{"id":2294,"date":"2016-08-08T09:57:43","date_gmt":"2016-08-08T09:57:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=2294"},"modified":"2024-07-16T11:40:22","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T10:40:22","slug":"analysis-of-changes-in-runoff-for-czech-republic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2016\/08\/analysis-of-changes-in-runoff-for-czech-republic\/","title":{"rendered":"Analysis of changes in runoff for Czech Republic"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4><i class=\"fa fa-exclamation-circle fa-3x pull-left\"><\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n<h2>Souhrn<\/h2>\n<p>D\u00edl\u010d\u00edm c\u00edlem projektu \u201eStrategie ochrany p\u0159ed negativn\u00edmi dopady povodn\u00ed a\u00a0erozn\u00edmi jevy p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice\u201c bylo zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fdch odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice pomoc\u00ed metody CN k\u0159ivek. V\u00a0ploch\u00e1ch vybran\u00fdch povod\u00ed, kde podle v\u00fdpo\u010dtu vych\u00e1z\u00ed velk\u00e9 odtokov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky a\u00a0mal\u00e1 vsakovac\u00ed schopnost, byla v\u00a0ideov\u00e9 rovin\u011b navr\u017eena typizovan\u00e1 protierozn\u00ed (PEO) a\u00a0protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 (PPO) opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se podle d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed jev\u00ed jako \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1, ekonomicky \u00fanosn\u00e1 a\u00a0prosaditeln\u00e1. Efekt t\u011bchto navrhovan\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed [1] byl na cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky posouzen pomoc\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010dtu odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f metodou CN k\u0159ivek. Z\u00a0rozd\u00edl\u016f odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho stavu \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0n\u00e1vrhy byla analyzov\u00e1na \u00fa\u010dinnost opat\u0159en\u00ed na diskretizovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 povod\u00edch IV. \u0159\u00e1du. Anal\u00fdzy prob\u011bhly v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00davod<\/h2>\n<p>\u010cesk\u00e1 republika byla v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech zasa\u017eena n\u011bkolika povodn\u011bmi z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek, kter\u00e9 urychlily prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch s\u00a0c\u00edlem zv\u00fd\u0161it ochranu p\u0159ed negativn\u00edmi dopady eroze a\u00a0p\u0159ed lok\u00e1ln\u00edmi povodn\u011bmi zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0obc\u00edch. Obecn\u011b m\u00e1 v\u00fdzkum v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti pouk\u00e1zat na povod\u00ed ohro\u017een\u00e1 a\u00a0nedostate\u010dn\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 p\u0159ed eroz\u00ed p\u016fdy a\u00a0s\u00a0t\u00edm souvisej\u00edc\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd povrchov\u00fd odtok. Navrhovan\u00e1 ideov\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed [1] v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed jsou souborem doporu\u010den\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 maj\u00ed omezit negativn\u00ed dopady p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek. Pozitivn\u00edm p\u0159\u00ednosem n\u00e1vrh\u016f je rovn\u011b\u017e zachov\u00e1n\u00ed kvalitn\u00ed p\u016fdy na obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdch pozemc\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Odtokov\u00e9 pom\u011bry (odtokov\u00fd re\u017eim) jsou souborem p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch a\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdch (antropogenn\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdch) podm\u00ednek, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed povrchov\u00fd a\u00a0podpovrchov\u00fd odtok z\u00a0povod\u00ed. Proto\u017ee nelze postihnout ve\u0161ker\u00e9 jevy v\u00a0povod\u00ed a\u00a0ve vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch, jsou nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00a0jev\u016f schematizov\u00e1ny. Hlavn\u00ed ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed podm\u00ednky, zejm\u00e9na pr\u016fb\u011bh sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, typ pokryvu a\u00a0vlastnosti p\u016fd, mohou p\u016fsobit bu\u010f v\u00a0cel\u00e9m povod\u00ed, nebo jen v\u00a0jeho \u010d\u00e1sti. K\u00a0p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9mu odtoku doch\u00e1z\u00ed ve chv\u00edli, kdy je p\u016fda nasycena p\u0159edchoz\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami, nebo v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek, kdy se voda nesta\u010d\u00ed vsakovat. \u010c\u00edm je d\u00e9\u0161\u0165 intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, tj.\u00a0spadne velk\u00fd sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn za kr\u00e1tk\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek, t\u00edm je odtok vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Voda, kter\u00e1 se v\u00a0povod\u00ed nevs\u00e1kne nebo neakumuluje v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch \u010di sn\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch m\u00edstech, je naz\u00fdv\u00e1na povrchov\u00fd odtok. Vztahuje se k\u00a0uz\u00e1v\u011brov\u00e9mu profilu, co\u017e je nejn\u00ed\u017ee polo\u017een\u00e9 m\u00edsto v\u00a0povod\u00ed, kter\u00fdm voda odt\u00e9k\u00e1. T\u00edmto m\u00edstem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt profil povod\u00ed IV. \u0159\u00e1du, p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed plocha kritick\u00e9ho bodu nebo povod\u00ed k\u00a0profilu hr\u00e1ze navr\u017een\u00e9ho akumula\u010dn\u00edho prostoru. Velikost projevu povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku lze pozorovat v\u00a0korytech vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, kan\u00e1lech, \u00fadolnic\u00edch nebo n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch jako zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b vodn\u00ed hladiny.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu Strategie ochrany p\u0159ed negativn\u00edmi dopady povodn\u00ed a\u00a0erozn\u00edmi jevy p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice (d\u00e1le jen Strategie) byly sledov\u00e1ny p\u0159\u00ednosy opat\u0159en\u00ed pomoc\u00ed zm\u011bn hodnot p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku. Za\u00a0t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem bylo nezbytn\u00e9 stanovit velikost p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku p\u0159ed a\u00a0po n\u00e1vrz\u00edch vhodn\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0analyzovat vznikl\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v\u00fd\u0161ek a\u00a0objem\u016f odtoku. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch hydrologick\u00fdch celk\u016f, kde byly dosa\u017eeny vysok\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v\u00a0hodnot\u00e1ch p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku, se doporu\u010duje realizace opat\u0159en\u00ed se v\u0161emi p\u0159\u00ednosy, tj.\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm vsaku de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 vody do p\u016fdy a\u00a0zpomalen\u00ed nebo zadr\u017een\u00ed odt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n<h2>Metody v\u00fdpo\u010dtu p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku<\/h2>\n<h3>Pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 metody<\/h3>\n<p>Odtok z\u00a0povod\u00ed se stanovuje na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u010detn\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekoodtokov\u00fdch matematick\u00fdch model\u016f, kter\u00e9 popisuj\u00ed vztahy v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m povod\u00ed a\u00a0predikuj\u00ed velikost odtoku na z\u00e1klad\u011b vstupn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f o\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch. Modely se li\u0161\u00ed m\u00edrou schematizace povod\u00ed, mno\u017estv\u00edm vstupn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f, n\u00e1ro\u010dnost\u00ed na v\u00fdpo\u010det a\u00a0shodou s\u00a0re\u00e1ln\u011b nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdmi parametry. N\u011bkter\u00e9 modely jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro ur\u010dit\u00fd typ povod\u00ed a\u00a0maj\u00ed tak omezenou pou\u017eitelnost. Jak uv\u00e1d\u00ed [2], pou\u017eit\u00ed konven\u010dn\u00edch metod m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed odtoku je velmi n\u00e1kladn\u00e9, \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 a\u00a0n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k\u00a0chyb\u00e1m z\u00a0d\u016fvodu nedostatku spolehliv\u00fdch podkladov\u00fdch dat. V\u011bt\u0161ina povod\u00ed m\u00e1 nav\u00edc omezen\u00fd po\u010det m\u011b\u0159idel pro z\u00e1znam sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed odtoku. Z\u00a0existuj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f pro odhad odtoku z\u00a0povod\u00ed bylo vybr\u00e1no n\u011bkolik z\u00a0nich [2, 3]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>model povod\u00ed UBCWM: model detailn\u011b popisuje hydrologii horsk\u00fdch a\u00a0zaledn\u011bn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed; pro v\u00fdpo\u010det odtoku v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky nen\u00ed sv\u00fdm zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm vhodn\u00fd;<\/li>\n<li>um\u011bl\u00e9 neuronov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b ANN (Artificial Neural Network): jsou vhodn\u00e9 sp\u00ed\u0161e pro mal\u00e1 povod\u00ed, nebo\u0165 je \u0159e\u0161\u00ed detailn\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b souvislost\u00ed mezi mnoha sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi ud\u00e1lostmi; pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed cel\u00e9 \u010cR nejsou neuronov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b vhodn\u00e9;<\/li>\n<li>metoda \u010d\u00edsel odtokov\u00fdch k\u0159ivek SCS\u00adCN: metoda vybran\u00e1 pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f; je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na znalosti sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edho pokryvu a\u00a0jako u\u00a0jedn\u00e9 z\u00a0m\u00e1la lze vyhodnotit zm\u011bny v\u00a0krajin\u011b bez dal\u0161\u00ed kalibrace modelu;<\/li>\n<li>modely jednotkov\u00fdch hydrogram\u016f: jednotkov\u00fd hydrogram m\u00e1 st\u00e1lou intenzitu a\u00a0rovnom\u011brn\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek v\u00a0povod\u00ed; v\u00fdpo\u010det vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze znalosti m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0odtok\u016f; model je nepou\u017eiteln\u00fd pro absenci m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b povod\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>rovnice oblastn\u00ed: rovnice obsahuj\u00ed koeficienty, kter\u00e9 souvis\u00ed s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost\u00ed k\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed nebo k\u00a0povod\u00ed toku; nen\u00ed snadn\u00e9 je automatizovat a\u00a0nav\u00edc jsou v\u00fdsledky jen orienta\u010dn\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>rovnice objemov\u00e9: rovnice jsou zalo\u017eeny na odhadu povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny a\u00a0tvaru hydrogramu; tak\u00e9 nen\u00ed snadn\u00e9 je automatizovat a\u00a0v\u00fdsledky lze pou\u017e\u00edt jen k\u00a0orienta\u010dn\u00edm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm;<\/li>\n<li>rovnice intenzitn\u00ed: rovnice byly odvozeny pro sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti s\u00a0kr\u00e1tkou dobou trv\u00e1n\u00ed; dosazuje se do nich intenzita sr\u00e1\u017eek podle doby trv\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0doby opakov\u00e1n\u00ed; v\u00fdpo\u010det nen\u00ed snadn\u00e9 automatizovat a\u00a0v\u00fdsledky jsou jen orienta\u010dn\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>v\u00fdpo\u010det podle odtokov\u00e9ho sou\u010dinitele: v\u00fdpo\u010det je jednoduch\u00fd, nebo\u0165 lze sou\u010dinitele naj\u00edt v\u00a0tabulk\u00e1ch [4]; z\u00a0d\u016fvodu absence mnoh\u00fdch kombinac\u00ed druh\u016f povrch\u016f jsou nepou\u017eiteln\u00e9 pro po\u017eadovan\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u00fdpo\u010det stavu odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f byl proveden metodou CN k\u0159ivek, kter\u00e1 je z\u00a0d\u016fvodu snadn\u00e9ho pou\u017eit\u00ed vhodn\u00e1 k\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS. Metoda je \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b pro svou jednoduchost [2]. Pomoc\u00ed automatizace v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f v\u00a0ArcGIS lze stanovit v\u00fd\u0161ky a\u00a0objemy odtok\u016f pro velk\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed (nap\u0159.\u00a0celou \u010ceskou republiku), a\u00a0to b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00fdch krok\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>Metoda CN k\u0159ivek<\/h3>\n<p>Metoda CN k\u0159ivek (CN z\u00a0anglick\u00e9ho Curve Number) je zalo\u017eena na experiment\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu. V\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00e9 rovnice jsou empirick\u00e9 [4]. Metoda je obl\u00edben\u00e1 a\u00a0st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se ke stanoven\u00ed velikosti p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku na z\u00e1klad\u011b znalosti intenzity sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0typu povrchu [5]. Metoda byla testov\u00e1na a\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159ena mnoh\u00fdmi v\u00fdzkumy a\u00a0studiemi odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f. V\u00a0mal\u00fdch povod\u00edch existuje dobr\u00e1 korelace mezi nam\u011b\u0159enou v\u00fd\u0161kou odtoku a\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161kou odtoku stanovenou metodou \u010d\u00edsel CN s\u00a0aplikac\u00ed GIS. Pr\u00e1v\u011b pro tyto d\u016fvody byla metoda CN k\u0159ivek vybr\u00e1na pro vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f v\u00a0projektu Strategie. Podle [6] m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt metoda CN k\u0159ivek pou\u017eita v\u00a0navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed technick\u00fdch protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed, nap\u0159.\u00a0pro dr\u00e1hy soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku, zatravn\u011bn\u00e9 \u00fadolnice, pr\u016flehy, z\u00e1chytn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edkopy, zasakovac\u00ed p\u00e1sy a\u00a0mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Metodou lze z\u00edskat informace o\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoku do n\u00e1dr\u017ee, ale vlastn\u00ed transformace odtoku se \u0159e\u0161\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda CN k\u0159ivek vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee pom\u011br mezi aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed retenc\u00ed (objem vody zadr\u017een\u00fd p\u0159i odtoku) a\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed retenc\u00ed (potenci\u00e1ln\u011b zadr\u017eiteln\u00fd objem vody) v\u00a0povod\u00ed je stejn\u00fd jako pom\u011br mezi v\u00fd\u0161kou odtoku a\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161kou p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek po ode\u010dten\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edch ztr\u00e1t. V\u00fdpo\u010det podle Metody \u010d\u00edsel odtokov\u00fdch k\u0159ivek lze pou\u017e\u00edt pro stanoven\u00ed objemu p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku zp\u016fsoben\u00e9ho n\u00e1vrhov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdm de\u0161t\u011bm dan\u00e9 pravd\u011bpodobnosti v\u00fdskytu. Do p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku se zahrnuj\u00ed dv\u011b slo\u017eky: povrchov\u00fd odtok a\u00a0hypodermick\u00fd odtok (podpovrchov\u00fd, tj.\u00a0proud\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0mal\u00e9 vrstv\u011b pod povrchem bez\u00a0interakce s\u00a0podzemn\u00ed vodou).<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"524\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2192 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-1.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-1-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-1-768x503.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/524;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a01. Roz\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9ho \u00fahrnu na jednotliv\u00e9 slo\u017eky<br \/>\nFig. 1. Breakdown of rainfall on individual components<\/h6>\n<h3>Specifika a\u00a0omezen\u00ed metody CN k\u0159ivek<\/h3>\n<p>Metoda byla odvozena na zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch povod\u00edch, jejich\u017e plocha nen\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 10\u2008km<sup>2<\/sup> [5]. Zejm\u00e9na pro velk\u00e1 povod\u00ed je pot\u0159eba u\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f po\u010d\u00edtat se zna\u010dn\u00fdmi nep\u0159esnostmi. Spr\u00e1vnost volby CN by m\u011bla ov\u011b\u0159it kalibrace odtoku podle skute\u010dn\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. Takov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 na mal\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed se zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi hydrogramy odtoku. Velk\u00e1 povod\u00ed nelze \u0159e\u0161it dohromady, a\u00a0proto je pot\u0159eba je rozd\u011blit na d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed povod\u00ed. To souvis\u00ed s\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdm \u010dasov\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem sr\u00e1\u017eek, odezvou povod\u00ed na sr\u00e1\u017eky a\u00a0rozd\u00edlnou dobou odtoku z\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00ed. Objemy p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku z\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00ed tak\u00e9 nelze jednodu\u0161e s\u010d\u00edtat. Metoda nav\u00edc neuva\u017euje akumulaci vody v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda CN k\u0159ivek by se m\u011bla pou\u017e\u00edvat pro \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed mimo intravil\u00e1n, ide\u00e1ln\u011b pro volnou krajinu nebo \u0159\u00eddce urbanizovan\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed [4]. Zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0urbanizovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k\u00a0situaci, \u017ee je povrch nepropustn\u00fd a\u00a0pod n\u00edm je propustn\u00e1 p\u016fda [7]. Je tedy o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1na vysok\u00e1 po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed retence, ke kter\u00e9 ve skute\u010dnosti nemus\u00ed doj\u00edt.<\/p>\n<p>Nev\u00fdhodou metody je vysok\u00e1 citlivost na zvolen\u00e9 hodnoty CN. Rovn\u011b\u017e nen\u00ed k\u00a0dispozici jasn\u00fd manu\u00e1l k\u00a0tomu, jak ur\u010dit aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed vlhkostn\u00ed pom\u011bry p\u016fdy. K\u00a0odhadu stavu nasycen\u00ed p\u016fdy lze vyu\u017e\u00edt v\u00fd\u0161ku sr\u00e1\u017eek v\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edch dnech s\u00a0rozli\u0161en\u00edm, zda se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0vegeta\u010dn\u00ed nebo mimovegeta\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed. V\u00a0modelu pro v\u00fdpo\u010det se nevyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sklon povrchu povod\u00ed [2]. D\u016fvodem je fakt, \u017ee v\u00a0USA, kde metoda vznikla, maj\u00ed pozemky v\u011bt\u0161inou sklony men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 5\u00a0%. Proto je pou\u017eitelnost metody \u010d\u00edsel CN v\u00a0horsk\u00fdch povod\u00edch omezen\u00e1. P\u0159es sv\u00e1 omezen\u00ed je ale st\u00e1le hojn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na.<\/p>\n<p>Pro modelov\u00e1n\u00ed odtok\u016f z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek se doporu\u010duje pou\u017e\u00edvat Metodu \u010d\u00edsel odtokov\u00fdch k\u0159ivek ve standardn\u00ed form\u011b (hodnota CNII pro st\u0159edn\u00ed nasycen\u00ed p\u016fdy) a\u00a0pro velikost 24hodinov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f sr\u00e1\u017eek Hs &gt; 100\u2008mm. Metodu lze pou\u017e\u00edt omezen\u011b i\u00a0pro ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eky v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 40 a\u017e 100\u2008mm [8].<\/p>\n<h2>Vstupn\u00ed data<\/h2>\n<p>Vstupn\u00edmi daty pro v\u00fdpo\u010det byly rastrov\u00e9 vrstvy sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f s\u00a0dobami opakov\u00e1n\u00ed 20, 100 a\u00a0200\u00a0let od \u010cHM\u00da a\u00a0rastrov\u00e9 vrstvy CNII k\u0159ivek p\u0159ed a\u00a0po n\u00e1vrz\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu Strategie. V\u00fdpo\u010det prob\u011bhl v\u00a0programu ArcGIS pomoc\u00ed funkce Raster Calculator.<\/p>\n<h3>Sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00fd\u0161ka sr\u00e1\u017eek Hs (mm) (sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9ho de\u0161t\u011b) je jedn\u00edm z\u00a0parametr\u016f, kter\u00fd je pot\u0159eba zn\u00e1t pro stanoven\u00ed odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f. Pr\u016fb\u011bh re\u00e1ln\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky z\u00e1vis\u00ed na d\u00e9lce jej\u00edho trv\u00e1n\u00ed, intenzit\u011b a sm\u011bru pohybu de\u0161t\u011b. Sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn p\u0159edstavuje v\u00fd\u0161ku vrstvy vody, kter\u00e1 na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed m\u00edsto napr\u0161\u00ed za ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek. V\u00fd\u0161ka sr\u00e1\u017eek pro jednotliv\u00e9 doby opakov\u00e1n\u00ed se stanovuje z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010cHM\u00da pomoc\u00ed statistick\u00fdch anal\u00fdz. Automatick\u00e9 stanice \u010cHM\u00da m\u011b\u0159\u00ed \u00fahrny sr\u00e1\u017eek v\u00a0intervalu 10\u00a0minut a\u00a0ty jsou pak d\u00e1le p\u0159epo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1ny na hodinov\u00e9 \u00fahrny. Stanice vybaven\u00e9 b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brem m\u011b\u0159\u00ed \u00fahrny za 24\u00a0hodin, kdy pozorovatel ode\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 hodnoty v\u00a07\u00a0hodin r\u00e1no n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho dne. Vzhledem k\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9 hustot\u011b pokryt\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed stanicemi se v\u00fd\u0161ka sr\u00e1\u017eek stanovuje plo\u0161n\u00fdm v\u00e1\u017een\u00fdm pr\u016fm\u011brem. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu Strategie byly jako n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 zvoleny 24hodinov\u00e9 \u00fahrny sr\u00e1\u017eek s\u00a0dobou opakov\u00e1n\u00ed 20, 100 a\u00a0200\u00a0let. Data o\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch byla poskytnuta \u010cesk\u00fdm hydrometeorologick\u00fdm \u00fastavem (\u010cHM\u00da) pro cel\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR v\u00a0rastrov\u00e9 podob\u011b. To bylo v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed programu ArcGIS, kde anal\u00fdzy prob\u00edhaly na rastrov\u00fdch datech s\u00a0danou velikost\u00ed pixelu. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dat o\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch bylo rozli\u0161en\u00ed jednoho pixelu 1\u2008km \u00d7 1\u2008km.<\/p>\n<p>Metoda CN k\u0159ivek uva\u017euje s\u00a0tzv.\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1tou, kter\u00e1 byla stanovena experiment\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00fdzkumem na 20\u00a0% maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed retence A, viz\u00a0rovnici (4). Tato ztr\u00e1ta\u00a0zahrnuje de\u0161\u0165ovou vodu zachycenou na rostlin\u00e1ch (intercepce), fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b vypa\u0159enou vodu (evaporace), vodu vypa\u0159enou d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00edm rostlin (transpirace), vs\u00e1knutou vodu (infiltrace) a\u00a0vodu zachycenou ve sn\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch m\u00edstech (povrchov\u00e1 akumulace), viz\u00a0<em>obr.\u00a01<\/em>. V\u00fdzkum po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty vych\u00e1zel z\u00a0pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed reakce p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek na mal\u00fdch povod\u00edch v\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edch f\u00e1z\u00edch de\u0161t\u011b. V\u00a0rovnici (3) si lze v\u0161imnout, \u017ee maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed retence je pouze funkc\u00ed \u010d\u00edsel odtokov\u00fdch k\u0159ivek CN. Nen\u00ed tedy z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch, ale pouze na infiltra\u010dn\u00edch vlastnostech p\u016fdy a\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edho pokryvu. Lze stanovit v\u00fd\u0161ku sr\u00e1\u017eek, za kter\u00fdch bude je\u0161t\u011b nulov\u00fd odtok z\u00a0povod\u00ed, a\u00a0tud\u00ed\u017e nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba pokra\u010dovat ve v\u00fdpo\u010dtu. Nulov\u00fd odtok bude nap\u0159.\u00a0p\u0159i CN = 50 a\u00a0Hs &lt; 50\u2008mm, CN = 70 a\u00a0Hs &lt; 20\u2008mm\u00a0<span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">nebo CN = 90 a\u00a0Hs &lt; 5\u2008mm [8].<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Typ povrchu a\u00a0zp\u016fsob jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed (potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed) retenci \u00fazem\u00ed A\u00a0(mm) pot\u0159ebnou pro v\u00fdpo\u010det v\u00fd\u0161ky H<sub>O<\/sub> (mm) a\u00a0objemu Oph (m<sup>3<\/sup>) p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku ud\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010d\u00edsla odtokov\u00fdch k\u0159ivek CN (-). \u010c\u00edsla CN se podle typu povrchu pohybuj\u00ed mezi hodnotami teoreticky od CN = 0, kdy se v\u0161e vs\u00e1kne (re\u00e1ln\u011b v\u0161ak od cca\u00a0CN = 30), do CN = 100, kdy v\u0161e odte\u010de. Hodnota \u010d\u00edsel CN z\u00e1vis\u00ed na typu povrchu, zp\u016fsobu jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9m uplatn\u011bn\u00ed protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0propustnosti p\u016fdy pro vodu.<\/p>\n<p>Typem pokryvu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt les, pole, louka, silnice, z\u00e1stavba\u00a0atd. Uveden\u00e9 typy mohou m\u00edt dal\u0161\u00ed podtypy, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed vegetac\u00ed, jej\u00ed hustotou a\u00a0\u00fadr\u017ebou. Pokryv ovliv\u0148uje, s\u00a0jakou silou a\u00a0\u010dasov\u00fdm zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm dopadne kapka de\u0161t\u011b na povrch a\u00a0jak se bude de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1 voda vsakovat. Vsakovac\u00ed vlastnosti p\u016fd se m\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm stavu nasycen\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0prokyp\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1vis\u00ed nap\u0159.\u00a0na zvolen\u00e9 technologii obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Informace o\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch pozemc\u00edch byly zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1ny z\u00a0datab\u00e1ze LPIS (Land Parcel Identification System) [9],\u00a0co\u017e je geografick\u00fd informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m evidence vyu\u017eit\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy, kter\u00fd byl vytvo\u0159en pro \u00fa\u010dely \u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed dotac\u00ed v\u00e1zan\u00fdch na zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu. Ze syst\u00e9mu lze zjistit druh kultury a\u00a0\u00fadaje o\u00a0BPEJ (bonitovan\u00e1 p\u016fdn\u011b ekologick\u00e1 jednotka), od kter\u00e9 se odv\u00edj\u00ed produk\u010dn\u00ed schopnost zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy (kvalita p\u016fdy) a\u00a0jej\u00ed cena. BPEJ je syst\u00e9m p\u011btim\u00edstn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch k\u00f3d\u016f, kde \u010d\u00edslo na 2. a\u00a03. m\u00edst\u011b ud\u00e1v\u00e1 hlavn\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed jednotku (HPJ). Pro \u00fa\u010dely metody CN byly definov\u00e1ny \u010dty\u0159i hydrologick\u00e9 skupiny p\u016fd (HSP), kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed infiltra\u010dn\u00edmi charakteristikami (skupina A:\u00a0rychlost infiltrace &gt; 0,12\u2008mm.min<sup>-1<\/sup>, skupina D: rychlost infiltrace &lt; 0,02\u2008mm.min<sup>-1<\/sup>).<br \/>\nTyto hydrologick\u00e9 skupiny je mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00a0\u010cR stanovit na z\u00e1klad\u011b HPJ [5]. V\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed, kde nen\u00ed uvedeno vyu\u017eit\u00ed a\u00a0BPEJ, lze rozsah a\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00ed pozemk\u016f identifikovat pomoc\u00ed datab\u00e1ze CORINE Land Cover [10]. Pro vlastn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed byla k\u00a0dispozici verze z\u00a0roku 2012. Podklad sdru\u017euje oblasti stejn\u00e9ho typu nebo zobrazuje p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed typ pozemku. P\u0159esnost podkladu je \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b v\u00a0des\u00edtk\u00e1ch metr\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>Stanoven\u00ed \u010d\u00edsel CN<\/h3>\n<p>\u010c\u00edsla CN se pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pozemky stanovuj\u00ed obvykle podle\u00a0tabulek. Pro pot\u0159eby projektu Strategie byla vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na modifikovan\u00e1 <em>tabulka 1<\/em>, kter\u00e1 vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0[5]. Pro vlastn\u00ed stanoven\u00ed je pot\u0159eba zn\u00e1t druh povrchu a\u00a0hydrologickou skupinu p\u016fd (HSP). Na vodn\u00edch ploch\u00e1ch se hodnoty CN nestanovuj\u00ed. Ke spln\u011bn\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed byly vytvo\u0159eny dv\u011b rastrov\u00e9 vrstvy \u010d\u00edsel odtokov\u00fdch k\u0159ivek CNII s\u00a0rozli\u0161en\u00edm pixelu 10\u2008m \u00d7 10\u2008m. Jedna vrstva uva\u017euje stav sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed, druh\u00e1 vrstva vyjad\u0159uje stav \u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0n\u00e1vrhov\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi, viz\u00a0[1]. V\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m pixelu je uvedena pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hodnota \u010d\u00edsel CN stanoven\u00e1 v\u00e1\u017een\u00fdm pr\u016fm\u011brem z\u00a0typ\u016f povrch\u016f a\u00a0p\u016fd v\u00a0uveden\u00e9m pixelu.<\/p>\n<h5>Tabulka 1. Hodnoty CNII pro jednotliv\u00e9 druhy povrchu a\u00a0hydrologick\u00e9 skupiny p\u016fd<br \/>\nTable 1. CNII values for individual types of surfaces and hydrological types of soils<\/h5>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-tabulka-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"756\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2196 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-tabulka-1.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-tabulka-1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-tabulka-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-tabulka-1-300x284.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-tabulka-1-768x726.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/756;\" \/><\/a>\n<h3>P\u0159edchoz\u00ed nasycen\u00ed p\u016fdy<\/h3>\n<p>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed vlhkost p\u016fdy (nasycen\u00ed vodou) m\u00e1 vliv na intenzitu vsakov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0t\u00edm na hodnoty CN. Odtokov\u00e9 k\u0159ivky se v\u00a0praxi stanovuj\u00ed pro stavy, kdy je p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami p\u016fda such\u00e1 (CNI), st\u0159edn\u011b nasycen\u00e1 (n\u00e1vrhov\u00fd stav CNII) nebo nasycen\u00e1 (CNIII) vodou z\u00a0p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch de\u0161\u0165\u016f. Poskytovatelem dat o\u00a0nasycenosti \u00fazem\u00ed je \u010cHM\u00da. Hodnoty CNII se stanovuj\u00ed podle <em>tabulky 1<\/em> a <em>2<\/em>, hodnoty CNI a\u00a0CNIII se stanovuj\u00ed p\u0159epo\u010dtem z\u00a0CNII podle rovnic (1) a\u00a0(2) podle [11]. Ukazuje se, \u017ee p\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch hodnot\u00e1ch CNII (od CN &gt; 50) v\u00a0kombinaci se such\u00fdm stavem nasycen\u00ed povod\u00ed vych\u00e1zej\u00ed hodnoty maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed retence velmi vysok\u00e9. Proto se doporu\u010duje p\u0159epo\u010det na stav CNI pro klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice nepou\u017e\u00edvat [8].<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"344\" height=\"62\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2198 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-1.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-vzorec-1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-1.jpg 344w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-1-300x54.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 344px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 344\/62;\" \/><\/a>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"344\" height=\"62\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2199 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-2.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-vzorec-2\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-2.jpg 344w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-2-300x54.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 344px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 344\/62;\" \/><\/a>\n<h2>V\u00fdpo\u010det v\u00fd\u0161ky p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku<\/h2>\n<p>V\u00fdpo\u010det v\u00fd\u0161ky p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku, respektive objemu p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku, se prov\u00e1d\u00ed pomoc\u00ed empirick\u00fdch rovnic stanoven\u00fdch z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu. Rovnice (3)\u00a0slou\u017e\u00ed ke stanoven\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed retence A\u00a0(mm), kter\u00e1 je pouze funkc\u00ed \u010d\u00edsel CN (-), respektive CNII. V\u00fdpo\u010det prob\u00edh\u00e1 odd\u011blen\u011b pro n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 stavy p\u0159ed a\u00a0po n\u00e1vrz\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-3.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"344\" height=\"62\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2200 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-3.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-vzorec-3\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-3.jpg 344w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-3-300x54.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 344px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 344\/62;\" \/><\/a>\n<p>Je\u00adli sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn HS (mm) v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e hodnota po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 hodnotu stanovenou v\u00fdzkumy 20\u00a0% maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed retence A, provede se v\u00fdpo\u010det v\u00fd\u0161ky p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku H<sub>O<\/sub> (mm) podle rovnice (4). V\u00a0opa\u010dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je vypo\u010dten\u00fd odtok nulov\u00fd. V\u00fdpo\u010det prob\u00edh\u00e1 odd\u011blen\u011b pro sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e s\u00a0dobou opakov\u00e1n\u00ed 20, 100 a\u00a0200\u00a0let a\u00a0n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 stavy p\u0159ed a\u00a0po n\u00e1vrz\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-4.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"344\" height=\"62\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2201 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-4.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-vzorec-4\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-4.jpg 344w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-4-300x54.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 344px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 344\/62;\" \/><\/a>\n<p>Objem p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku Oph (m<sup>3<\/sup>) se pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed povod\u00ed stanov\u00ed pomoc\u00ed rovnice (5), kde vstupy jsou v\u00fd\u0161ka p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku H<sub>O<\/sub> (mm) a\u00a0plocha povod\u00ed Pp (km<sup>2<\/sup>). V\u00fdpo\u010det prob\u00edh\u00e1 odd\u011blen\u011b pro sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e s\u00a0dobou opakov\u00e1n\u00ed 20, 100 a\u00a0200\u00a0let a\u00a0n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 stavy p\u0159ed a\u00a0po n\u00e1vrz\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-5.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"344\" height=\"62\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2202 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-5.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-vzorec-5\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-5.jpg 344w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-5-300x54.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 344px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 344\/62;\" \/><\/a>\n<p>V\u00fdpo\u010det maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed retence, v\u00fd\u0161ky p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku a\u00a0objemu p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku byl proveden pomoc\u00ed softwaru ArcGIS 10.0. P\u0159ed vlastn\u00edm v\u00fdpo\u010dtem bylo pot\u0159eba prov\u00e9st p\u0159\u00edpravu vstupn\u00edch dat, kter\u00e1 spo\u010d\u00edvala ve sjednocen\u00ed velikosti gridu rastru na 10\u2008m \u00d7 10\u2008m a\u00a0sou\u0159adn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu na S\u00adJTSK. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00fdchoz\u00edho rozli\u0161en\u00ed 1\u2008km \u00d7 1\u2008km u\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f do\u0161lo pouze k\u00a0homogenn\u00edmu rozlo\u017een\u00ed do gridu 10\u2008m \u00d7 10 m. V\u00fdpo\u010dty rovnic (4) a\u00a0(5) pro oba n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 stavy (p\u0159ed a\u00a0po n\u00e1vrz\u00edch) a\u00a0t\u0159i doby opakov\u00e1n\u00ed (20, 100 a\u00a0200\u00a0let) prob\u00edhaly v\u00a0Raster calculatoru. Pro stanoven\u00ed objemu p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku Oph bylo pot\u0159eba zn\u00e1t plochy povod\u00ed IV. \u0159\u00e1du Pp. Povod\u00ed\u00a0IV. \u0159\u00e1du bylo zvoleno proto, \u017ee metoda CN k\u0159ivek m\u00e1 omezenou pou\u017eitelnost pro velk\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed. Plochy Pp byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny z\u00a0vektorov\u00e9 vrstvy rozvodnic IV.\u00a0\u0159\u00e1du pro \u010ceskou republiku. Pro stanoven\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch hodnot v\u00fd\u0161ek odtoku H<sub>O<\/sub> pro jednotliv\u00e1 povod\u00ed IV. \u0159\u00e1du byla vyu\u017eita funkce \u201eZonal statistic as table\u201c. Hodnoty Pp a\u00a0H<sub>O<\/sub> byly vlo\u017eeny do programu MS Excel a\u00a0pomoc\u00ed rovnice (5) se stanovil objem odtoku Oph. Byly vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1ny zm\u011bny odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f, viz\u00a0kapitolu V\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdz.<\/p>\n<h2>Navrhovan\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed odtoku z\u00a0povod\u00ed po p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch souvis\u00ed se snahou omezit erozn\u00ed \u010dinnost de\u0161t\u011b. Po dopadu kapky de\u0161t\u011b na povrch dojde k\u00a0prvotn\u00edmu naru\u0161en\u00ed kryc\u00ed vrstvy p\u016fdy. P\u0159i del\u0161\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinku de\u0161t\u011b a\u00a0nedostate\u010dn\u00e9m vsakovan\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0odtoku vody z\u00a0m\u00edsta dopadu kapky. Odtok je nejd\u0159\u00edve plo\u0161n\u00fd, ale po n\u011bkolika metrech p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fd odtok vody, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 ji\u017e dostatek energie k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed erozn\u00ed r\u00fdhy. Ta se v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu de\u0161t\u011b zahlubuje a\u00a0odnos p\u016fdy se urychluje. C\u00edlem opat\u0159en\u00ed je zmen\u0161it a\u00a0zpomalit nebo zastavit mno\u017estv\u00ed suspenze vody a\u00a0p\u016fdy, kter\u00e1 odt\u00e9k\u00e1 po svaz\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>U\u00a0horn\u00edch povod\u00ed nen\u00ed vzhledem k\u00a0rychl\u00e9mu pr\u016fb\u011bhu povodn\u00ed prostor pro operativn\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Proto je pot\u0159eba se na p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky vhodn\u011b zvolen\u00fdm souborem opat\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159ipravit. Preferovan\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm je zm\u011bna odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f. Ta nemus\u00ed zahrnovat jen n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 investice do opat\u0159en\u00ed, jak\u00fdmi jsou komplexn\u00ed pozemkov\u00e9 \u00fapravy, stavby akumula\u010dn\u00edch prostor\u016f nebo protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0intravil\u00e1nech obc\u00ed. Lze navrhnout tak\u00e9 nestruktur\u00e1ln\u00ed organiza\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se daj\u00ed rozd\u011blit do dvou kategori\u00ed: vylou\u010den\u00ed p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed erozn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch plodin (VENP) a\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed protierozn\u00edch agrotechnologi\u00ed. Mezi struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed se \u0159ad\u00ed z\u00e1chytn\u00e9 pr\u016flehy a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edkopy, protierozn\u00ed meze, ochrann\u00e1 zatravn\u011bn\u00ed, zasakovac\u00ed p\u00e1sy, ochrann\u00e9 p\u00e1sy pod\u00e9l vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, stabilizace drah soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9ho odtoku, stavby vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0ochrann\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0vymezen\u00ed oblast\u00ed pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00fd rozliv do inundace. P\u0159ehled navrhovan\u00fdch ideov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0hodnotami \u010d\u00edsel odtokov\u00fdch k\u0159ivek pro st\u0159edn\u00ed nasycen\u00ed CNII a\u00a0\u010dty\u0159i skupiny hydrologick\u00fdch skupin p\u016fd jsou uvedeny v\u00a0<em>tabulce 2<\/em>.\u00a0Jejich rozlo\u017een\u00ed v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed je uvedeno na mapov\u00e9m port\u00e1lu \u201eVoda v\u00a0krajin\u011b\u201c [1].<\/p>\n<h5>Tabulka 2. Hodnoty CNII pro jednotliv\u00e1 navrhovan\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0hydrologick\u00e9 skupiny p\u016fd<br \/>\nTable 2. CNII values for individual designed protection and hydrological types of soils<\/h5>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-tabulka-2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2197 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-tabulka-2.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-tabulka-2\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-tabulka-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-tabulka-2-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-tabulka-2-768x566.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/590;\" \/><\/a>\n<p>Struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bnu odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f technick\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi, jsou n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 na p\u0159\u00edpravu a\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky. P\u0159\u00edpravn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce p\u0159ed realizac\u00ed n\u00e1vrh\u016f opat\u0159en\u00ed \u0159e\u0161\u00ed vlastn\u00ed technick\u00fd n\u00e1vrh podle platn\u00fdch norem, n\u00e1vaznost na st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed stavby, z\u00e1konn\u00e9 pot\u0159eby a\u00a0po\u017eadavky vlastn\u00edk\u016f okoln\u00edch a\u00a0dot\u010den\u00fdch pozemk\u016f. Stavbou se nesm\u00ed zhor\u0161it odtokov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky v\u00a0jin\u00fdch m\u00edstech povod\u00ed. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f p\u0159\u00edpravy je v\u00fdkup pozemk\u016f pro vlastn\u00ed navrhovan\u00e9 stavby.<\/p>\n<h3>Zm\u011bna odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f<\/h3>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e1 zm\u011bna s\u00a0sebou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hodnot \u010d\u00edsel CN, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed retence, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky odtoku a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed objemu odtoku. Objem odtoku se v\u00fdrazn\u011b projev\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se zm\u011bna vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed aplikuje na v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed. Nejlep\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f je dosa\u017eeno p\u0159i zm\u011bn\u011b vyu\u017eit\u00ed pozemku z\u00a0orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy na les [8]. M\u00e9n\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1, ale st\u00e1le p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00e1 je zm\u011bna z\u00a0orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy na p\u0159irozen\u00e9 louky nebo zm\u011bny luk a\u00a0pastvin na les. Zm\u011bna p\u0159irozen\u00fdch luk na lesy m\u00e1 z uva\u017eovan\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed zm\u011bn nejmen\u0161\u00ed efekt. Pozitivn\u00ed efekt t\u011bchto zm\u011bn se bude d\u00e1le zv\u011bt\u0161ovat s\u00a0rostouc\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161kou sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9ho \u00fahrnu. Zmen\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky odtoku je zp\u016fsobeno pomalej\u0161\u00edm odtokem a\u00a0t\u00edm i\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm \u010dasem na vs\u00e1knut\u00ed (infiltrace vody) do p\u016fdy. Je nutn\u00e9 podotknout, \u017ee zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed vsaku m\u00e1 pozitivn\u00ed vliv na aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed povod\u0148ovou ud\u00e1lost z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek, ov\u0161em na ro\u010dn\u00ed bilanci stavu podzemn\u00edch vod se zm\u011bna vyu\u017eit\u00ed pozemku projev\u00ed jen minim\u00e1ln\u011b, nebo\u0165 infiltrace je kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e1.<\/p>\n<h2>V\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdz<\/h2>\n<p>Znalost odtokov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek a\u00a0pot\u0159eb ochrany \u00fazem\u00ed byla v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu Strategie podkladem k\u00a0n\u00e1vrh\u016fm vhodn\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b cel\u00e9ho komplexu opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0ploch\u00e1ch povod\u00ed, viz\u00a0[1]. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b porovn\u00e1n\u00ed objem\u016f p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku pro sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0objemy p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku pro n\u00e1vrhov\u00fd stav s\u00a0protierozn\u00edmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch povod\u00edch lze stanovit, jak\u00fd maj\u00ed navrhovan\u00e1 ideov\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed vliv na zm\u011bnu odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f. V\u00fdsledky \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed byly vyu\u017eity pro hodnocen\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti navr\u017een\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Zm\u011bny odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f byly vyhodnoceny pro p\u0159\u00edpad CNII s\u00a0n\u00e1vrhov\u00fdmi 24hodinov\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami se t\u0159emi dobami opakov\u00e1n\u00ed (20, 100 a\u00a0200\u00a0let). Pro jednotliv\u00e1 povod\u00ed IV. \u0159\u00e1du bylo podle rovnice (6) provedeno srovn\u00e1n\u00ed relativn\u00edch odchylek v\u00fd\u0161ek odtoku \u2206r (%) sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho H<sub>O,soucasnost<\/sub> a\u00a0n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9ho stavu H<sub>O,navrh<\/sub> \u00fazem\u00ed pro jednotliv\u00e9 doby opakov\u00e1n\u00ed, viz\u00a0<em>obr.\u00a02<\/em>. Z\u00a0grafu je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee na velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed IV. \u0159\u00e1du nedo\u0161lo k\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm n\u00e1vrh\u016fm (\u2206r = 0). V\u011bt\u0161ina relativn\u00edch odchylek je men\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e cca\u00a050\u00a0%. Se zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edmi se hodnotami relativn\u00edch odchylek kles\u00e1 jejich \u010detnost rychleji u\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch dob opakov\u00e1n\u00ed. To plat\u00ed i\u00a0u\u00a0absolutn\u00edch odchylek na <em>obr.\u00a03<\/em>. Se zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edmi se hodnotami \u2206r je pokles \u010detnost\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b doby opakov\u00e1n\u00ed N = 20 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b line\u00e1rn\u00ed, u\u00a0dob opakov\u00e1n\u00ed N = 100\u00a0a\u00a0N = 200 m\u00e1 exponenci\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh. Rozlo\u017een\u00ed hodnot \u2206r je v\u00fdrazn\u011b jin\u00e9 pro dobu opakov\u00e1n\u00ed N = 20 ne\u017e u\u00a0dob opakov\u00e1n\u00ed N = 100 a\u00a0N = 200.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-6.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"344\" height=\"62\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2203 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-6.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-vzorec-6\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-6.jpg 344w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-6-300x54.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 344px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 344\/62;\" \/><\/a>\n<p>D\u00e1le bylo pro jednotliv\u00e1 povod\u00ed IV. \u0159\u00e1du provedeno podle rovnice (7) srovn\u00e1n\u00ed absolutn\u00edch odchylek v\u00fd\u0161ek odtoku \u2206a (mm) sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho H<sub>O,soucasnost<\/sub> a\u00a0n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9ho stavu H<sub>O,navrh<\/sub> \u00fazem\u00ed pro jednotliv\u00e9 doby opakov\u00e1n\u00ed, viz\u00a0<em>obr.\u00a03<\/em>. Z\u00a0grafu je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina absolutn\u00edch odchylek je men\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e cca\u00a015\u2008mm. \u00da\u010dinek relativn\u00edho sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky odtoku se sni\u017euje se zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se dobou opakov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-7.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"344\" height=\"62\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2204 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-7.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-vzorec-7\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-7.jpg 344w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-7-300x54.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 344px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 344\/62;\" \/><\/a>\n<p>Posledn\u00ed anal\u00fdza se zab\u00fdvala srovn\u00e1n\u00edm absolutn\u00edch odchylek (rozd\u00edl\u016f) objem\u016f odtoku \u2206Oph (m<sup>3<\/sup>) sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho Oph<sub>soucasnost<\/sub> a\u00a0n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9ho stavu Oph<sub>navrh<\/sub> \u00fazem\u00ed podle rovnice (8) pro jednotliv\u00e1 povod\u00ed IV. \u0159\u00e1du a\u00a0pro jednotliv\u00e9 doby opakov\u00e1n\u00ed, viz\u00a0<em>obr.\u00a04<\/em>. Z\u00a0grafu je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina odchylek je men\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e cca\u00a0300 tis\u00edc m<sup>3<\/sup> v\u00a0jednom povod\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina povod\u00ed IV. \u0159\u00e1du je schopna zachytit objem vody v\u00a0\u0159\u00e1du des\u00edtek tis\u00edc m<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-8.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"344\" height=\"62\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2205 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-8.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-vzorec-8\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-8.jpg 344w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-vzorec-8-300x54.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 344px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 344\/62;\" \/><\/a>\n<h2>Z\u00e1v\u011br a diskuse<\/h2>\n<p>D\u00edl\u010d\u00edm \u00fakolem projektu Strategie bylo stanoven\u00ed odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f v\u00a0povod\u00edch IV. \u0159\u00e1du pro \u00fazem\u00ed cel\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Vyj\u00e1d\u0159it odtokov\u00e9 vlastnosti \u00fazem\u00ed pomoc\u00ed automatizovan\u00e9ho postupu v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS p\u0159i znalosti n\u00e1vrhov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek, typu povrchu a\u00a0zp\u016fsobu jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje metoda \u010d\u00edsel odtokov\u00fdch k\u0159ivek (CN). P\u0159esto\u017ee m\u00e1 metoda sv\u00e1 omezen\u00ed a\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u011b byla odvozena pro mal\u00e1 nesva\u017eit\u00e1 povod\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cR i\u00a0pro v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0sva\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed povod\u00ed. V\u00fdpo\u010det odtoku z\u00a0cel\u00e9ho\u00a0povod\u00ed byl proveden pro sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch povod\u00edch byla v\u00a0teoretick\u00e9 rovin\u011b na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch pozemc\u00edch navr\u017eena protierozn\u00ed a\u00a0protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, viz\u00a0[1]. C\u00edlem n\u00e1vrh\u016f bylo zv\u00fd\u0161it zasakovac\u00ed schopnost krajiny, zpomalit a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017eit odtok z\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed b\u011bhem p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9 epizody. N\u00e1vrhy struktur\u00e1ln\u00edch a\u00a0nestruktur\u00e1ln\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, na toc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00a0niv\u011b v\u010detn\u011b zastav\u011bn\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0podob\u011b nov\u00fdch reten\u010dn\u00edch prostor jsou koncipov\u00e1ny tak, aby do\u0161lo ke zm\u011bn\u011b odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f. Podle zku\u0161enost\u00ed lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee realizovatelnost t\u011bchto opat\u0159en\u00ed bude \u00fazce sv\u00e1zan\u00e1 s\u00a0prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm komplexn\u00edch pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav. Po n\u00e1vrz\u00edch do\u0161lo k\u00a0op\u011btovn\u00e9mu v\u00fdpo\u010dtu odtoku z\u00a0povod\u00ed, v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b na nov\u00e9 vrstv\u011b CN zohled\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed navrhovan\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed. N\u00e1sledn\u011b do\u0161lo k\u00a0vyhodnocen\u00ed zm\u011bn odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f a\u00a0srovn\u00e1n\u00ed charakteristik odtoku pro t\u0159i n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky (24hodinov\u00fd d\u00e9\u0161\u0165 s\u00a0dobou opakov\u00e1n\u00ed 20, 100 a\u00a0200\u00a0let).<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"431\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2193 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-2.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-2\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-2-300x162.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-2-768x414.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/431;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a02. Rozlo\u017een\u00ed \u010detnosti relativn\u00edch odchylek v\u00fd\u0161ek odtoku p\u0159ed a\u00a0po n\u00e1vrz\u00edch<br \/>\nFig. 2. Histogram of relative deviations of actual runoff for states before and after proposals<\/h6>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-3.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"452\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2194 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-3.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-3\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-3-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-3-768x434.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/452;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a03. Rozlo\u017een\u00ed \u010detnosti absolutn\u00edch odchylek v\u00fd\u0161ek odtoku p\u0159ed a\u00a0po n\u00e1vrz\u00edch<br \/>\nFig. 3. Histogram of absolute deviations of actual runoff for states before and after proposals<\/h6>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-4.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2294];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"442\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2195 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-4.jpg\" alt=\"Smelik-4\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-4.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-4-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/Smelik-4-768x424.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/442;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a04. Rozlo\u017een\u00ed \u010detnosti absolutn\u00edch odchylek objemu odtoku p\u0159ed a\u00a0po n\u00e1vrz\u00edch<br \/>\nFig. 4. Histogram of absolute deviations of runoff volume for states before and after proposals<\/h6>\n<p>Podle doby opakov\u00e1n\u00ed de\u0161t\u011b nedo\u0161lo na 20 a\u017e 36 % povod\u00ed IV. \u0159\u00e1du (z celkov\u00fdch 8 958 povod\u00ed) ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f. To je zp\u016fsobeno t\u00edm, \u017ee v\u00a0povod\u00edch nebyla navr\u017eena \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed nebo sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn nep\u0159es\u00e1hl o\u010dek\u00e1vanou po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed infiltraci. Na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky do\u0161lo ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho odtoku H<sub>O<\/sub>. Relativn\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky odtoku se pohybuje obvykle do 50\u00a0%. V\u00a0absolutn\u00edch hodnot\u00e1ch doch\u00e1z\u00ed po n\u00e1vrz\u00edch ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky odtoku do cca\u00a015\u2008mm, v\u011bt\u0161inou ale jen do 10\u2008mm. Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee povod\u00ed maj\u00ed r\u016fznou rozlohu, je vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00edce vypov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed charakteristikou objem odtoku z\u00a0povod\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina povod\u00ed IV. \u0159\u00e1du je schopna pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1vrhov\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed pojmout nav\u00edc objem vody v\u00a0\u0159\u00e1du des\u00edtek tis\u00edc m<sup>3<\/sup>, v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b a\u017e stovek tis\u00edc m<sup>3<\/sup>.\u00a0Celkov\u00e1 absolutn\u00ed zm\u011bna objemu za celou \u010cR je v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b doby opakov\u00e1n\u00ed 20\u00a0let 238\u2008mil. m<sup>3<\/sup>, doby opakov\u00e1n\u00ed 100\u00a0let 181\u2008mil. m<sup>3<\/sup> a\u00a0doby opakov\u00e1n\u00ed 200\u00a0let 198\u2008mil. m<sup>3<\/sup>, co\u017e je pro p\u0159edstavu trojn\u00e1sobek a\u017e \u010dty\u0159n\u00e1sobek cel\u00e9ho reten\u010dn\u00edho prostoru Orlick\u00e9 p\u0159ehrady.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0mnoh\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech je zm\u011bna v\u00a0odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011brech nepatrn\u00e1 a\u00a0n\u011bkdy dokonce zanedbateln\u00e1. V\u00a0takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech nem\u00e1 valn\u00fd v\u00fdznam navrhovat drah\u00e1 a\u00a0organiza\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed. K\u00a0tomuto zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9mu faktu bylo v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch f\u00e1z\u00edch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu Strategie p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eeno.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0mapov\u00e9 aplikaci [1] v\u00a0sekci \u201eErozn\u00ed ohro\u017een\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy\u201c lze v\u00a0horn\u00edm prav\u00e9m rohu zobrazit seznam vrstev. V\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti \u201eerozni_ohrozeni_zem_pudy\u201c lze zobrazovat zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 navrhovan\u00e9 reten\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0ostatn\u00ed technick\u00e1 i\u00a0netechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed. Lze zobrazit n\u00e1vrhy na zm\u011bny p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed kultur, osevn\u00edch postup\u016f nebo technick\u00fdch protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed. V\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti \u201eanalyticke_rastry\u201c lze zobrazovat rozlo\u017een\u00ed CNII nebo erozn\u00ed smyv p\u0159ed n\u00e1vrhem opat\u0159en\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b zobrazit sklonitost ter\u00e9nu.<\/p>\n<h3>Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><em>\u010cl\u00e1nek vznikl na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fdsledk\u016f projektu Strategie ochrany p\u0159ed negativn\u00edmi dopady povodn\u00ed a\u00a0erozn\u00edmi jevy p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice, kter\u00fd byl \u0159e\u0161en v\u00a0letech 2014 a\u00a02015 a\u00a0kter\u00fd byl financov\u00e1n prost\u0159edky OP\u017dP. Za spolupr\u00e1ci na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu d\u011bkuji Ing.\u00a0Ladislavu Ka\u0161p\u00e1rkovi,\u00a0CSc., a\u00a0za korekci p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku Ing.\u00a0Karlu Drbalovi,\u00a0Ph.D.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>One part of the project \u201cStrategy for protection against negative impacts of floods and erosion phenomena by nature\u00adfriendly measures in the Czech Republic\u201c was assessment of actual runoff conditions in the Czech Republic by runoff curve number method. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2192,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86,88],"tags":[525,211,527,528,524,526],"coauthors":[487],"class_list":["post-2294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","category-informatics-cartography-in-water-management","tag-cn-curves","tag-erosion","tag-erosion-protection","tag-flood-protection","tag-rainfall","tag-runoff"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2294","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2294"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2294\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30347,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2294\/revisions\/30347"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2192"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2294"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2294"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2294"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2294"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}