{"id":21322,"date":"2022-12-13T19:27:23","date_gmt":"2022-12-13T18:27:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/2022\/12\/budovani-velkych-vodnich-del-v-kontextu-ideji-a-ideologii-2\/"},"modified":"2024-07-23T16:43:11","modified_gmt":"2024-07-23T15:43:11","slug":"budovani-velkych-vodnich-del-v-kontextu-ideji-a-ideologii-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2022\/12\/budovani-velkych-vodnich-del-v-kontextu-ideji-a-ideologii-2\/","title":{"rendered":"The construction of large hydraulic structures in the context of ideas and ideologies"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0<\/span>ABSTRACT<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

This paper deals with some aspects of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>relationship between man and water demonstrated via the\u202fexample of\u202flarge hydraulic structures constructed in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Czech lands. Based on this relationship, principles of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>practical functioning of\u202fideas and ideologies, including religion, can be presented. It is not just about \u201cpagan\u201d cults, aiming directly at worshipping water as a living being. Christianity also significantly influenced the\u202fframework in\u202fwhich water management operated across the\u202fcenturies and, at<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>same time, new ideas associated with the\u202fEnlightenment and the\u202fIndustrial Revolution during the\u202f18<\/span>th<\/span>\u202fand 19<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> centuries. A key part of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>paper is focused on the\u202ftopic of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>construction of\u202flarge hydraulic structures in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>20<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> century, which was particularly intensive in\u202fits second half. It also mentions political, ideological, and natural changes which were, at<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>beginning of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>21<\/span>st<\/span> century, reflected in\u202fman\u2019s relationship with water resources and the\u202fpossibilities of\u202finfluencing them.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>Motto: <\/span>\u201c…Wayside shrines in<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>countryside, plant motifs of\u202fcathedral builders, Baroque unity between nature and structures show that until the\u202f19<\/span><\/i>th<\/span><\/i> century nature was still sacred, albeit as God\u2019s mirror. Later, a significant distinction was made between the\u202fspirit and the\u202fmaterial. Nature was gradually becoming an obstacle to progress. Only recently have we started to\u202fremember that consecrating the\u202flandscape is actually its humanisation.\u201d<\/span><\/i> [1].<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

INTRODUCTION<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

The Ministry of\u202fCulture and the\u202fNational Heritage Institute focus their activities on the\u202fprotection of\u202ftechnical monuments of\u202fmany types. This paper discusses the\u202fcooperation between various fields as well as some difficulties which occurred during the\u202fproject <\/span>\u201cHistorical water management objects, their value, function and significance for the\u202fpresent\u201d,<\/span><\/i> under the\u202fNAKI II programme (project code DG18P02OVV019) of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Ministry of\u202fCulture. This paper is approached as\u202fa\u202fdialogue between a historian and a preservationist, on the\u202fone hand, and a technical water manager on the\u202fother. We believe that mutual cognition and understanding of\u202fboth approaches will contribute to the\u202fexchange of\u202fexperience and a more varied depiction of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>world and human society. It is an incentive for further discussion and reflection which tries to identify various aspects of\u202fbroader relationships, whilst being aware of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>impossibility of\u202fcapturing the\u202fphenomenon in terms of\u202fits completeness or general validity. Possible conflict lines are connected, on the\u202fone hand, with the\u202fissue of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>level of\u202fservice of\u202ftechnology and technology manipulated by power and ideology, and, on the\u202fother hand, the\u202fusefulness, benefits, and embedded technical skills are pointed out.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The history of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>relationship between man and water includes responses of\u202fvarious cultures and civilizations to sudden changes in\u202fnatural conditions (e.g. dramatic floods), but also to long-term processes such as changes in rainfall or temperature. Water management and its development is not only a specific phenomenon, but it also reflects contemporary ideas and ideologies, to which religion also belongs. If we focus on the\u202froots and consequences of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a technocratic approach to water management connected with linear regulations of\u202fwatercourses, construction of\u202fdams, and artificial waterways, its ideological inspiration can be anchored in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>ideas of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Enlightenment which led to the\u202fdeification of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>reason. Since the\u202fsecond half of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>18<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> century, people gradually adopted rational criteria (to measure, weigh, and calculate, ideally by experts of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>given specialisation), which previously had not been taken for granted, as decisive in relation to the\u202fsurrounding world. This approach prevailed in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>form of\u202ftransformation of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>\u201cfaith into science\u201d and thus persists to the\u202fpresent day. But the\u202flimits of\u202fsuch thinking are more and more noticeable because human reason is only one of\u202fmany possibilities for exploring reality, not the\u202fonly one.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

However, important water management structures were also built with man\u2019s belief in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>their own abilities and the\u202fsupport of\u202fgods. This belief has led to the\u202fsearch for ways to improve natural conditions so that<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>landscape or soil could nurture a larger population in a more comfortable and safer way of\u202flife, thus ensuring prosperity, whether in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>local community or in a wider society.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The topic chosen for this paper, out of\u202fwater management structures in terms of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a symbolic socio-historical context, is the\u202fconstruction of\u202flarge water areas which took place from the\u202fMiddle Ages to the\u202fpresent. The \u202faforementioned project elaborates on the\u202ftopic of\u202fdams in most detail. When dealing with this type of\u202fhydraulic structure, we started to harmonise the\u202fcooperation of\u202fexperts from different fields and clarify basic terminology during which we particularly realised that there are different attitudes and approaches to\u202fthe\u202fassessment of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>significance of\u202findividual structures.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Figure 1 <\/span><\/i>shows selected hydraulic structures differentiated by colours according to the\u202ftime of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>their origin. In<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>course of\u202ftime, some of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>them ceased to\u202fexist, sometimes even entire pond systems, so the\u202ffollowing overview and reflections involve those that exist to this day.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This map shows the\u202fconcentration of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a larger amount of\u202freservoirs in some river basins in certain periods as well as the\u202farea-wide distribution of\u202freservoirs in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>second half of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>20<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> century.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Middle Ages and Early Modern Era<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

The Middle Ages and Early Modern Era accentuated the\u202fissue of\u202freligion in relation to the\u202fdownfall of\u202fgreat ancient empires and the\u202fbeginnings of\u202fnew globalisation. Europe was the\u202ffundamental continent for the\u202fformation of\u202fmedieval civilisation because it became, instead of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Mediterranean, the\u202fcentre of\u202fpolitical, economic, and cultural developments. Together with the\u202ftransfer of\u202fsocial centres towards the\u202fnorth, it was Christianity, referring to outside of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>material world, which formed more than a thousand-year period of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Middle Ages. Both circumstances were manifested in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>overthrow of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>ancient cult of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>human body. It ceased to be admired as a source of\u202fbeauty and joy, instead it was tabooed as a sinful enticement of\u202fhell. Religious asceticism significantly contributed to the\u202fchange of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>configuration of\u202fEuropean culture after the\u202ffall of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Roman Empire [2]. This transition from Antiquity to the\u202fChristian medieval world was not rapid but a process lasting several centuries, as Jarmila Bedna\u0159\u00edkov\u00e1 described in her works, for example in [3]; in addition to this, Christianity even reached originally barbaric peoples via Rome, which is beneficial to observe in a global perspective [4].<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Together with this approach to the\u202fhuman body, Christianity also changed the\u202fperception of\u202fwater. Purifying water had a symbolically important but, in terms of\u202fits scope, minuscule role in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>baptismal fonts of\u202fChristian churches, while Roman aqueducts and baths had been destroyed by the\u202fGoths, Lombards, and Vandals a long time ago. The \u202fmajority of\u202finhabitants were happy with wells, rivers, and brooks for their normal use of\u202fwater instead of\u202fusing imposing aqueducts. The \u202f\u201csinful\u201d time spent at baths should have been dedicated to prayers and work. Although attempts to completely eliminate the\u202fcollective bathing of\u202fnaked men and women failed in medieval Europe, the\u202fimportance of\u202fpersonal physical hygiene largely declined. And so when, from time to time, an epidemic of\u202fsome disease appeared, it was considered <\/span>\u201cGod\u2019s punishment for sins\u201d <\/span><\/i>in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Middle Ages. During plague epidemics, roughly one third of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>population died under these circumstances [5], while the\u202fplague was also used to refer to other contagious diseases which had such a widespread impact. In<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>case of\u202fwater-borne diseases it was, for example, cholera.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

We often tend to underestimate the\u202ftechnical skills of\u202fpeople in medieval times, viewing from the\u202fperspective of\u202fcurrent technological possibilities, with a resulting feeling of\u202fsuperiority over the\u202fpast. Nevertheless, we can still admire as a small technical miracle the\u202fplanning and localisation of\u202fseveral-kilometre long routes under a minimum slope without an optical levelling machine. At<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>same time, it was a necessary skill for the\u202fconstruction of\u202fsupply channels\u00a0<\/span>of\u202fpond systems or for the\u202ftransfer of\u202fwater in mountainous landscapes from one river basin to another (Schwarzenberg navigation canal, Blatn\u00e1 water ditch, etc.). At<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>time, the\u202fcontractor of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>construction had only a rough idea of\u202fhow the\u202fresult would look and they were not interested in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>technical details of\u202fhow the\u202fgoal would be achieved. This was also caused by the\u202fideological approach in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>these antiquity times when in chronicles and other preserved materials it was not the\u202fintellectual competence of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>builder himself but his connection with external circumstances or direct dependence on them which was emphasised. Perhaps it happened \u201c<\/span>with God\u2019s help\u2026<\/span><\/i>\u201d or, in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>contrary folk version \u201c<\/span>he signed a contract with hell\u2026<\/span><\/i>\u201d. Christianity also limited the\u202fdesire of\u202fman to \u201c<\/span>become equal to God<\/span><\/i>\u201d which was symbolised by the\u202fbiblical story of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>construction of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Tower of\u202fBabylon, built for the\u202fglory of\u202fman, and not of\u202fGod. Only the\u202fEnlightenment, with all its consequences, denied the\u202fChristian fear of\u202fGod\u2019s punishment if man exceeds their standards.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

With the\u202fRenaissance and overseas discoveries, the\u202fpendulum of\u202fhistory turned into a path of\u202fglobalisation and a return to ancient heritage. Czech fish farming, whose golden era in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>16<\/span>th<\/span> century coincided with the\u202fboom of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Czech Renaissance, remains an example of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>turnaround from local medieval measures to broader ambitions. The \u202fmost famous Czech founder of\u202ffish ponds, Jakub Kr\u010d\u00edn of\u202fJel\u010dany and Sedl\u010dany (1535\u20131604), worked in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>service of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Renaissance nobleman Vil\u00e9m of\u202fRo\u017emberk and also the\u202flegendary emperor Rudolf II. Fish pond founders strived to create an entire system of\u202fwater management within<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>landscape. In contrast to the\u202fsituation in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Middle Ages, they were not obstructed by the\u202ffragmented ownership of\u202fland when one village was divided among several owners. At<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>beginning of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Early Modern Era, the\u202fclass of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>richest noblemen had stable extensive property of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>territorially integrated manor where there was space for the\u202frealisation of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>ambitious plans in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>form of\u202flarge hydraulic structures. It is therefore unsurprising that fish farming in ponds was almost exclusively a form of\u202feconomic activity pursued by the\u202faristocracy in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Czech lands during the\u202f16<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> century [6].<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Enlightenment and its heritage in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>20<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> century<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

The impression of\u202fdominance over nature, in which people believed in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>basis of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>transformation of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>world during the\u202fIndustrial Revolution, was manifested by faith in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>future, endless growth, and progress. This can be evidenced by the\u202fconstruction plans of\u202fmany large hydraulic structures. Later confidence in rational solutions to all mankind\u2019s problems followed the\u202ftradition whose roots reside in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Enlightenment. In<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>20<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> century, these traditions were part of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>mainstays of\u202fmodern technocratic thinking in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>East and the\u202fWest. This was inseparably linked to both the\u202fefforts to rationally overcome myths and binding hierarchies, including religion, and the\u202fradical, rationalistic, spatial reformatting of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>environment in which orderly citizens were supposed to live. What was typical was the\u202fbelief in such kinds of\u202fvalue that can be exactly calculated and whose trajectories toward the\u202ffuture can be approached similarly as physicists work with the\u202flaws of\u202fgravity or conservation of\u202fmass. But the\u202ftheory on the\u202fliberating power of\u202fhuman rationality already holds in its foundations the\u202fpotential of\u202fnew totalitarianism \u2013 the\u202fidentification of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>image of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a scientific, mathematically-based world (which can be to a\u202fmaximum extent a mere part of\u202freality) with the\u202freality of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>present moment. This belief in science, like other ideologies, does not admit an alternative, so it is virtually condemned to irrational and, therefore \u201cnon-scientific\u201d categories.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The regimes of\u202fstate socialism implemented the\u202fEnlightenment version of\u202fmodernity in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>second half of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>20<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> century. The \u202flegacy of\u202fEnlightenment absolutism of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>late 18<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> century (central European experience with the\u202freign of\u202fEmperor Joseph II and his \u201crevolution from above\u201d was essential in this respect) transformed into a \u201ccaring dictatorship\u201d \u2013 a comprehensive and highly authoritative care for citizens, from which it is not possible to escape in any legal form [7].<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Social engineering, with efforts to improve living conditions of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>all inhabitants without distinction, regardless of\u202fwhether the\u202finhabitants concerned are interested in such improvement or not, was reflected, among other things, in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>massive construction of\u202fdams. This activity had been preceded by a half-century construction of\u202fmodern dams in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Czech lands, inspired by an intensification of\u202findustrial production at<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>turn of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>20<\/span>th<\/span> century. Until the\u202fmid-20<\/span>th<\/span> century, water management structures and water management infrastructure were built on a \u201cbottom-up\u201d basis, in response to the\u202fneeds of\u202fmunicipalities, local agriculture, upon the\u202finitiation of\u202findustry, or as flood protection activities of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a specific region. Local and trans-regional water cooperatives were founded (the first one in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>\u010c\u00e1slav Region in 1882), which played a key role in improving water conditions between 1890\u20131939 [8].<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>first decades (end of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>19<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> and beginning of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>20<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> century), construction of\u202fdams was influenced by efforts to integrate this distinctive element into the\u202flandscape, composed by man for centuries according to human standards. The \u202fbuildings are naturally segmented (ornamental) using traditional materials (stone, fired roof tiles). Les Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed reservoir (1910\u20131920) is typical in this respect; it\u202fis\u202fdescribed as a fairy-tale structure but its purpose is purely practical. Similar efforts to integrate these hydraulic structures were made at<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>level of\u202fhuman relations. The \u202finhabitants of\u202findividual localities usually had some time to get used to the\u202fidea of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>their environment being changed, or they actively demanded the\u202fconstruction of\u202fhydraulic structures with their advantages, even though the\u202fsituation was usually more ambiguous than as it was described by left-wing writers. Marie\u202fMajerov\u00e1, in her novel <\/span>P\u0159ehrada (Reservoir) <\/span><\/i>[9], spoke ironically about the\u202fold\u00a0<\/span>slow bureaucratic system and its struggle for the deification of the described hydraulic structure, in contrast to the ideal of the \u201crevolution from above\u201d, the dictatorship of civilization associated with scientific-technical progress:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cFor sure, everything suggests that this is going to happen. But Bo\u017eena still does not believe. How many plans have failed and how many promises have been made in vain! In<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>times which were historical for her, during her grandfather\u2019s rule over Chol\u00edn, the\u202fmunicipality of\u202fPrague in Vienna demanded permission from the\u202fcompetent authorities of<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>Austrian monarchy to build a weir in<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>locality where a huge dam now stands. And in fact, her whole life and the\u202flife of<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>their family coincided with the\u202fstruggle for a dam. They were constantly talking about it at home, both longingly and hatefully. [\u2026] Representatives of\u202fpolitical parties secured people\u2019s favour with attractive slogans, thick cigars and sweets. [\u2026] And for many years, nothing happened again. Unless the\u202fmayors of<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>Central Vltava basin wrote a memorandum, or agricultural representatives from the\u202fregion complained to their senator. [\u2026] After some years, a road was finally built along the\u202friver, after a long pause a railway line and then, when no one believed any longer that such a construction would take place, the\u202fwater-way fund was enacted.\u201d<\/span><\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>scope of\u202fmassive economic recovery after the\u202fend of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Second World War, it is possible to talk about the\u202fgolden age of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>construction of\u202fdams on both sides of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Iron Curtain, as well as outside of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>so-called developed world. In<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>case of\u202fCzechoslovakia, the\u202flargest number of\u202fdams were built in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>second half of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>20<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> century, though these were often constructed at locations that had already been identified and recommended around 1900. The \u202fcopied graph shown in <\/span>Fig 2.<\/span><\/i> illustrates this. <\/span>Fig 3.<\/span><\/i> shows the\u202fnumber of\u202fdams built according to the\u202fsame periods as in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>map in <\/span>Fig 1<\/span><\/i>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n

Fig. 1. Map of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Czech Republic, location of\u202flarge hydraulic structures \u2013 differentiation according to the\u202ftime of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>their origin<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\n

1 Velk\u00fd rybn\u00edk, 2 Bo\u0161ileck\u00fd rybn\u00edk, 3 Dvo\u0159i\u0161t\u011b, 4 M\u00e1chovo jezero, 5 Opatovick\u00fd rybn\u00edk, 6 Hv\u011bzda, 7 Velk\u00e1 Holn\u00e1, 8 Z\u00e1blatsk\u00fd, 9 Deht\u00e1\u0159, 10 Velk\u00e9 D\u00e1\u0159ko, 11 Bezdrev, 12 Jord\u00e1n, 13 Velk\u00fd Tis\u00fd, 14 Horusick\u00fd Pond, 15 Sta\u0148kovsk\u00fd rybn\u00edk, 16 Sv\u011bt, 17 Ro\u017emberk, 18 Pilsk\u00e1, 19 Mari\u00e1nsk\u00e9 L\u00e1zn\u011b, 20 Jevi\u0161ovice, 21 Harcov, 22 Jeze\u0159\u00ed, 23 Kameni\u010dka, 24 Bed\u0159ichov, 25 Fojtka, 26 Ml\u00fdnice, 27\u202fM\u0161eno, 28 Byst\u0159i\u010dka, 29 Hamry, 30 Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017eov, 31 Janov, 32 Sou\u0161, 33 Labsk\u00e1, 34 Les Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, 35 Ch\u0159ibsk\u00e1, 36 Sedlice, 37 Luha\u010dovice, 38 Plumlov, 39 B\u0159ezov\u00e1, 40 Se\u010d, 41 Vranov, 42\u202fPastviny, 43 Fry\u0161t\u00e1k, 44 Husinec, 45 Brno (Kn\u00edni\u010dky), 46 Slapy, 47 Horn\u00ed Be\u010dva, 48 \u0160t\u011bchovice, 49 K\u0159i\u017eanovice, 50 Kl\u00ed\u010dava, 51 Kru\u017eberk, 52 Podhora, 53 V\u00edr, 54 \u017dermanice, 55 Kory\u010dany, 56 K\u0159\u00edmov, 57 Lipno, 58 Myslivny, 59 Fl\u00e1je, 60 Mosti\u0161t\u011b, 61 Orl\u00edk, 62 Suchomasty, 63 Z\u00e1skalsk\u00e1, 64 Jesenice, 65 Hracholusky, 66 Obecnice, 67 Ole\u0161n\u00e1, 68 Skalka, 69 T\u011brlicko, 70 Jirkov, 71\u202fBojkovice, 72 Znojmo, 73 Klabava, 74 Mor\u00e1vka, 75 Ludkovice, 76 Nechranice, 77 \u017dlutice, 78 Horka, 79 N\u00fdrsko, 80 \u0160ance, 81 Tatrovice, 82 Vrchlice, 83 Kada\u0148, 84 Nemilka, 85 \u010cesk\u00e9 \u00dadol\u00ed, 86 Hubenov, 87 Opatovice, 88 Rozko\u0161, 89 Land\u0161tejn, 90 Lu\u010dina, 91 V\u011bt\u0159kovice, 92 \u017delivka (\u0160vihov), 93 Letovice, 94 P\u0159\u00edse\u010dnice, 95 Slu\u0161ovice, 96 Mohelno, 97 Dale\u0161ice, 98 Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny (upper), 99 \u0158\u00edmov, 100 Stanovice, 101 N\u011bm\u010dice, 102 Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny (middle), 103 Trn\u00e1vka, 104 \u00dajezd, 105 Josef\u016fv D\u016fl, 106 T\u011b\u0161etice, 107 V\u00fdrovice, 108 Karolinka, 109 Nov\u00e1 \u0158\u00ed\u0161e, 110 Humenice, 111 Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny (lower), 112 Boskovice, 113 Hn\u011bvkovice, 114 Dlouh\u00e9 Str\u00e1n\u011b (lower reservoir), 115 Dlouh\u00e9 Str\u00e1n\u011b (upper reservoir), 116 Slezsk\u00e1 Harta, 117 Skali\u010dka, 118 Nov\u00e9 He\u0159minovy, 119\u202fVlachovice, 120 Kryry, 121 Amerika<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Fig. 2. Development of dam construction in the Czech lands (taken from: [21])<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Fig. 3. Number of reservoirs built according to the monitored periods<\/h6>\n

Political changes in Czechoslovakia after 1948 initiated an era of\u202fplanned but, suddenly, rather forced improvised construction of\u202flarge water-management structures. The \u202fauthoritarian nature of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>regime allowed the\u202fentire implementation system, material, machinery, and labour to be put into operation relatively easily and without any hesitation, compared to the\u202fprevious period of\u202fcomplex discussions, prevarication, and private ownership considerations. Authors like Zden\u011bk Pluha\u0159, who was one of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>builders of\u202fV\u00edr reservoir, accommodated the\u202fneed to change patterns of\u202fthinking in people\u2019s minds similarly radically. Pluha\u0159\u2019s novel <\/span>Modr\u00e9 \u00fadol\u00ed (Blue Valley)<\/span><\/i> [10] does not mention the\u202fmagical valley of\u202fSvratka nor the\u202fstory of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a specific building.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The\u202fschematic descriptions of\u202fcharacters and environment, as well as the\u202fdevelopment of events leading to the\u202fvictory of\u202fbuilders over nature, are fully subordinated to this ideological assignment:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cComrades, now we no longer work for somebody else\u2019s profit, now we build for ourselves. The \u202fdam is ours, like everything in this state\u2026\u201d<\/span><\/i> the\u202finhabitants of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a flooded village will not even remember the\u202fdestruction of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>their houses because the\u202fdam \u2013 and trust in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>ruling system \u2013 will free them from fear of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>future. <\/span>\u201cAfter all, you will get rid of\u202fthis eternal fear. You know very well what floods are in our valley, how awful it is when ice mass starts moving. Ask the\u202fdad, Julka, how many times people lost their shelter, their entire property, how many people died here during the\u202ffloods. [\u2026] the\u202ffirst star already lit up in<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>purple sky a long time ago, and it was large and radiant.\u201d<\/span><\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Little depended on the\u202fattitude of\u202flocal residents, nature, landscape harmony, or even on the\u202fwider economic logic of\u202fsuch construction. Obstacles to new construction in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>form of\u202fownership relations, local social ties, public opinion and, in fact, anything could have been quite easily overcome by pointing out that a particular constructive activity is an indispensable part of \u202f\u201csocialist care for citizens\u201d and has no alternative. During the\u202f20<\/span>th<\/span> century, over 100 villages disappeared due to the\u202fconstruction of\u202fwater reservoirs [11, 12]. The \u202flegacy of\u202fone-sided conception and conviction of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>clear contribution of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>construction of\u202flarge hydraulic structures left a lot of\u202fproblems in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>landscape and society, which remain unresolved to this day [13\u201315].<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

However, from the\u202fpoint of\u202fview of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a water manager, this period seems somewhat different. In post-war Czechoslovakia, it was necessary to renew and complete the\u202fconstruction of\u202fbasic infrastructure and industry.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The state water management plan of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Republic (in Czech known as SVP \u2013 St\u00e1tn\u00ed vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd pl\u00e1n) [16], was also elaborated on the\u202fbasis of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>knowledge and experience of\u202fpre-war Czechoslovakia during 1949\u20131953, and became the\u202ffirst systematic overview of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>possibilities of\u202fusing the\u202fstate\u2019s rich water resources. It was a directive-led plan for water management measures in all sectors of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>national economy, as well as for spatial planning, enabling the\u202fuse of\u202fwater resources during individual floods on the\u202fbasis of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a detailed local survey. The \u202fplan initiated systematic monitoring and evaluation of\u202fdata on natural conditions affecting water resources and water management, leading to its continuous update and completion. It elaborated the\u202fissue of\u202fdrinking water supply, promoted complex and multi-purpose use of\u202fwater resources, transition from local water supply system to group or regional water supply networks. It dealt with anti-flood treatment and drainage conditions of\u202fentire areas. It was a binding document which, among other things, enabled the\u202femergence of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a huge number of\u202fdams in a notably short time.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

One of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>current documents pertaining to the\u202fSVP regarding dam construction is the\u202fGeneral Scheme on the\u202fAccumulation of\u202fSurface Water (in Czech known as Generel LAPV) [17], which, in terms of\u202fspatial planning, protects sites that could be used for the\u202fconstruction of\u202fdams in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>event of\u202fcontinued climate changes in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>future.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Period after 1990<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

As in earlier times, changes in ideas and their practical impacts do not happen overnight. Even before the\u202frevolution in November 1989, views on environmental issues were used for political and ideological battles; changes in circumstances still reverberated in subsequent years. Construction of\u202fsome large hydraulic structures were suspended for some time in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>these crucial years and there were discussions about their purpose. In other cases, construction had already been suspended before 1989 for primarily economic reasons, although the\u202fauthorities proclaimed acceding to discussions with environmental NGOs. Eventually, however, they were mostly completed and today they are beneficial to both energy and other water management purposes \u2013 for example, Dlouh\u00e9 str\u00e1n\u011b pumped storage hydropower station, Silesian Harta hydraulic structure and, thirdly, Novoml\u00fdnsk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee (Nov\u00e9 Ml\u00fdny\u202freservoir). Political and ideological changes after 1990 also led to the\u202frejection of\u202feconomic instruments of\u202fsocialism, such as the\u202fplanned national economy and, at<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>same time, long-term planning in water management was also abandoned. Natural phenomena such as floods (e.g. 1997, 2002), torrential rains (continuously), or long-term drought (e.g. 2015\u20132017) showed that planning in water management was necessary so that<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>negative effects on the\u202fsocial environment, aimed at an immediate commercial or political profit, were at least partially counterbalanced. The \u202frequirements of\u202fEuropean Union directives [18] and anticipated climate change have also brought water management planning back to the\u202ffore. Unlike the\u202ftimes of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>SVP, these documents are now required to be discussed with the\u202fpublic and at<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>local government level [19].<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

From a historian\u2019s point of\u202fview: the\u202fquestion is what practical long-term impact these plans will have on the\u202ffuture form of\u202fwater management in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Czech Republic.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A cascade of\u202fthree dam reservoirs in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Dyje river, under the\u202fPavlov hills in southern Moravia, is a revealing example of\u202fthis imposed technocratic solution. The \u202fgovernment decision from May 1971 on the\u202fconstruction of\u202fNovoml\u00fdnsk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee was the\u202flast step to be taken in any discussion about the\u202fissue of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>their construction, as evidenced by the\u202ffollowing sentence in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>chronicle of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>flooded village of\u202fMu\u0161ov: <\/span>\u201cThere won\u2019t be any discussion about this. It\u2019s a done deal.\u201d <\/span><\/i>Citizens were put in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>position of\u202fmere \u201cpawns\u201d on an imaginary chessboard [21, 22]. The \u202freservoirs were built to prevent annual flooding and to increase the\u202fintensity of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>agricultural production. Construction was justified by the\u202fsocialist economy\u2019s plans for extensive systems of\u202firrigation of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>agricultural land, which were partially abandoned after 1989. From environmental activists\u2019 point of\u202fview, it is just a lousily done water-management imitation which destroyed \u201c<\/span>the most valuable and most beautiful riparian forests in our country and perhaps in<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>whole of\u202fCentral Europe<\/span><\/i>\u201d [23]. The \u202fchurch of\u202fSt. Linhart (<\/span>Fig. 4<\/span><\/i>) rises above the\u202fwater level of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>middle reservoir as a memento.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Fig. 4. Mu\u0161ov church was to be demolished with the flooded village. It was saved at the last minute thanks to a group of students from the Department of art History of the Faculty of arts of Charles University who discovered frescoes on the oldest Romanesque wall of the church under layers of newer plaster. The condition of the church at the time of the first filling of the reservoir. (Photo: personal archive of I. P\u0159ibylov\u00e1)<\/h6>\n

The construction of\u202flarge hydraulic structures was always conditioned by the\u202finterplay of\u202fseveral influences: technical skills and natural conditions, intentions of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>contractor and the\u202finvestor, ideological background, and general awareness. All these influences are subject to change over time. The \u202fconstruction of\u202fevery major hydraulic structure is time-consuming and, even during the\u202fconstruction itself, these conditions can change individually or in different combinations.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The construction of\u202fByst\u0159i\u010dka masonry dam (<\/span>Fig. 5<\/span><\/i>) falls into the\u202fperiod before the\u202fFirst World War and it is an example of\u202fhow the\u202fpurpose and use of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a hydraulic structure can change over time. The \u202fselection of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>location and the\u202fsize of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>hydraulic structure were associated with the\u202fprimary purpose of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>water source for the\u202fplanned controversial Danube-Odra canal. Although the\u202fidea of\u202fthis canal has not come to pass so far, the\u202fhydraulic structure has, over the\u202ftime of\u202fits existence, helped many times in coping with floods [24]. The \u202freservoir is used continuously, mainly for recreational purposes; operatively it was used to rapidly increase the\u202fflow rates in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Be\u010dva river and thus to dilute the\u202fconcentrations of\u202ftoxic substances at<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>time of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a recent accident.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Fig. 5. Byst\u0159i\u010dka hydraulic structure completed in 1912, safety spillway<\/h6>\n

The planned Skali\u010dka hydraulic structure has also changed its main purpose and related suggested technical solution many times, without yet being fully built. The \u202foriginal intention was similar to that of\u202fByst\u0159i\u010dka, i.e. in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>period of socialism the\u202freservoir was meant as a source of\u202fcooling water for a planned nuclear power plant, but after 1997, the\u202fflood control function prevailed (designed as a dry reservoir). Nowadays, in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>period of\u202flonger-term drought, from a water management perspective, a solution in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>form of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a permanent water surface is coming to the\u202ffore.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

After the\u202fSecond World War, a newly introduced ideology coincided with majority awareness of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>need for rapid post-war renewal of\u202findustry, energy development, and creation of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>a new society. Most of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>dams built in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>1950<\/span>s<\/span><\/sup> and 1960<\/span>s<\/span> were presented as large structures of\u202fsocialism and their construction was usually not disputed. Later, in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>period of\u202fnormalisation\u00a0<\/span>of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>1970<\/span>s<\/span><\/sup> and 1980<\/span>s<\/span><\/sup>, hardly anybody believed the\u202fofficially promoted ideology and, in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>general awareness, there was an increasing shift toward environmental issues. The \u202fintention to build further dams was increasingly coming into conflict with the\u202fideas of\u202fstate conservation of\u202fnature. The\u202fintegration of\u202fhydraulic structures into the\u202flandscape in different periods can be compared in <\/span>Fig.<\/span><\/i> 6<\/span><\/i> and <\/span>7.<\/span><\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Fig. 6. Orl\u00edk hydraulic structure, concrete gravity dam completed in 1960 (Photo: V. Macha, 2021)<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Fig. 7. Letovice hydraulic structure, an earth-filled dam completed in 1976. Its condition at the time of repairs of the safety spillway in 2022 (Photo: M. Forejtn\u00edkov\u00e1)<\/h6>\n

CONCLUSION<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

Despite all the\u202fdifferences in approaches of\u202fdifferent fields towards the\u202fissue of dams and water management as a whole, it can be stated that some conclusions can be agreed on. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>Middle Ages, water management was understood as jura regalia. In modern times, water is also considered a public possession and is a subject of\u202fpublic interest. The \u202ffragmentation of\u202fsociety at<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>beginning of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>21<\/span>st<\/span><\/sup>\u202fcentury does not match the\u202fformer techno-optimism, belief in progress or in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>hierarchical management of\u202fsociety from above grounded in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>expert opinions of<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>authorities. Nevertheless, solutions for the\u202fconstruction of\u202flarge hydraulic structures which were tried and tested in<\/span>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span>\u202f<\/span>20<\/span>th<\/span><\/sup> century continue to be used where there is no other alternative for the\u202fprovision of\u202fwater needs for the\u202ffuture. The \u202fpromotion of\u202fsustainable use of\u202fwater resources with the\u202fpreferences of\u202fsubtler interventions brings harmonisation changes to the\u202flandscape, and an effort to return to natural water conditions is thus demonstrated. This trend is also reflected in new solutions by water management designers. Only time will tell to what extent a similar turn is also taking place in human minds \u2013 a turn towards restoring balance within ourselves. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Acknowledgements<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

This paper was created on the\u202fbasis of<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>elaboration of<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>project \u201cHistorical water management objects, their value, function and significance for the\u202fpresent\u201d situated within<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>NAKI II programme (project code DG18P02OVV019) of<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>the<\/span><\/i>\u202f<\/span>Ministry of\u202fCulture.<\/span><\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This paper deals with some aspects of the relationship between man and water demonstrated via the example of large hydraulic structures constructed in the Czech lands. Based on this relationship, principles of the practical functioning of ideas and ideologies, including religion, can be presented. It is not just about \u201cpagan\u201d cults, aiming directly at worshipping water as a living being. Christianity also significantly influenced the framework in which water management operated across the centuries and, at the same time, new ideas associated with the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution during the 18th and 19th centuries. A key part of the paper is focused on the topic of the construction of large hydraulic structures in the 20th century, which was particularly intensive in its second half. It also mentions political, ideological, and natural changes which were, at the beginning of the 21st century, reflected in man\u2019s relationship with water resources and the possibilities of influencing them.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":17678,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[3009,3010,3007,3031,3011],"coauthors":[176,2928],"class_list":["post-21322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-czech-lands","tag-dams","tag-hydraulic-structures","tag-hydraulic-structures-dams","tag-ideology"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21322","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21322"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21322\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29399,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21322\/revisions\/29399"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17678"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21322"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21322"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21322"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=21322"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}