{"id":2297,"date":"2016-08-08T09:57:38","date_gmt":"2016-08-08T09:57:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=2297"},"modified":"2024-07-16T11:39:10","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T10:39:10","slug":"complex-system-of-natural-water-retention-measures-against-erosion-and-flash-floods","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2016\/08\/complex-system-of-natural-water-retention-measures-against-erosion-and-flash-floods\/","title":{"rendered":"Complex system of natural water retention measures against erosion and flash floods"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4><i class=\"fa fa-exclamation-circle fa-3x pull-left\"><\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n<h2>Souhrn<\/h2>\n<p>Komplexn\u00ed syst\u00e9m opat\u0159en\u00ed na ochranu p\u0159ed dopady eroze a\u00a0povodn\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek byl vytvo\u0159en pro zhruba 80\u00a0% \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Je zalo\u017een p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00edch na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b a\u00a0toc\u00edch a\u00a0jejich niv\u00e1ch. P\u0159ed vlastn\u00edmi n\u00e1vrhy byla provedena anal\u00fdza v\u00fdchoz\u00edho stavu, t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edho se nap\u0159.\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho krajinn\u00e9ho pokryvu, erozn\u00edho smyvu, hydromorfologick\u00e9ho stavu tok\u016f\u00a0apod. Jednotliv\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b byla navrhov\u00e1na a\u00a0aplikov\u00e1na na ucelen\u00fdch p\u016fdn\u00edch bloc\u00edch a\u00a0vych\u00e1zela z\u00a0platn\u00e9 certifikovan\u00e9 metodiky Jane\u010dka [1]. Opat\u0159en\u00ed na toc\u00edch byla navrhov\u00e1na v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0metodikou Ministerstva \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed protipovod\u0148ov\u00e9 a\u00a0protierozn\u00ed ochrany pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed [2].<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-3.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2297];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"570\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2211 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-3.jpg\" alt=\"Uhrova-3\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-3-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-3-768x547.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/570;\" \/><\/a>\n<h2>\u00davod<\/h2>\n<p>N\u00e1vrh komplexn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu sestaven\u00e9ho p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch protierozn\u00edch a\u00a0protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed byl jedn\u00edm z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f projektu Strategie ochrany p\u0159ed negativn\u00edmi dopady povodn\u00ed a\u00a0erozn\u00edmi jevy p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice (d\u00e1le jen \u201eprojekt Strategie\u201c). Uveden\u00fd syst\u00e9m je slo\u017een z\u00a0opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed, kter\u00e1 sni\u017euj\u00ed erozn\u00ed odnos p\u016fdy, zvy\u0161uj\u00ed retenci vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b a\u00a0ekologickou stabilitu krajiny. D\u00e1le jsou zahrnuta opat\u0159en\u00ed na toc\u00edch, kter\u00e1 zlep\u0161uj\u00ed hydromorfologick\u00e9 vlastnosti tok\u016f, zvy\u0161uj\u00ed jejich ekologicko\u00ad\u2011stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed funkce a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u011b dopl\u0148uj\u00ed ochranu \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159ed negativn\u00edmi \u00fa\u010dinky povodn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1kladem v\u0161ech prac\u00ed byla aplikace Metodiky odboru ochrany vod, kter\u00e1 stanovuje postup komplexn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed protipovod\u0148ov\u00e9 a\u00a0protierozn\u00ed ochrany pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e1 ve V\u011bstn\u00edku M\u017dP \u010d.\u00a011\/2008 [2] (d\u00e1le jen \u201eMetodika PBPO\u201c). Smyslem t\u00e9to metodiky je vytvo\u0159it konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed v\u011bcn\u00fd a\u00a0metodick\u00fd r\u00e1mec komplexn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed protipovod\u0148ov\u00e9 a\u00a0protierozn\u00ed ochrany \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit se p\u016fvodn\u00edmu p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmu stavu tok\u016f a\u00a0niv. Metodika PBPO stanov\u00ed jednotn\u00fd postup p\u0159i anal\u00fdze a\u00a0n\u00e1vrz\u00edch soustavy p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Vlastn\u00ed metodika byla vytvo\u0159ena pro \u00fa\u010dely pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti vod podle R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch 2000\/60\/ES [3] (d\u00e1le jen RSV) a\u00a0pro efektivn\u00ed vynakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f v\u00a0oblasti ochrany vod a\u00a0obnovy vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu.<\/p>\n<p>Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed prac\u00ed na projektu Strategie byly tak\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0platn\u00fdmi metodick\u00fdmi n\u00e1vody, technick\u00fdmi normami a\u00a0postupy vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edmi ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch postup\u016f v\u011bdn\u00edch discipl\u00edn popsan\u00fdch v\u00a0odborn\u00e9 literatu\u0159e, jako nap\u0159.:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>stanoven\u00ed m\u00edry erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1vrhy opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e [1],<\/li>\n<li>lokalizace v\u00fdskytu mo\u017en\u00fdch nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho povrcho-v\u00e9ho odtoku s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm tzv. kritick\u00fdch bod\u016f identifikuj\u00edc\u00edch rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed plochy<br \/>\nz\u00a0hlediska tvorby soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku a\u00a0stanoven\u00ed zastav\u011bn\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed obce [4],<\/li>\n<li>kategorizace vodn\u00edch tok\u016f s\u00a0potenci\u00e1lem fluvi\u00e1ln\u00edch proces\u016f a\u00a0\u00fasek\u016f tok\u016f na jednotliv\u00e9 geomorfologick\u00e9 typy (postupy geomorfologick\u00e9ho hodnocen\u00ed vodn\u00edch tok\u016f jsou pops\u00e1ny v\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00ed odborn\u00e9 literatu\u0159e oboru geomorfologie),<\/li>\n<li>standardn\u00ed postupy v\u00fdpo\u010dtu pro vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed sm\u011bru a\u00a0velikosti povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku vody z\u00a0plochy povod\u00ed pomoc\u00ed nativn\u00edch funkc\u00ed a\u00a0nadstaveb programov\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS [5],<\/li>\n<li>vytvo\u0159en\u00ed mapy t\u0159\u00edd erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed s\u00a0identifikac\u00ed na bloky LPIS [5].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Proveden\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy umo\u017enily popsat v\u00fdchoz\u00ed stav \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0lokalizovat tak oblasti, do kter\u00fdch je t\u0159eba sm\u011b\u0159ovat n\u00e1vrhy opat\u0159en\u00ed. Spolu s\u00a0nimi byla provedena excerpce dostupn\u00fdch podklad\u016f o\u00a0realizovan\u00fdch, pop\u0159.\u00a0navr\u017een\u00fdch protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch a\u00a0protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00edch na toc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed. \u010cerp\u00e1no bylo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0projekt\u016f ukon\u010den\u00fdch pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav, ze studi\u00ed protipovod\u0148ov\u00e9 ochrany, z\u00a0projekt\u016f revitalizac\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00a0pl\u00e1n\u016f d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00ed. St\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed nebo pl\u00e1novan\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed identifikovan\u00e1 z\u00a0t\u011bchto podklad\u016f byla zakomponov\u00e1na do ucelen\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu opat\u0159en\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9ho v\u00a0projektu Strategie.<\/p>\n<p>Opat\u0159en\u00ed byla navrhov\u00e1na v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e podrobnosti v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0velmi vysokou\u00a0a vysokou m\u00edrou ohro\u017een\u00ed povodn\u011bmi a\u00a0eroz\u00ed. Celkov\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a089 povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du (z\u00a0celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu 120), co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje cca\u00a080\u00a0% rozlohy \u00fazem\u00ed cel\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky.<\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm \u0159e\u0161itelem projektu Strategie byl V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd T. G. Masaryka,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., a\u00a0d\u00e1le se na n\u011bm pod\u00edlelo sdru\u017een\u00ed spole\u010dnost\u00ed Sweco Hydroprojekt\u00a0a.\u00a0s., VRV,\u00a0a.\u00a0s., SINDLAR Group,\u00a0s.\u00a0r.\u00a0o.,\u00a0a WASTECH,\u00a0a.\u00a0s.<\/p>\n<h2>N\u00e1vrhy opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>Efektivn\u00ed komplexn\u00ed syst\u00e9m opat\u0159en\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 navrhovat jen v\u00a0r\u00e1mci ucelen\u00e9ho hydrologick\u00e9ho celku a\u00a0na z\u00e1klad\u011b dostate\u010dn\u00e9 znalosti \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. Protierozn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b byla navrhov\u00e1na a\u00a0aplikov\u00e1na pouze na vymezen\u00fdch ucelen\u00fdch p\u016fdn\u00edch bloc\u00edch. Pro n\u011b byly shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bny informace o\u00a0vegeta\u010dn\u00edm pokryvu, kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavovaly \u010dty\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed kultury: orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, vinice, chmelnice a\u00a0sady [6]. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byly zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1ny dal\u0161\u00ed parametry p\u016fdn\u00edch blok\u016f pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 ke stanoven\u00ed erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed, jako nap\u0159.\u00a0d\u00e9lky nep\u0159eru\u0161en\u00e9ho svahu, sklony svah\u016f\u00a0apod.<\/p>\n<h2>Stanoven\u00ed ohro\u017eenosti p\u016fdy vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>V\u00fdpo\u010det erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0tzv.\u00a0\u201eUniverz\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnice pro v\u00fdpo\u010det dlouhodob\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy eroz\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 USLE\u201c podle Wischmeiera a\u00a0Smithe [7] zalo\u017een\u00e9 na principu p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy na jednotkov\u00e9m pozemku. Hodnota p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy slou\u017e\u00ed ke stanoven\u00ed m\u00edry erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed pozemku a\u00a0je definov\u00e1na jako maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed velikost eroze p\u016fdy, kter\u00e1 dovoluje dlouhodob\u011b a\u00a0ekonomicky postupn\u011b udr\u017eovat dostate\u010dnou \u00farove\u0148 \u00farodnosti p\u016fdy [1]. Ztr\u00e1ta p\u016fdy vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed se stanov\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b rovnice:<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-vzorec-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2297];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"344\" height=\"62\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2215 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-vzorec-1.jpg\" alt=\"Uhrova-vzorec-1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-vzorec-1.jpg 344w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-vzorec-1-300x54.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 344px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 344\/62;\" \/><\/a>\n<table class=\"no-border\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\">kde<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\">G<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\">\u00a0je<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 443px;\">pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 dlouhodob\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta p\u016fdy [t\u00b7ha<sup>-1<\/sup>\u00b7rok<sup>-1<\/sup>],<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\">R<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 443px;\">faktor erozn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti de\u0161\u0165\u016f, vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00fd v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na kinetick\u00e9 energii, \u00fahrnu a\u00a0intenzit\u011b erozn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch de\u0161\u0165\u016f [MJ\u00b7cm\u00b7ha<sup>-1<\/sup>\u00b7h<sup>-1<\/sup>],<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\">K<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 443px;\">faktor erodovatelnosti p\u016fdy, vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00fd v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na textu\u0159e a\u00a0struktu\u0159e ornice, obsahu organick\u00e9 hmoty v\u00a0ornici a\u00a0propustnosti p\u016fdn\u00edho profilu [-],<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\">L<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 443px;\">faktor d\u00e9lky svahu, vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed vliv nep\u0159eru\u0161en\u00e9 d\u00e9lky svahu na velikost ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy eroz\u00ed [-],<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\">S<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 443px;\">faktor sklonu svahu, vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed vliv sklonu svahu na velikost ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy eroz\u00ed [-],<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 443px;\">faktor ochrann\u00e9ho vlivu vegeta\u010dn\u00edho pokryvu, vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00fd v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na v\u00fdvoji vegetace a\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00e9 agrotechnice [-],<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\">P<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 90px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 443px;\">faktor \u00fa\u010dinnosti protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed [-] [1].<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Podle platn\u00e9 metodiky [1] je v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b doporu\u010dena pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hodnota faktoru erozn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti de\u0161t\u011b (R faktor) 40\u2008MJ\u00b7cm\u00b7ha<sup>-1<\/sup>\u00b7h<sup>-1<\/sup>, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje dvojn\u00e1sobek hodnoty R faktoru pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pro v\u00fdpo\u010dty do roku 2012. Toto nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed je v\u00fdsledkem nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch anal\u00fdz dlouhodob\u00fdch \u0159ad ombrografick\u00fdch z\u00e1znam\u016f, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed zrychlov\u00e1n\u00ed erozn\u00edch proces\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Faktor erodovatelnosti p\u016fdy (K) je stanovov\u00e1n na z\u00e1klad\u011b\u00a0hlavn\u00edch p\u016fdn\u00edch jednotek (HPJ) odvozen\u00fdch z\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00e9ho podkladu datab\u00e1ze bonitovan\u00fdch p\u016fdn\u011b ekologick\u00fdch jednotek (BPEJ), pro kter\u00e9 je p\u0159i\u0159azena hodnota faktoru. Hodnotu C faktoru ud\u00e1v\u00e1 krajinn\u00fd pokryv pozemku (<em>tabulka 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h5>Tabulka 1. Hodnota C faktoru pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed kultury<br \/>\nTable 1. The C factor for the particular culture<\/h5>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2297];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"415\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2212 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-1.jpg\" alt=\"Uhrova-tabulka-1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-1-300x156.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-1-768x398.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/415;\" \/><\/a>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm krokem zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed je identifikace a\u00a0vymezen\u00ed stup\u0148\u016f erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0jejich porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpustnou ztr\u00e1tou p\u016fdy podle hloubky p\u016fdy. P\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e1 hodnota ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy (Gp) odpov\u00edd\u00e1 hodnot\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 by na lokalit\u00e1ch s\u00a0danou hloubkou p\u016fdn\u00edho profilu nem\u011bly b\u00fdt p\u0159ekro\u010deny s\u00a0ohledem na zachov\u00e1n\u00ed funkc\u00ed p\u016fdy a\u00a0jej\u00ed \u00farodnosti. U\u00a0m\u011blk\u00fdch p\u016fd (p\u016fdn\u00ed profil do 30\u2008cm) p\u0159edstavuje p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta p\u016fdy 1\u2008t\u00b7ha<sup>-1<\/sup>\u00b7rok<sup>-1<\/sup>. Pro st\u0159edn\u011b hlubok\u00e9 (30\u201360\u2008cm) a\u00a0hlubok\u00e9 p\u016fdy (nad 60\u2008cm) je p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta p\u016fdy 4\u2008t\u00b7ha<sup>-1<\/sup>\u00b7rok<sup>-1<\/sup>. Hloubku p\u016fdn\u00edho profilu ud\u00e1v\u00e1 posledn\u00ed \u010d\u00edslice \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9ho k\u00f3du bonitovan\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u011b ekologick\u00e9 jednotky (BPEJ). Pozemky s\u00a0m\u011blk\u00fdmi p\u016fdami s\u00a0hloubkou do 30\u2008cm by nem\u011bly b\u00fdt vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny pro poln\u00ed v\u00fdrobu a\u00a0z\u00a0hlediska zachov\u00e1n\u00ed jejich trval\u00e9 \u00farodnosti se doporu\u010duje jejich p\u0159eveden\u00ed do kategorie trval\u00fdch travn\u00edch porost\u016f. Podle vypo\u010dten\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy byly p\u016fdn\u00ed bloky rozd\u011bleny do \u010dty\u0159 stup\u0148\u016f erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed p\u016fd (<em>tabulka 2<\/em>). N\u00e1vrh vymezen\u00ed stup\u0148\u016f erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0kategorizace podle D\u00fdrov\u00e9 [8].<\/p>\n<p>Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee od roku 2012 je p\u0159i v\u00fdpo\u010dtu pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00e1 hodnota R faktoru, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta p\u016fdy vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010dena i\u00a0v\u00a0m\u00edstech, kde byla PBPO v\u00a0minulosti ji\u017e navrhov\u00e1na a\u00a0i\u00a0realizov\u00e1na podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f stanoven\u00ed erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru.<\/p>\n<h5>Tabulka 2. Stupn\u011b erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed podle x\u00ad\u2011n\u00e1sobku p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed hodnot p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy (upraveno podle [8])<br \/>\nTable 2. The degree of erosion threat by x\u00ad\u2011times exceeding the tolerable erosion levels (adapted from [8])<\/h5>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2297];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"219\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2213 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-2.jpg\" alt=\"Uhrova-tabulka-2\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-2-300x82.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-2-768x210.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/219;\" \/><\/a>\n<h2>P\u0159ehled opat\u0159en\u00ed uplat\u0148ovan\u00fdch na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b<\/h2>\n<h3>Organiza\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm protierozn\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm z\u00a0hlediska realizace. Vych\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ze znalost\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010din erozn\u00edch jev\u016f a\u00a0z\u00e1konitost\u00ed jejich rozvoje a\u00a0vy\u00fas\u0165uj\u00ed v\u00a0obecn\u00e9 protierozn\u00ed z\u00e1sady, jako je optim\u00e1ln\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0prostorov\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pozemk\u016f a\u00a0zm\u011bna v\u00a0rozm\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed plodin podle jejich ochrann\u00e9ho vlivu na p\u016fdu (nap\u0159.\u00a0v\u010dasn\u00fd term\u00edn v\u00fdsevu plodin, rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed plodin podle sva\u017eitosti pozemku, p\u00e1sov\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed plodin, protierozn\u00ed osevn\u00ed postupy\u00a0apod.). Obecn\u011b lze organiza\u010dn\u00ed protierozn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed popsat jako opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 protierozn\u00ed ochranu \u0159e\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1vrhem optim\u00e1ln\u00edho tvaru pozemku a\u00a0jeho situov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u016f\u010di ter\u00e9nu (svahu) a\u00a0situov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u011bstovan\u00fdch plodin v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na erozn\u00ed ohro\u017eenosti. D\u016fle\u017eitou \u00falohu tvo\u0159\u00ed vegeta\u010dn\u00ed pokryv, kter\u00fd chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdu p\u0159ed erozn\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinkem kapek, z\u00e1rove\u0148 podporuje vsak vody do p\u016fdy a\u00a0sv\u00fdmi ko\u0159eny zpev\u0148uje p\u016fdu, kter\u00e1 se st\u00e1v\u00e1 odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u016f\u010di erozn\u00edmu p\u016fsoben\u00ed tekouc\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n<h3>Agrotechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Protierozn\u00ed agrotechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed vsakovac\u00ed schopnosti p\u016fdy, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed jej\u00ed protierozn\u00ed odolnosti a\u00a0k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed ochrany jej\u00edho povrchu p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0obdob\u00ed v\u00fdskytu p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek. Uveden\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed navazuj\u00ed sv\u00fdm charakterem na opat\u0159en\u00ed organiza\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b: hr\u00e1zkov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0d\u016flkov\u00e1n\u00ed povrchu p\u016fdy, zatravn\u011bn\u00ed mezi\u0159ad\u00ed, mul\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0apod. Pokud to sklon a\u00a0syst\u00e9m mechaniza\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f dovoluj\u00ed, m\u011bla by b\u00fdt uplatn\u011bna z\u00e1sada prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed agrotechnick\u00fdch operac\u00ed ve sm\u011bru vrstevnic, nejv\u00fd\u0161e s\u00a0mal\u00fdm odklonem od tohoto sm\u011bru.<\/p>\n<h3>Technick\u00e1 protierozn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Technick\u00e9 liniov\u00e9 prvky protierozn\u00ed ochrany p\u0159eru\u0161uj\u00ed d\u00e9lku svahu a\u00a0napom\u00e1haj\u00ed rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku. Jsou navrhov\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 tak, aby svou lokalizac\u00ed usm\u011br\u0148ovaly obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pozemk\u016f a\u00a0zp\u016fsob hospoda\u0159en\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch subjekt\u016f. Vedle z\u00e1kladn\u00ed protierozn\u00ed funkce maj\u00ed spolu s\u00a0doprovodnou zelen\u00ed velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam i\u00a0z\u00a0hlediska krajinn\u011b estetick\u00e9ho a\u00a0ekologick\u00e9ho. Syst\u00e9m liniov\u00fdch protierozn\u00edch prvk\u016f v\u00a0kombinaci se zelen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee fungovat v\u00a0krajin\u011b i\u00a0jako nezbytn\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1st lok\u00e1ln\u00edch biokoridor\u016f a\u00a0tvo\u0159it tak z\u00e1klad \u00fazemn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f ekologick\u00e9 stability krajiny. Mezi technick\u00e1 protierozn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 zahrnout: pr\u016flehy, p\u0159\u00edkopy, hr\u00e1zky, reten\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Pr\u016flehy a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edkopy mohou slou\u017eit k\u00a0zasakov\u00e1n\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch vod nebo k\u00a0jejich odv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed mimo urbanizovan\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed do recipientu nebo do n\u00e1dr\u017ee.<\/p>\n<h3>Zasakovac\u00ed p\u00e1sy pod\u00e9l vodn\u00edch tok\u016f<\/h3>\n<p>Tento typ nepat\u0159\u00ed mezi typick\u00e1 protierozn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed. Jeho ochrann\u00e1 funkce spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0p\u0159eveden\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti vody p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159ilehl\u00fdch pozemk\u016f k\u00a0vodote\u010di na infiltraci. Je t\u00edm podporov\u00e1na reten\u010dn\u00ed schopnost \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0tak\u00e9 omezov\u00e1n transport splavenin a\u00a0na n\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00fdch l\u00e1tek do recipientu. Kde to bylo vhodn\u00e9, byly pod\u00e9l vodn\u00edch tok\u016f navrhov\u00e1ny v\u00a0\u0161\u00ed\u0159ce 20\u2008m od b\u0159ehov\u00e9 hrany.<\/p>\n<h2>N\u00e1vrhy opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>Jak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno, podrobnost n\u00e1vrh\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b se li\u0161ila podle m\u00edry ohro\u017een\u00ed povodn\u011bmi a\u00a0eroz\u00ed (velmi vysok\u00e1, vysok\u00e1 a\u00a0st\u0159edn\u00ed m\u00edra ohro\u017een\u00ed). \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed se zam\u011b\u0159ilo na \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 spadalo do prvn\u00edch dvou kategori\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Na p\u016fdn\u00edch bloc\u00edch se speci\u00e1ln\u00edmi kulturami (vinice, chmelnice a\u00a0sady), kter\u00e9 v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bru okolo 41 tis\u00edc ha, byla opat\u0159en\u00ed \u0159e\u0161ena pouze obecn\u00fdmi doporu\u010den\u00edmi, jako je nap\u0159.\u00a0zatravn\u011bn\u00ed mezi\u0159ad\u00ed\u00a0apod. V\u00fdchoz\u00edm stavem pro posouzen\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00edch kultur byl stav intenzivn\u00edho vyu\u017eit\u00ed (kyp\u0159en\u00e9 mezi\u0159ad\u00ed) jako nejhor\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd stav. Vznik eroze p\u016fdy v\u00a0trval\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch je umo\u017en\u011bn zejm\u00e9na \u0161irok\u00fdm rozestupem p\u011bstovan\u00fdch rostlin (d\u0159evin). Dal\u0161\u00edm vlivn\u00fdm faktorem je v\u00fdskyt t\u011bchto kultur na sva\u017eit\u00fdch pozemc\u00edch a\u00a0velk\u00e1 souvisl\u00e1 plocha takto obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00edch, kde ji\u017e byly ukon\u010deny pozemkov\u00e9 \u00fapravy, byla opat\u0159en\u00ed navr\u017een\u00e1 v\u00a0pl\u00e1nech spole\u010dn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zahrnuta ji\u017e do v\u00fdpo\u010dtu v\u00fdchoz\u00edho erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed. Vzhledem ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m ve v\u00fdpo\u010dtu erozn\u00edho smyvu (zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed R faktoru na hodnotu 40) mohlo doj\u00edt k\u00a0situaci, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u00ed bloky nespl\u0148ovaly p\u0159\u00edpustnou ztr\u00e1tu p\u016fdy. V\u00a0takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech byla navrhov\u00e1na dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, jako nap\u0159.\u00a0zatravn\u011bn\u00ed, zm\u011bny osevn\u00edch postup\u016f\u00a0apod.<\/p>\n<p>Na orn\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b byla navrhov\u00e1na opat\u0159en\u00ed, pokud bylo na p\u016fdn\u00edm bloku dosa\u017eeno stupn\u011b ohro\u017een\u00ed 2\u20134 (<em>tabulka 2<\/em>), tzn.\u00a0st\u0159edn\u00ed a\u017e velmi siln\u00e9 ohro\u017een\u00ed eroz\u00ed. Nejprve byly na \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch pau\u0161\u00e1ln\u011b implementov\u00e1ny tyto dva typy opat\u0159en\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stabilizace drah soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho odtoku (DSO) v\u00a0\u0161\u00ed\u0159ce 20\u2008m. Podkladem pro jejich identifikaci byly informace Ministerstva zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed \u010cR z\u00a0roku 2013, kdy prob\u011bhlo vyhodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00fdch konvergentn\u00edch svah\u016f s\u00a0projevy soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho odtoku, eroze a\u00a0sedimentace na ortofotomap\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<li>N\u00e1vrh zatravn\u011bn\u00ed na v\u0161ech p\u016fdn\u00edch bloc\u00edch (PB) s\u00a0p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b m\u011blkou p\u016fdou (tj.\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00ed profil do hloubky 30\u2008cm). Tyto PB nejsou vhodn\u00e9 pro zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed z\u00a0hlediska dlouhodob\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnosti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Po aplikaci t\u011bchto pau\u0161\u00e1ln\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed n\u00e1sledovalo nov\u00e9 stanoven\u00ed a\u00a0vyhodnocen\u00ed erozn\u00edho smyvu a\u00a0stupn\u011b erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed. Pokud nebylo u\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edho bloku dosa\u017eeno p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy, byl tento p\u016fdn\u00ed blok d\u00e1le p\u0159edm\u011btem podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Nejd\u0159\u00edve byla navrhov\u00e1na agrotechnick\u00e1 a\u00a0organiza\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed (implementace navr\u017een\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch osevn\u00edch postup\u016f v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0p\u016fdoochrann\u00fdm obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm a\u00a0p\u00e1sov\u00fdm hospoda\u0159en\u00edm). Pokud op\u011bt nedo\u0161lo k\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho stupn\u011b ochrany na \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m bloku orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy, byla aplikov\u00e1na technick\u00e1 protierozn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0zatravn\u011bn\u00ed (<em>obr.\u00a01<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Technick\u00e1 protierozn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed byla navrhov\u00e1na za \u00fa\u010delem omezen\u00ed hodnoty LS faktoru, tzn.\u00a0zm\u011bny d\u00e9lky a\u00a0sklonu svahu pozemku s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee byla up\u0159ednostn\u011bna opat\u0159en\u00ed zasakovac\u00ed p\u0159ed odv\u00e1d\u011bc\u00edmi. V\u00a0oblastech s\u00a0vysok\u00fdm stupn\u011bm erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed byla navr\u017een\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed podrobn\u011b vymezena. Pro ka\u017edou lokalitu byl volen p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd prvek podle m\u00edstn\u00ed vhodnosti a\u00a0lok\u00e1ln\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>Celkov\u00fd p\u0159ehled navr\u017een\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Rozsah \u00fazem\u00ed pro n\u00e1vrhy opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b byl vymezen p\u016fdn\u00edmi bloky (PB) podle datab\u00e1ze LPIS, kter\u00e9 byly rozd\u011bleny do \u010dty\u0159 z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kultur (<em>tabulka 3<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h5>Tabulka 3. Rozsah zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy zahrnut\u00e9 do \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed<br \/>\nTable 3. The extent of agricultural land included in the solution<\/h5>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-3.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2297];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"289\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2214 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-3.jpg\" alt=\"Uhrova-tabulka-3\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-3-300x108.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-tabulka-3-768x277.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/289;\" \/><\/a>\n<p>Po implementaci pau\u0161\u00e1ln\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed (zatravn\u011bn\u00ed m\u011blk\u00fdch p\u016fd a\u00a0stabilizace drah soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho odtoku) z\u016fstalo st\u00e1le v\u00edce ne\u017e 1,36 mil. ha orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed erozn\u011b ohro\u017eeno. U\u00a0zhruba poloviny z\u00a0nich (cca\u00a0761\u2008tis. ha) byly navr\u017eeny vhodn\u00e9 osevn\u00ed postupy, pop\u0159.\u00a0zm\u011bna agrotechniky, u\u00a0zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch pak technick\u00e9 protierozn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, pop\u0159.\u00a0trval\u00e9 zatravn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Jako sou\u010d\u00e1st technick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b byly navrhov\u00e1ny i\u00a0reten\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Celkem se jednalo o\u00a039 such\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed bez trval\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edtoku um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch na dr\u00e1h\u00e1ch soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho odtoku. Jednotliv\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee jsou definov\u00e1ny plochou z\u00e1topy, kter\u00e1 byla posouzena z\u00a0pohledu mo\u017en\u00fdch koliz\u00ed se zastav\u011bn\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm, pop\u0159.\u00a0v\u00fdznamnou infrastrukturou. Na toc\u00edch pak bylo v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu d\u00e1le navr\u017eeno 899 profil\u016f mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, jejich\u017e hlavn\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem je ochrana p\u0159ed povodn\u011bmi.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0katastrech, kde ji\u017e byly v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0velmi vysokou m\u00edrou ohro\u017een\u00ed povodn\u011bmi a\u00a0eroz\u00ed ukon\u010deny pozemkov\u00e9 \u00fapravy, v\u00fdpo\u010det erozn\u00edho smyvu uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 165\u2008tis. ha je st\u00e1le erozn\u011b ohro\u017eeno. Tento v\u00fdsledek je mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00a0velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159i\u010d\u00edtat zm\u011bn\u00e1m p\u0159i stanoven\u00ed erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed (zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed R faktoru, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hodnot p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy [1]). V\u00fdznamnou roli zde m\u016f\u017ee hr\u00e1t i\u00a0fakt, \u017ee pozemkov\u00e9 \u00fapravy byly v\u00a0minulosti zam\u011b\u0159eny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na vypo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed vlastnick\u00fdch vztah\u016f a\u00a0zp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bn\u00ed pozemk\u016f. Zm\u011bny odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f a\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed eroze jsou v\u00a0projektech pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav zohled\u0148ov\u00e1ny v\u00fdznamn\u011bji a\u017e v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech. V\u00fdsledek pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav zna\u010dn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje tak\u00e9 nezbytnost projednat navrhovan\u00e9 opat\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0vlastn\u00edkem pozemku a\u00a0z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed jeho souhlasu.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2297];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"485\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2209 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-1.jpg\" alt=\"Uhrova-1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-1-300x182.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-1-768x466.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/485;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a01. P\u0159\u00edklad n\u00e1vrh\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b (TPEO\u00a0\u2013 technick\u00e1 protierozn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed)<br \/>\nFig. 1. Example of draft measures on agricultural land (TPEO\u00a0\u2013 technical erosion control measures)<\/h6>\n<h2>Opat\u0159en\u00ed na vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00a0niv\u00e1ch<\/h2>\n<p>N\u00e1vrhy opat\u0159en\u00ed na vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch a\u00a0niv\u00e1ch jsou zalo\u017eeny na kategorizaci p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed (d\u00e1le jen \u201ekategorizace PBPO\u201c) uve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00a0Metodice PBPO [2]. T\u00fdkaly se p\u00e1te\u0159n\u00edch tok\u016f povod\u00ed IV. \u0159\u00e1du v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0velmi vysokou a\u00a0vysokou m\u00edrou ohro\u017een\u00ed povodn\u011bmi a\u00a0eroz\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>\u00daseky tok\u016f, pro n\u011b\u017e byla opat\u0159en\u00ed navrhov\u00e1na, vze\u0161ly z\u00a0posouzen\u00ed mo\u017enosti reverze jejich antropogenn\u00edho ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0jejich geomorfologick\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho stavu toku a\u00a0nivy. Byly definov\u00e1ny \u00faseky vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, jejich\u017e nivy disponuj\u00ed potenci\u00e1lem pro akumulaci, \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 rozlivy, pop\u0159.\u00a0jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro jin\u00e9 typy opat\u0159en\u00ed. Jako nevhodn\u00e9 byly vy\u0159azeny \u00faseky tok\u016f s\u00a0nivou omezenou pod\u00e9ln\u00fdmi stavbami (hr\u00e1ze, n\u00e1sypy komunikac\u00ed, rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 ter\u00e9nn\u00ed \u00fapravy) nebo se z\u00e1stavbou v\u00a0aktivn\u00ed inundaci, pop\u0159.\u00a0\u00fapravami toku, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem ovlivnily kapacitu koryta.\u00a0P\u0159ed vlastn\u00edmi n\u00e1vrhy byla do \u00fasek\u016f tok\u016f prom\u00edtnuta opat\u0159en\u00ed navr\u017een\u00e1 v\u00a0pl\u00e1nech d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00ed a\u00a0studi\u00ed proveditelnosti financovan\u00fdch Opera\u010dn\u00edm programem \u017divotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2297];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"561\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2210 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-2.jpg\" alt=\"Uhrova-2\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-2-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Uhrova-2-768x539.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/561;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a02. P\u0159\u00edklad n\u00e1vrh\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed na toc\u00edch a\u00a0niv\u00e1ch v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0velmi vysokou m\u00edrou ohro\u017een\u00ed povodn\u011bmi a\u00a0eroz\u00ed<br \/>\nFig. 2. Example of draft measures on rivers and floodplains in areas with very high threat of flood and erosion<\/h6>\n<p>V\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0velmi vysokou m\u00edrou ohro\u017een\u00ed povodn\u011bmi a\u00a0eroz\u00ed (cca\u00a040\u00a0% \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR)\u00a0byly uplat\u0148ov\u00e1ny podle kategorizace PBPO n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed typy opat\u0159en\u00ed (<em>obr.\u00a02<\/em>):<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>PBPO v\u00a0nezastav\u011bn\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm kapacity koryta revitalizac\u00ed a\u00a0formou zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed kapacity rozliv\u016f do \u00fadoln\u00ed nivy, kter\u00e9 se pod\u00edl\u00ed na transformaci povod\u0148ov\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>PBPO v\u00a0zastav\u011bn\u00fdch oblastech, zkapacitn\u011bn\u00ed koryta a\u00a0urychlen\u00ed odtoku, slo\u017een\u00fd profil se st\u011bhovavou kynetou\u00a0\u2013 revitalizovan\u00fdm korytem, mo\u017enost ohr\u00e1zov\u00e1n\u00ed zastav\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>PBPO transformac\u00ed povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny v\u00a0such\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch a\u00a0revitalizace tok\u016f a\u00a0niv v\u00a0z\u00e1top\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017ee.<\/li>\n<li>Opat\u0159en\u00ed na toc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed ekologick\u00e9 nebo architektonick\u00e9 funkce toku a\u00a0nejsou p\u0159\u00edmou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed (nap\u0159.\u00a0v\u00a0parc\u00edch a\u00a0zastav\u011bn\u00fdch oblastech, n\u00e1hony).<\/li>\n<li>Ochrana funguj\u00edc\u00ed retence z\u00e1plavov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed nebo tok\u016f v\u00a0sev\u0159en\u00fdch \u00fadol\u00edch a\u00a0realizace d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed hydromorfologick\u00e9 struktury tok\u016f a\u00a0niv.<\/li>\n<li>Opat\u0159en\u00ed kombinuj\u00edc\u00ed typy 1 a\u00a05 + technick\u00e1 protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed (PPO).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>P\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed byly dopln\u011bny dv\u011b kategorie PBPO, kter\u00e9 jsou kombinac\u00ed n\u011bkolika st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0byly uplat\u0148ov\u00e1ny v\u00a0intravil\u00e1nu s\u00a0nezn\u00e1m\u00fdm c\u00edlov\u00fdm stavem protipovod\u0148ov\u00e9 ochrany (PPO) a\u00a0v\u00a0m\u00edstech vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0soustav vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>Opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0intravil\u00e1nu, u\u00a0kter\u00e9ho nejsou relevantn\u00ed informace ohledn\u011b st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho stavu PPO. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0kombinaci opat\u0159en\u00ed 2, 4 a\u00a06 z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00ed kategorizace PBPO.<\/li>\n<li>Opat\u0159en\u00ed na vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch, kter\u00e9 jsou situov\u00e1ny na \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m vodn\u00edm toku. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0kombinaci potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed technick\u00e9ho stavu objekt\u016f s\u00a0c\u00edlem zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed retence a\u00a0bezpe\u010dnosti vodn\u00edho d\u00edla, podpora rozvoje litor\u00e1lu a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch prvk\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>V\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0vysokou m\u00edrou ohro\u017een\u00ed povodn\u011bmi a\u00a0eroz\u00ed byly navr\u017eeny skupiny opat\u0159en\u00ed sestaven\u00e9 z\u00a0agregovan\u00fdch z\u00e1kladn\u00edch typ\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Skupina opat\u0159en\u00ed podporuj\u00edc\u00ed retenci v\u00a0niv\u00e1ch, v\u010detn\u011b ochrany st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho stavu zachoval\u00fdch \u00fasek\u016f vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0niv. Kombinuje opat\u0159en\u00ed 1, 5 a\u00a06 p\u016fvodn\u00ed kategorizace PBPO. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159\u00edtomnosti vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed se jedn\u00e1 i\u00a0o\u00a0opat\u0159en\u00ed 8.<\/li>\n<li>Skupina opat\u0159en\u00ed podporuj\u00edc\u00ed protipovod\u0148ovou ochranu v\u00a0zastav\u011bn\u00fdch oblastech. Kombinuje opat\u0159en\u00ed 2, 4 a\u00a06 p\u016fvodn\u00ed kategorizace PBPO. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nedostatku informac\u00ed o\u00a0st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed PPO se jedn\u00e1 i\u00a0o\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0opat\u0159en\u00edm 7.<\/li>\n<li>Skupina opat\u0159en\u00ed jsou potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed profily pro realizaci such\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Skupina opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00e1zan\u00e1 na vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0soustavy vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Vymezen\u00ed \u00fasek\u016f odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstupu v\u00a0r\u00e1mci opat\u0159en\u00ed 8.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Navr\u017een\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, pop\u0159.\u00a0skupiny opat\u0159en\u00ed pro jednotliv\u00e9 \u00faseky vodn\u00edho toku vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0potenci\u00e1lu dan\u00e9 lokality pro mo\u017enou aplikaci uveden\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se tedy o\u00a0r\u00e1mcov\u00fd n\u00e1vrh opat\u0159en\u00ed vhodn\u00fd pro dan\u00fd \u00fasek vodn\u00edho toku, pro n\u011bho\u017e lze definovat z\u00e1kladn\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed parametry, a\u00a0d\u00e1v\u00e1 tak p\u0159edstavu projektant\u016fm o\u00a0mo\u017enostech PBPO. Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed technick\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00a0dan\u00e9 lokalit\u011b vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze standardn\u00edch postup\u016f \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch staveb.<\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n<p>\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky eroze a\u00a0lok\u00e1ln\u00edch povodn\u00ed by m\u011bla bezesporu zahrnovat tradi\u010dn\u00ed technick\u00e9 postupy, spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed (organiza\u010dn\u00edch, agrotechnick\u00fdch i\u00a0technick\u00fdch). Na uveden\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed by m\u011bly ov\u0161em tak\u00e9 navazovat strategick\u00e9 kroky, kter\u00e9 kladou d\u016fraz na aplikaci komplexn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu ochrany a\u00a0organizace povod\u00ed a\u00a0krom\u011b protierozn\u00ed a\u00a0protipovod\u0148ov\u00e9 ochrany sv\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkem zvy\u0161uj\u00ed reten\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti krajiny a\u00a0podporuj\u00ed jej\u00ed ekologickou stabilitu. Navr\u017een\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed maj\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou funkci v\u00a0redukci ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed a\u00a0transportu splavenin, jsou tak\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnou protipovod\u0148ovou ochranou eliminuj\u00edc\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 dopady povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku p\u0159i lok\u00e1ln\u00edch (p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch) sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch s\u00a0vysokou intenzitou.<\/p>\n<p>Popisovan\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed navr\u017een\u00e1 v\u00a0projektu Strategie nejsou sice legislativn\u011b z\u00e1vazn\u00e1, p\u0159esto je v\u00a0posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika letech vytv\u00e1\u0159ena spole\u010densk\u00e1 i\u00a0politick\u00e1 pot\u0159eba jejich realizace. Pln\u00ed \u00fakoly \u0159ady vl\u00e1dn\u00edch usnesen\u00ed (nap\u0159.\u00a0\u010d.\u00a0799 ze dne 10.\u00a0listopadu\u00a02010 [9]).<\/p>\n<p>Navrhovan\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed se mohou st\u00e1t z\u00e1vazn\u00e1 a\u017e v\u00a0okam\u017eiku, kdy budou pevnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch strategick\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f rozvoje \u00fazem\u00ed, jak\u00fdmi jsou nap\u0159.\u00a0\u00fazemn\u00ed pl\u00e1n nebo pl\u00e1n d\u00edl\u010d\u00edho povod\u00ed, pop\u0159.\u00a0pozemkov\u00e9 \u00fapravy.<\/p>\n<p>A\u010dkoliv z\u00e1vaznost navr\u017een\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch a\u00a0protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo nevypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z\u00a0legislativy, jsme nuceni tato opat\u0159en\u00ed bezodkladn\u011b za\u010d\u00edt \u0159e\u0161it ve vazb\u011b na negativn\u00ed projevy povodn\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0vodn\u00ed eroze v\u00a0krajin\u011b v\u00a0d\u016fsledku zm\u011bny klimatu \u010di nevhodn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem hospoda\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><em>Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek popisuje v\u00fdstupy projektu Strategie ochrany p\u0159ed negativn\u00edmi dopady povodn\u00ed a\u00a0erozn\u00edmi jevy p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice, kter\u00fd byl financov\u00e1n Opera\u010dn\u00edm programem \u017divotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A complex system of flash flood and erosion protection measures was designed for almost 80% of the Czech Republic. It is made mainly from natural water retention measures on agricultural land and water courses. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2211,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[211,529,530,531],"coauthors":[179,488,180],"class_list":["post-2297","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-erosion","tag-erosion-control-measures","tag-flood-protection-measures","tag-natural-water-retention-measures"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2297","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2297"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2297\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30346,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2297\/revisions\/30346"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2211"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2297"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2297"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2297"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2297"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}