresh surface water classes (annual average nitrate concentrations in EU member states)<\/h6>\n<h2 class=\"03NADPIS2\">V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuse<\/h2>\n<p class=\"00TEXTbezodsazeni\">Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice je chr\u00e1nit jakost vod v\u00a0\u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech Evropsk\u00e9 unie pomoc\u00ed p\u0159edch\u00e1zen\u00ed \u00fanik\u016f dusi\u010dnan\u016f ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f do podzemn\u00edch a\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod. Ukazuje se, \u017ee opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 jsou nastavena pomoc\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch ak\u010dn\u00edch program\u016f, a\u00a0prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 praxe n\u011bkde p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed sv\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky v\u00a0podob\u011b sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zdroj\u016f vod. Je patrn\u00e9, jak nezbytn\u00e9 jsou kvalitn\u00ed monitorovac\u00ed programy a\u00a0jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 prov\u00e1zanost s\u00a0vyhodnocov\u00e1n\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinnosti ak\u010dn\u00edho programu a\u00a0\u00fazk\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce se zem\u011bd\u011blci. Opat\u0159en\u00ed ak\u010dn\u00edho programu jsou ka\u017ed\u00e9 4let\u00e9 obdob\u00ed revidov\u00e1na a\u00a0st\u00e1le zp\u0159\u00eds\u0148ov\u00e1na, a\u0165 u\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0obdob\u00ed z\u00e1kazu hnojen\u00ed, limit\u016f povolen\u00fdch d\u00e1vek a\u00a0zp\u016fsobu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. Je nutn\u00e9 si ale uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee cel\u00fd proces zlep\u0161en\u00ed jakosti vod m\u00e1 dlouhodob\u00fd charakter, a\u00a0tak v\u00fdsledky jsou zat\u00edm pouze pozvoln\u00e9. D\u00edl\u010d\u00ed zlep\u0161en\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 pozorovat nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0oblastech, kter\u00e9 mohly b\u00fdt v\u00a0roce 2015 vypu\u0161t\u011bny ze seznamu zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, na druhou stranu ve v\u00fdsledku do\u0161lo k\u00a0op\u011btovn\u00e9mu nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed plochy zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00a0hodnocen\u00ed trend\u016f a\u00a0t\u00edm tak\u00e9 budouc\u00edho v\u00fdvoje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nevypl\u00fdv\u00e1 mo\u017enost z\u00e1sadn\u00edho zmen\u0161en\u00ed jejich rozsahu.<\/p>\n<p class=\"00TEXTbezodsazeni\">\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-7.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2529];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"567\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2485 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-7.jpg\" alt=\"hrabankova-7\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-7.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-7-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Hrabankova-7-768x544.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/567;\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h6 class=\"05POPISKYobrazku\">Obr.\u00a07. Zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti v\u00a0roce 2012; zelen\u011b jsou uvedeny vymezen\u00e9 zraniteln\u00e9 oblasti; modrou barvou jsou vyzna\u010dena \u00fazem\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 se rozhodly uva\u017eovat cel\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed jako zraniteln\u00e9; oran\u017eovou barvu maj\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed mimo Evropskou unii<br \/>\nFig. 7. Vulnerable zones in 2012<\/h6>\n<h3>Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><em>P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl na z\u00e1klad\u011b dlouhodob\u00e9 \u010dinnosti podporovan\u00e9 Ministerstvem \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0tak\u00e9 d\u00edky pr\u00e1ci mnoha koleg\u016f z\u00a0V\u00daV TGM,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., kte\u0159\u00ed se na implementaci nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice pod\u00edleli.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The aim of Council Directive 91\/176\/EEC regarding the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources [1] (hereinafter \u201eNitrates Directive\u201c) is to reduce water pollution coming from agricultural sources and to prevent further such pollutions in order both to provide good\u00ad\u2011quality water supplies and to protect surface water against eutrophication. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2487,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[589,381,590,588],"coauthors":[401],"class_list":["post-2529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-action-programme","tag-nitrate","tag-nitrates-directive","tag-vulnerable-zones"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2529","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2529"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2529\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30355,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2529\/revisions\/30355"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2487"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2529"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2529"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2529"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2529"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}