{"id":2316,"date":"2016-08-08T09:57:14","date_gmt":"2016-08-08T09:57:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=2316"},"modified":"2024-07-16T11:35:58","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T10:35:58","slug":"floods-and-drought-in-flooded-villages-in-southern-moravia-how-the-chronicles-photos-and-stories-captured-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2016\/08\/floods-and-drought-in-flooded-villages-in-southern-moravia-how-the-chronicles-photos-and-stories-captured-them\/","title":{"rendered":"Floods and drought in flooded villages in southern Moravia, how the chronicles, photos and stories captured them"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0obdob\u00ed let 2013\u20132016 byl t\u00fdmem odborn\u00edk\u016f z\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, kter\u00fd zast\u0159e\u0161ovalo V\u00daV TGM,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., \u0159e\u0161en projekt programu NAKI Ministerstva kultury \u010cR pod n\u00e1zvem \u201eZatopen\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy\u201c. Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem a\u00a0nosn\u00fdm t\u00e9matem cel\u00e9ho projektu bylo zhodnocen\u00ed historick\u00e9, soci\u00e1ln\u011b\u00ad\u2011<\/span>kulturn\u00ed a\u00a0ekologick\u00e9 kontinuity \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo zcela pozm\u011bn\u011bno vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi \u00fapravami. Dal\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem bylo porovnat stav spole\u010dnosti, kultury, krajiny, vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, vodn\u00edch ploch, v\u010detn\u011b jejich vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, biotop\u016f a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch slo\u017eek utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00edc\u00edch kulturn\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy v\u00a0dob\u011b p\u0159ed a\u00a0po zatopen\u00ed plo\u0161n\u011b rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed vodn\u00edmi n\u00e1dr\u017eemi. V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu bylo vyhled\u00e1no a\u00a0do spole\u010dn\u00e9 datab\u00e1ze soust\u0159ed\u011bno velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed (cca\u00a0700) materi\u00e1l\u016f v\u0161ech typ\u016f\u00a0\u2013 historick\u00fdch, sou\u010dasn\u00fdch, odborn\u00fdch i\u00a0popul\u00e1rn\u011b\u00ad\u2011<\/span>v\u011bdeck\u00fdch text\u016f, tis\u00edce fotografi\u00ed, mnoho vide\u00ed i\u00a0audioz\u00e1znam\u016f a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f vztahuj\u00edc\u00edch se k\u00a0t\u00e9matu. Z\u00e1jmov\u00fdmi oblastmi \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdmi v\u00a0projektu byly v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 jihomoravsk\u00e9 vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 lokality Vranovsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada, Brn\u011bnsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada a\u00a0vodn\u00ed d\u00edlo Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny.<\/p>\n

\"Dzurakova-1\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Uk\u00e1zka popisu jarn\u00ed povodn\u011b v\u00a0B\u00edtov\u011b v\u00a0kronice obce [1]<\/h6>\n

V\u00a0oblastech jednotliv\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na pozornost v\u00fdvoji zatopen\u00fdch obc\u00ed B\u00edtov, Kn\u00edni\u010dky a\u00a0Mu\u0161ov v\u00a0obdob\u00ed od prav\u011bku a\u017e po sou\u010dasnost. Archivn\u00ed badatelsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce byly zam\u011b\u0159eny i\u00a0na v\u00fdzkum a\u00a0soupis zanikl\u00fdch a\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00fdch vodn\u00edch biotop\u016f, bezobratl\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f, vodn\u00edch a\u00a0ba\u017einn\u00fdch rostlin v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00a0jejich okol\u00ed. Pozornost byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na i\u00a0ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed jakosti vody v\u00a0toc\u00edch v\u00a0souvislosti se zm\u011bnami zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0\u010dase a\u00a0v\u00fdvojem analytick\u00fdch metod. Z\u00a0pohledu krajinn\u00fdch ekolog\u016f byly zkoum\u00e1ny prom\u011bny krajiny a\u00a0jej\u00edho vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m okol\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

D\u00edl\u010d\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st v\u00fdzkumu byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na problematice povod\u0148ov\u00e9ho ohro\u017een\u00ed obc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zmizely pod hladinou vybudovan\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Cenn\u00fdm a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 jedine\u010dn\u00fdm zdrojem informac\u00ed pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti projektu byly hlavn\u011b dobov\u00e9 kroniky obc\u00ed, historick\u00e9 fotografie zachycuj\u00edc\u00ed mnoh\u00e9 povod\u0148ov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti a\u00a0vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed pam\u011btn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u0161echny t\u0159i z\u00e1jmov\u00e9 oblasti byly ve sv\u00e9 historii zaplavov\u00e1ny pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dasto. Obce Mu\u0161ov a\u00a0Kn\u00edni\u010dky byly posti\u017eeny povodn\u011bmi t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b, Mu\u0161ov n\u011bkdy i\u00a0n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t b\u011bhem jednoho roku. Obce se v\u0161ak pot\u00fdkaly i\u00a0s\u00a0opa\u010dn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem, a\u00a0to se suchem. Nejednou se stalo, \u017ee obec postihla v\u00a0jarn\u00edm obdob\u00ed povode\u0148 a\u00a0pak ji v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b potr\u00e1pilo sucho.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch kapitol\u00e1ch je uveden mal\u00fd exkurz do povod\u0148ov\u00fdch i\u00a0such\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed konce 19. a\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed v\u00a0obc\u00edch B\u00edtov, Kn\u00edni\u010dky a\u00a0Mu\u0161ov tak, jak je zachytili kronik\u00e1\u0159i t\u00e9 doby a\u00a0jak na n\u011b vzpom\u00ednaj\u00ed pam\u011btn\u00edci.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\"Dzurakova-2\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Uk\u00e1zka popisu sucha\u00a0v Kn\u00edni\u010dk\u00e1ch mezi B\u00edtovem v\u00a0kv\u011btnu 1930 v\u00a0kronice obce [3]<\/h6>\n

\u00a0\"Dzurakova-3\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Ledov\u00e1 z\u00e1cpa za Adamov\u00fdmi v\u00a0b\u0159eznu 1929 (zdroj: archiv diapozitiv\u016f obce B\u00edtov)<\/h6>\n

Obec B\u00edtov<\/h2>\n

P\u016fvodn\u00ed obec B\u00edtov se svou histori\u00ed le\u017e\u00ed dnes na dn\u011b Vranovsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady v\u00a0z\u00e1toce pod hradem B\u00edtov. Nov\u00e1 obec je vystav\u011bna na \u00fazem\u00ed dvora Vran\u010de vysoko nad \u00fadol\u00edm \u017deletavky. V\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00ed obci \u017eilo v\u00a0roce 1930 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 400 obyvatel. K\u00a0zatopen\u00ed star\u00e9ho B\u00edtova do\u0161lo mezi \u00fanorem 1934 a\u00a0dubnem 1935. \u017divot a\u00a0historie zatopen\u00e9 obce jsou zachyceny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0Pam\u011btn\u00ed knize m\u011bstyse B\u00edtova od roku 1923 [1] a\u00a0rovn\u011b\u017e v\u00a0textech Spr\u00e1vy osv\u011btov\u00e9 besedy v\u00a0B\u00edtov\u011b s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem Star\u00fd B\u00edtov [2]. Texty doprov\u00e1z\u00ed s\u00e9rie diapozitiv\u016f z\u00a0let 1928\u20131932.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0kronice obce [1] nach\u00e1z\u00edme kr\u00e1tkou zm\u00ednku o\u00a0suchu ve spojitosti s\u00a0po\u017e\u00e1rem: \u201eDne 10.\u00a0\u010dervna r.\u00a01790, za nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho sucha a\u00a0p\u0159i \u00fapln\u011b vyschl\u00e9 \u017deletavce, zachv\u00e1til osadu B\u00edtov hrozn\u00fd po\u017e\u00e1r, jemu\u017e padla za ob\u011b\u0165 cel\u00e1 osada se \u0161kolou, kostelem i\u00a0s\u00a0v\u011b\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0farou, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b byl zni\u010den i\u00a0d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fd most p\u0159es \u017deletavku.<\/em>\u201c <\/span><\/span>Mnohem \u010dast\u011bji je zde uv\u00e1d\u011bn popis povod\u0148ov\u00fdch situac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 obec su\u017eovaly zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0jarn\u00edch obdob\u00edch a\u00a0kter\u00fdm se obyvatel\u00e9 postupn\u011b u\u010dili \u010delit: \u201eChaloupky v\u00a0\u201eDoln\u00edm a\u00a0Horn\u00edm konci\u201c usadily se v\u00a0uctiv\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti od \u017deletavky, kter\u00e1 za jarn\u00edch povodn\u00ed nemilosrdn\u011b v\u0161e rvala, a\u00a0zpevnily b\u0159ehy pod sebou pevn\u00fdmi hr\u00e1zemi. Zejm\u00e9na vysok\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 ze\u010f zaji\u0161\u0165uje proti vod\u011b kostel. Tato v\u0161echna opat\u0159en\u00ed byla provedena z\u00a0toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm oblouku \u017deletavky byla \u010dinnost rozvodn\u011bn\u00e9 \u017deletavky nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed\u2026 \u017deletavka, v\u00a0dob\u011b jarn\u00edch povodn\u00ed a\u00a0letn\u00edch bou\u0159kov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edval\u016f, stala se postrachem.<\/span><\/span> Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok byl o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n s\u00a0obavou odchod led\u016f (v\u00a0b\u00edt. n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed \u201ekrehe\u201c).\u201c <\/span><\/span><\/em>Ale naopak: \u201eV\u00a0dob\u011b letn\u00edch veder byla zase t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 bez vody.\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/em> [2]<\/p>\n

\u201eV\u00a0roce 1862 v\u00a0Masopust\u011b p\u0159i\u0161la tak velk\u00e1 voda, \u017ee po n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed pluly lo\u010fky a\u00a0koblihy (v\u00a0b\u00edt. n\u00e1\u0159e\u010d\u00ed \u201e\u0161e\u0161ke pluvale\u201c) v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017ee polo\u017een\u00fdch domech.\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/em> [2]<\/p>\n

\"Dzurakova-4\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Trh\u00e1n\u00ed ledov\u00e9 z\u00e1cpy\u00a0\u2013 v\u00fdbuch n\u00e1lo\u017ee v\u00a0b\u0159eznu 1929 (zdroj: archiv diapozitiv\u016f obce B\u00edtov)<\/h6>\n

\u201ePosledn\u011b postihla jarn\u00ed povode\u0148 B\u00edtov dne 21.\u00a03.\u00a01929, kdy po tuh\u00e9 zim\u011b p\u0159i\u0161la n\u00e1hl\u00e1 obleva a\u00a0kry a\u017e 115<\/span><\/span>\u2008<\/span><\/span>cm siln\u00e9 nemohly proplout \u0159e\u010di\u0161t\u011bm mezi Adamov\u00fdmi a\u00a0cestou na Skal\u00e1ch. Ledov\u00e9 spousty zacpaly v\u00a0tomto m\u00edst\u011b \u0159e\u010di\u0161t\u011b, vzedmuly hladinu vody, tak\u017ee v\u00a0okam\u017eiku byla n\u00ed\u017ee polo\u017een\u00e1 stav\u011bn\u00ed st\u0159edu B\u00edtova zaplavena. Rychl\u00e1 pomoc okoln\u00edch hasi\u010dsk\u00fdch sbor\u016f ledovou z\u00e1cpu pon\u011bkud uvolnila, ale k\u00a0\u00fapln\u00e9mu odstran\u011bn\u00ed musela b\u00fdt povol\u00e1na ze Znojma vojensk\u00e1 asistence, kter\u00e1 siln\u00fdmi n\u00e1lo\u017eemi led uvolnila. Toto vojensk\u00e9 zakro\u010den\u00ed si vy\u017e\u00e1dalo n\u00e1kladu 1509<\/span><\/span>\u2008<\/span><\/span>K\u010d, kter\u00e9 hrad\u00ed obec. Na Dyji ode\u0161ly ledy klidn\u011b<\/span><\/span><\/em>\u2026 Pro m\u00edstn\u00ed frekvenci jednotliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed obce slou\u017eily l\u00e1vky p\u0159es \u017deletavku, kter\u00e9 ka\u017ed\u00e9 jaro ledy smetly a\u00a0zachr\u00e1nil je pouze \u0159et\u011bz, na kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159ipout\u00e1ny. Natahov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto l\u00e1vek po odchodu led\u016f byla v\u017edy m\u00edstn\u00ed ud\u00e1lost, kter\u00e1 se n\u00e1le\u017eit\u011b oslavila.\u201c <\/span><\/em>[1]<\/span><\/p>\n

Ale i\u00a0letn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9 de\u0161t\u011b \u010dastokr\u00e1t p\u0159ekvapily a\u00a0potr\u00e1pily obyvatele obce: \u201e\u017deletavka je v\u00a0\u010das letn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edval\u016f de\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch velmi prudk\u00e1 a\u00a0drav\u00e1.\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/em> [2]<\/p>\n

Naposledy je povode\u0148 zm\u00edn\u011bna v\u00a0roce 1935 [2], tedy v\u00a0\u010dase, kdy u\u017e byla p\u0159ehrada postupn\u011b napou\u0161t\u011bna: \u201eP\u0159\u00edvaly na ja\u0159e v\u00a0roce 1935 naplnily p\u0159ehradu, kter\u00e1 byla ji\u017e \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b napln\u011bna po doln\u00ed most, \u00fapln\u011b a\u00a0kaln\u00e9 vody zalily trosky star\u00e9ho B\u00edtova a\u00a0zpusto\u0161en\u00e1 \u00fadol\u00ed Dyje a\u00a0\u017deletavky.\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Obec Kn\u00edni\u010dky<\/h2>\n

Obec Kn\u00edni\u010dky byla zatopena vodami Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9, d\u0159\u00edve Kn\u00edni\u010dsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady v\u00a0roce 1940. Z\u00a0obce bylo do nov\u00fdch Kn\u00edni\u010dek, vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch p\u0159es kopec cca\u00a01\u2008<\/span>km, vyst\u011bhov\u00e1no p\u0159es 500 obyvatel. Historick\u00e9 povodn\u011b, kter\u00fdmi byla obec Kn\u00edni\u010dky postihov\u00e1na, jsou zachyceny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0kronice obce s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem Pam\u011btn\u00ed kniha hasi\u010dsk\u00e9ho sboru v\u00a0Kyni\u010dk\u00e1ch [3] a\u00a0v\u00a0n\u011bkolika publikac\u00edch Z\u0159\u00eddkavesel\u00e9ho, nap\u0159.\u00a0[4].<\/p>\n

V kronik\u00e1ch [1] a [3] jsou \u010dasto zmi\u0148ov\u00e1ny po\u017e\u00e1ry, mrazy, v\u011btry, povodn\u011b a\u00a0sucha, kter\u00e1 lidem znep\u0159\u00edjem\u0148ovala \u017eivot a\u00a0p\u0159ipravovala je o\u00a0\u00farodu a\u00a0ob\u017eivu. P\u0159i srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se sou\u010dasnost\u00ed lze konstatovat, \u017ee po\u017e\u00e1r\u016f ubylo, ale povodn\u011b a\u00a0sucha jsou i\u00a0po n\u011bkolika generac\u00edch st\u00e1le hrozbou, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed zcela vy\u0159e\u0161ena.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed kn\u00edni\u010dsk\u00e9ho rod\u00e1ka, pana Josefa Ondry, se dozv\u00edd\u00e1me, co v\u0161echno bylo zaplaveno p\u0159i t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed jarn\u00ed oblev\u011b a\u00a0jakou radost m\u011bly d\u011bti z\u00a0pravideln\u011b se opakuj\u00edc\u00edch z\u00e1plav, je\u017e od\u0159\u00edzly vesnici od \u201evzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\u201c. Oba b\u0159ehy toku Svratky byly toti\u017e spojeny d\u0159ev\u011bnou l\u00e1vkou tak ne\u0161\u0165astn\u011b, \u017ee p\u0159i v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch pr\u016ftoc\u00edch voda z\u00a0\u0159eky obt\u00e9kala l\u00e1vku a\u00a0znemo\u017e\u0148ovala p\u0159ej\u00edt komunikaci suchou nohou.<\/p>\n

Podobn\u011b jako v\u00a0obci B\u00edtov, tak i\u00a0v\u00a0Kn\u00edni\u010dk\u00e1ch bylo nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou povodn\u011b n\u00e1hl\u00e9 oteplen\u00ed a\u00a0rychl\u00e9 t\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u011bhu: \u201eDne 12.\u00a0ledna\u00a01920 n\u00e1sledkem rychl\u00e9ho t\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u011bhu a\u00a0ledu vystoupila voda z\u00a0\u0159e\u010di\u0161t\u011b do zna\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e, tak\u017ee cel\u00e1 n\u00ed\u017eina podobala se velk\u00e9mu jezeru. Lid\u00e9, bydl\u00edce p\u0159i \u0159ece byli nuceni vyst\u011bhovati ve\u0161ker\u00fd dobytek\u2026 Voda vnikla nejen do chl\u00e9v\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 do obydl\u00ed\u2026 \u0160koln\u00ed dv\u016fr byl rovn\u011b\u017e vodou zatopen. Dobou hr\u016fzy obklopeni byli ob\u010dan\u00e9 v\u00a0dob\u011b no\u010dn\u00ed, jeliko\u017e mezi vrchy Horkou a\u00a0Skalkou utvo\u0159ila se ledov\u00e1 hr\u00e1z, n\u00e1sledkem n\u00ed\u017e voda v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017ein\u011b v\u00edc a\u00a0v\u00edce stoupala. Sta\u0159\u00ed pam\u011btn\u00edci vypr\u00e1v\u00ed, \u017ee byli sv\u011bdky mnoh\u00fdch z\u00e1top, ale takov\u00e9, jak byla tato ve vesnici, v\u016fbec nepamatuj\u00ed\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/em> [3].<\/p>\n

\u00a0\"Dzurakova-5\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Ledov\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada na Svratce mezi Bystrc\u00ed a\u00a0Kn\u00edni\u010dkami, 27.\u00a03.\u00a01929 (zdroj: Archiv m\u011bsta Brna)<\/span><\/h6>\n

\u00a0\"Dzurakova-6\"<\/a><\/p>\n

D\u011bln\u00edci na staveni\u0161ti Brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady za povodn\u011b v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b 1937 (zdroj: archiv M\u010c Brno\u00ad\u2011<\/span>Kn\u00edni\u010dky)<\/h6>\n

V\u00a0kronice se n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t objevuje zm\u00ednka i\u00a0o\u00a0povodn\u00edch z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek, nap\u0159.\u00a0v\u00a0roce 1899, 1924, 1927: \u201eKolem r.\u00a01899 po velk\u00e9 bou\u0159i, kter\u00e1 zni\u010dila ve\u0161kerou \u00farodu, n\u00e1sledkem velk\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edvalu vody, utvo\u0159il se na Dvo\u0159isk\u00e1ch otvor, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e str\u00e1cel se mocn\u00fd proud vody\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/em> [3].<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky jsou zmi\u0148ov\u00e1ny v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b roku 1927: \u201eTohoto roku nebylo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ovoce. Dne 22.\u00a0\u010dervence, kdy byly \u017en\u011b v\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm proudu, nastala v\u00a0po\u010das\u00ed siln\u00e1 porucha. Blesk \u0161lehal za bleskem, zanedlouho chrlily mraky ze sv\u00fdch j\u00edcn\u016f spoustu vody a\u00a0krup. Tato \u00bchod. katastrofa sta\u010dila, aby zni\u010dila \u00farodu. Lidem do p\u0159\u00edbytk\u016f vnikla spousta vody. Nejh\u016f\u0159e na tom byli ti, jich\u017e domky um\u00edst\u011bny jsou na svahu Kostelec a\u00a0Ch\u0159ib. V\u00a0hostinci, kam\u017e vnikla rovn\u011b\u017e spousta vody, schovan\u00ed lid\u00e9 st\u00e1li po kotn\u00edky v\u00a0n\u00ed\u2026 Tohoto roku byla na pol\u00edch obrovsk\u00e1 spousta my\u0161\u00ed\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/em> [3].<\/p>\n

Povodn\u011b v\u0161ak p\u0159ich\u00e1zely i\u00a0jako d\u016fsledek dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00edch de\u0161\u0165\u016f: \u201eN\u00e1sledkem st\u00e1l\u00fdch de\u0161\u0165\u016f je\u017e trvaly po n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed, vystoupila dne 15.\u00a0\u010dervna <\/span><\/span>(1926) v\u00a0noci voda z\u00a0b\u0159ehu, zanesla bahnem nepokosenou tr\u00e1vu, pobrala sena. Lid\u00e9 brzy r\u00e1no chodili a\u017e po p\u00e1s po luk\u00e1ch ve vod\u011b, a\u00a0zachra\u0148ovali zbytky, je\u017e voda neodnesla\u201c <\/span><\/span><\/em>[3].<\/p>\n

Ani rozestav\u011bn\u00e1 Brn\u011bnsk\u00e1 p\u0159ehrada nebyla u\u0161et\u0159ena povod\u0148ov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. Povodn\u011b zde zp\u016fsobily t\u0159ikr\u00e1t zna\u010dn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161kody: \u201eV\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b t\u00e9ho\u017e roku <\/span><\/span>(1937) p\u0159i\u0161la dal\u0161\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00e1 vlna, nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ta jarn\u00ed\u2026 Byla zatopena stavebn\u00ed j\u00e1ma a\u00a0do\u0161lo ke zna\u010dn\u00fdm \u0161kod\u00e1m na vlastn\u00ed j\u00edmce, stavebn\u00edm materi\u00e1lu i\u00a0ji\u017e proveden\u00fdch prac\u00edch\u2026 O\u00a0rok pozd\u011bji se do op\u011btn\u011b zaplaven\u00e9 stavebn\u00ed j\u00e1my z\u0159\u00edtil i\u00a0nov\u011b postaven\u00fd a\u00a0je\u0161t\u011b nepou\u017eit\u00fd v\u011b\u017eov\u00fd je\u0159\u00e1b\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/em> [5].<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed povode\u0148 v\u00a0listopadu roku 1939 byla u\u017e p\u0159ehradou do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry zadr\u017eena: \u201e\u2026v\u00a0roce 1939 mohla p\u0159ehrada zadr\u017eet ji\u017e povode\u0148, kter\u00e1 p\u0159i\u0161la nenad\u00e1le v\u00a0listopadu. Jezero se naplnilo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 do v\u00fd\u0161ky 19 metr\u016f. Tato voda v\u0161ak nad\u011blala \u0161kody chata\u0159\u016fm. P\u0159es 20 chat odnesla voda z\u00a0lesa do p\u0159ehrady i\u00a0s\u00a0jejich invent\u00e1\u0159em a\u00a0ne\u017e se potopily, poskytovaly zaj\u00edmavou pod\u00edvanou turist\u016fm z\u00a0Brna\u2026 Tyto vody p\u0159ipravily tak\u00e9 definitivn\u00ed konec star\u00fdm Kn\u00edni\u010dk\u00e1m. V\u011bt\u0161ina budov byla provedena z\u00a0nep\u00e1len\u00fdch cihel a\u00a0jakmile se st\u011bny prom\u00e1\u010dely, bo\u0159ily se pod tlakem vody jako by byly z\u00a0pern\u00edku\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/em> [4].<\/p>\n

Jak povodn\u011b, tak i\u00a0sucha vn\u00edmali obyvatel\u00e9 Kn\u00edni\u010dek jako p\u0159irozenou sou\u010d\u00e1st sv\u00fdch \u017eivot\u016f a\u00a0po\u010d\u00edtali i\u00a0s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159ijdou o\u00a0\u010d\u00e1st \u00farody: \u201eRok tento <\/span><\/span>(1921) byl velmi such\u00fd a\u00a0ne\u00farodn\u00fd. Obil\u00ed na kopc\u00edch nevydalo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho u\u017eitku, brambory a\u00a0\u0159epa byly suchem zni\u010deny tak, \u017ee na n\u011bkter\u00fdch pol\u00edch je lid\u00e9 v\u016fbec nedob\u00fdvali\u2026 Ovoce n\u00e1sledkem velk\u00e9ho sucha spadlo nedozr\u00e1l\u00e9 ze strom\u016f, mnoho strom\u016f \u00fapln\u011b uschlo\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/em> [3].<\/p>\n

V\u00a0roce 1922 se sucho opakovalo: \u201ePo p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00e9m ne\u00farodn\u00e9m roce n\u00e1sledoval nyn\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e rok such\u00fd a\u00a0ne\u00farodn\u00fd. Ku v\u0161emu tomu p\u0159idru\u017eily se je\u0161t\u011b r\u016fzn\u00e9 nemoci dobytka\u201c<\/span> <\/em>[3].<\/span><\/p>\n

Obec Mu\u0161ov<\/h2>\n

T\u0159et\u00ed zatopenou obc\u00ed je Mu\u0161ov, kter\u00fd se rozkl\u00e1dal v\u00a0\u00fadoln\u00ed niv\u011b pod Pavlovsk\u00fdmi vrchy. Jeho polohu dnes snadno odhadneme p\u0159i pohledu na kostel sv.\u00a0Leonarda, kter\u00fd se dodnes ty\u010d\u00ed nad hladinou st\u0159edn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee soustavy vodn\u00edho d\u00edla Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny. Osud obce pravideln\u011b zaplavovan\u00e9 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jarn\u00edmi povodn\u011bmi byl zavr\u0161en napu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm n\u00e1dr\u017ee v\u00a0roce 1980.<\/p>\n

Srovn\u00e1n\u00edm t\u0159\u00ed uveden\u00fdch obc\u00ed se ukazuje, \u017ee obec Mu\u0161ov byla ve sv\u00e9 historii zaplavov\u00e1na nej\u010dast\u011bji a\u00a0to t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b a\u00a0i\u00a0n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t v\u00a0jednom roce. Nap\u0159.\u00a0v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1931\u20131970 byly pouze dva roky bez povodn\u00ed a\u00a0to 1943 a\u00a01949 [6]. Pravideln\u011b se vyskytovaly jarn\u00ed povodn\u011b v\u00a0obdob\u00ed \u00fanor\u2013duben, ale ani lednov\u00e9 povodn\u011b nebyly v\u00fdjimkou. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch letech p\u0159ich\u00e1zely i\u00a0letn\u00ed povodn\u011b, a\u00a0to v\u00a0\u010dervnu a\u017e srpnu: \u201eZjara trvaly t\u00fdden a\u00a0pak to kleslo. A\u00a0kdy\u017e koncem kv\u011btna a\u00a0za\u010d\u00e1tkem \u010dervna p\u0159i\u0161ly bou\u0159ky, tak voda taky n\u011bkdy stoupla, ale za t\u0159i dni byla pry\u010d. A\u00a0vyl\u00e9vala se do luk. Jen\u017ee JZD ty louky rozoralo, zni\u010dily se svodnice, kter\u00e9 vodu odv\u00e1d\u011bly, a\u00a0pak u\u017e \u0161kodila trochu v\u00edc. Ale ani tak do chalup ne\u0161la, zas\u00e1hla v\u017edycky jen p\u00e1r dom\u016f.\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/em> (pam\u011btn\u00edk Rudolf Such\u00e1nek [7]).<\/p>\n

Vzhledem k\u00a0ploch\u00e9mu ter\u00e9nu doch\u00e1zelo p\u0159i povodn\u00edch v\u017edy k\u00a0zaplaven\u00ed velk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b samotn\u00e9 obce Mu\u0161ov se silnic\u00ed I. t\u0159\u00eddy. Z\u00e1plavy r\u016fzn\u00e9ho rozsahu trvaly pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 41\u00a0dn\u016f v\u00a0roce. Po roce 1960 se obdob\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f prodlu\u017eovalo a\u00a0tyto byly soust\u0159ed\u011bny obvykle v\u00a0jednu pom\u011brn\u011b dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed povode\u0148 [6].<\/p>\n

M\u00edstn\u00ed lid\u00e9 se z\u00a0\u010dast\u00fdch povod\u0148ov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed pou\u010dili a\u00a0budovali r\u016fzn\u00e9 d\u016fmysln\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 hr\u00e1zky, pravideln\u011b t\u011b\u017eili p\u00edsek z\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho dna a\u00a0na m\u00edstech, kde se voda dr\u017eela dlouho, nep\u011bstovali obil\u00ed, ale nechali r\u016fst lesy a\u00a0tr\u00e1vu: \u201eVoda tu byla ka\u017ed\u00fd rok, ale ne\u0161kodila, naopak prosp\u00edvala. Ty louky pak byly \u00farodn\u00e9. U\u017e za N\u011bmc\u016f tady byly nad\u011blan\u00fd na louk\u00e1ch svodnice, stavidla a\u00a0promy\u0161len\u00fd kan\u00e1ly do Dyje, tak\u017ee kdy\u017e p\u0159i\u0161la velk\u00e1 voda, fungovalo to. Mu\u0161ovsk\u00e9 bar\u00e1ky u\u017e byly postaven\u00e9 tak, \u017ee i\u00a0kdy\u017e byl dv\u016fr pod vodou, v\u00a0m\u00edstnosti nem\u011bl vodu nikdo\u2026 Kdy\u017e se star\u00e9 protipovod\u0148ov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my p\u0159estaly udr\u017eovat, voda nem\u011bla kam odt\u00e9kat a\u00a0z\u016fst\u00e1vala dlouho st\u00e1t na louk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 se tak st\u00e1valy nevyu\u017eiteln\u00fdmi. V\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b se nav\u00edc \u0161\u00ed\u0159ila hejna kom\u00e1r\u016f, je\u017e znep\u0159\u00edjem\u0148ovala \u017eivot lidem v\u00a0okol\u00ed. Teprve tehdy se z\u00e1plavy staly probl\u00e9mem.\u201c <\/span><\/span><\/em>(pam\u011btn\u00edk Vlastimil Binder [7]).<\/p>\n

D\u011bti vn\u00edmaly povodn\u011b trochu jinak, proto\u017ee pro n\u011b p\u0159edstavovaly z\u00e1bavu a\u00a0dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed: \u201eD\u011bti se t\u011b\u0161ily, a\u017e voda p\u0159ijde. Do \u0161koly se pak jezdilo na lo\u010fk\u00e1ch, ryby se chytaly z\u00a0okna, z\u00e1plavy byly pro d\u011bti sp\u00ed\u0161e z\u00e1bavou ne\u017e \u017eiveln\u00ed pohromou\u201c<\/span><\/span> <\/em>[7].<\/p>\n

\u00a0\"Dzurakova-7\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1plavy v\u00a0Mu\u0161ov\u011b v\u00a0roce 1933 (zdroj: B. Fourov\u00e1 [7])<\/h6>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Z\u00a0dobov\u00fdch kronik, historick\u00fdch fotografi\u00ed, vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed pam\u011btn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0z\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch archivn\u00edch zdroj\u016f se dozv\u00edd\u00e1me, \u017ee p\u016fvodn\u00ed obce v\u00a0dnes ji\u017e zatopen\u00fdch \u00fadol\u00edch b\u00fdvaly pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dasto zaplavov\u00e1ny povodn\u011bmi. Obyvatel\u00e9 obc\u00ed se s\u00a0vodou u\u010dili \u017e\u00edt, a\u00a0tak si stav\u011bli ochrann\u00e9 z\u00eddky, domy na zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch z\u00e1kladech, okna a\u00a0dve\u0159e neum\u00eds\u0165ovali na stranu p\u0159il\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00ed k\u00a0vodn\u00edmu toku, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvali dal\u0161\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, aby se voda do dom\u016f p\u0159i men\u0161\u00edch povodn\u00edch nedostala. K\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm \u010dinnostem pat\u0159ila i\u00a0pravideln\u00e1 a\u00a0d\u016fsledn\u00e1 \u00fadr\u017eba protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f a\u00a0t\u011b\u017eba p\u00edsku z\u00a0vodn\u00edch tok\u016f. S\u00a0obdob\u00edmi sucha rovn\u011b\u017e po\u010d\u00edtali a\u00a0vn\u00edmali je jako p\u0159irozenou sou\u010d\u00e1st \u017eivota.<\/p>\n

\"Dzurakova-8\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Leteck\u00fd sn\u00edmek povodn\u00ed v Mu\u0161ov\u011b ze severoz\u00e1padn\u00edho sm\u011bru (zdroj: fotoarchiv Povod\u00ed Moravy,\u00a0s.\u00a0p.)<\/h6>\n

\u00a0\"Dzurakova-9\"<\/a><\/p>\n

V\u00a0d\u011btsk\u00fdch o\u010d\u00edch nebyly povodn\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem. Pohled na zaplaven\u00fd Mu\u0161ov (zdroj: Archiv m\u011bsta Brna)<\/h6>\n

Z\u00a0kronik vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee tehdej\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9 vn\u00edmali povodn\u011b sp\u00ed\u0161e jako omezen\u00ed a\u00a0logistick\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Stoupaj\u00edc\u00ed vodu v\u00a0koryt\u011b sledovali a\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nebezpe\u010d\u00ed vyvedli dobytek do bezpe\u010d\u00ed a\u00a0cennosti odnesli do vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch m\u00edst. Mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm stra\u0161\u00e1kem pro n\u011b byl po\u017e\u00e1r, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m \u010dasto sho\u0159elo n\u011bkolik dom\u016f a\u00a0mnohdy sho\u0159ela uschovan\u00e1 \u00faroda, cenn\u00e9 stroje nebo dokonce zv\u00ed\u0159ata. Na \u00farodu m\u011bly tak\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv jarn\u00ed mrazy, kter\u00e9 se\u017eehly kvetouc\u00ed stromy a\u00a0ke\u0159e, nebo letn\u00ed sucha, kdy nem\u011bla \u00faroda takov\u00fd v\u00fdnos.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In the period 2013-2016 was solved the project program NAKI Ministry of Culture called “Flooded cultural and natural heritage of South Moravia” by the team of experts from various fields that straddle the TGM WRI, p. r. i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2253,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[541,121,542],"coauthors":[236,487,494],"class_list":["post-2316","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","tag-chronicle","tag-drought","tag-flood"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2316","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2316"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2316\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30342,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2316\/revisions\/30342"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2316"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2316"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2316"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2316"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}