There are a\u00a0number of\u00a0agroforestry systems. The\u00a0methodology according to\u00a0Dupraz et al. was\u00a0used for\u00a0basic classification\u00a0of\u00a0agroforestry and the\u00a0European Agroforestry Federation\u00a0EURAF. Using it, it is\u00a0possible to\u00a0define the\u00a0basic categories of\u00a0agroforestry on\u00a0agricultural land [5]:<\/p>\n
Agrisilvicultural<\/strong> \u2013 cultivation\u00a0of\u00a0woody plants on\u00a0arable land, agricultural-forestry system, including woody plants and agricultural crops on\u00a0the\u00a0same plot of\u00a0land. Some commonly used agrisilvicultural systems are thus made up of\u00a0cultivated lanes and hedges (Fig. 1 and 2).<\/p>\n Silvopastoral<\/strong> \u2013 cultivation\u00a0of\u00a0woody plants on\u00a0permanent grasslands, grazing-forestry system, grazing, animals grazing grass in\u00a0AFS (Fig. 3).<\/p>\n Agrosilvopastoral<\/strong> \u2013 Agricultural-grazing-forestry system \u2013 i.e., cultivation\u00a0of\u00a0crops and trees combined with animal breeding.<\/p>\n AFS has\u00a0the\u00a0potential to\u00a0be a\u00a0tool for\u00a0combining climate change, protecting people and property, and creating the\u00a0foundations for\u00a0a\u00a0more sustainable economy and for\u00a0social development. Sustainable forest management provides a\u00a0framework for\u00a0planning at international and national levels and is\u00a0one way to\u00a0address an ever-changing climate. At the\u00a0same time, AFS has\u00a0the\u00a0potential to\u00a0contribute to\u00a0the\u00a0field of\u00a0adaptation\u00a0strategies. These support sustainable management and community practices and have the\u00a0potential not only to\u00a0protect land and people from the\u00a0adverse effects of\u00a0climate change, but also provide an opportunity for\u00a0greater and more sustainable rural development. These systems offer farmers opportunities in\u00a0production\u00a0diversity, risk reduction\u00a0in\u00a0farming (production), food security, and much-needed income generation. Further on, they can satisfy the\u00a0commercial need for\u00a0wood and improve environmental conditions. Thanks to\u00a0agroforestry measures, a\u00a0large number of\u00a0trees are now harvested outside conventional forest plots [6].<\/p>\n The\u00a0interaction\u00a0between trees and crops can be studied in\u00a0positive, negative, and neutral way. These interactions are dependent on\u00a0the\u00a0type of\u00a0model used involving different variants of\u00a0species, their nature, and arrangement. The\u00a0interaction\u00a0is\u00a0further defined as\u00a0the\u00a0influence of\u00a0one part of\u00a0the\u00a0system on\u00a0the\u00a0behaviour of\u00a0another part of\u00a0the\u00a0system and\/or\u00a0the\u00a0entire system [7]. Various interactions occur between trees and plants (crops and pastures). Studying the\u00a0interaction\u00a0between trees and crops within\u00a0agroforestry could help find appropriate ways to\u00a0increase overall soil productivity. The\u00a0main\u00a0positive effects of\u00a0interaction\u00a0are increased productivity, better soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and soil protection. The\u00a0main\u00a0negative effect of\u00a0interaction\u00a0is\u00a0their competition, which reduces crop yields. This\u00a0can be due to\u00a0the\u00a0space, light, nutrients, and moisture they need. The\u00a0ecological sustainability and success of\u00a0any agroforestry system is\u00a0dependent on\u00a0the\u00a0interaction\u00a0and complementarity between positive and negative effects. An agroforestry system can bring an overall positive result only when positive effects outweigh negative ones [8].<\/p>\n Soil properties in\u00a0agroforestry systems depend on\u00a0tree species and their intermingling, management practices, arrangement, quantity and quality of\u00a0litter, and its rate of\u00a0decomposition. Trees are planted in\u00a0rows parallel to\u00a0arable land with crops. These trees provide food, wood, fuel, fodder, building materials, raw materials for\u00a0small forestry enterprises, and in\u00a0some cases enrich the\u00a0soil with essential nutrients [9].<\/p>\n Planting trees and their sustainability can help protect soil against the\u00a0adverse effects of\u00a0torrential rainfall. In\u00a0addition, agroforestry systems can be used to\u00a0recultivate degraded land and maintain\u00a0water quality by\u00a0capturing sediments, nutrients, and toxic substances. They also have the\u00a0potential to\u00a0move water from significantly deeper layers where water is\u00a0found to\u00a0layers that are drier and in\u00a0a\u00a0higher soil profile. This\u00a0process has\u00a0been described both in\u00a0naturally occurring compositions of\u00a0trees and grasses and in\u00a0agroforestry systems [10].<\/p>\n In\u00a0general, unprotected soil receives more sunlight than protected soil, and temperature follows the\u00a0same trend. Many studies have shown that agroforestry systems perform better than a\u00a0stand-alone cropping system in\u00a0areas\u00a0where there is\u00a0either a\u00a0shortage of\u00a0groundwater or\u00a0less atmospheric precipitation. Agroforestry is\u00a0a\u00a0good tool for\u00a0crops that like shade and lower temperatures. Trees bring favourable changes in\u00a0microclimatic conditions due to\u00a0the\u00a0influence of\u00a0radiation\u00a0flow, air temperature, wind speed, and saturation\u00a0deficit of\u00a0supplementary crops, which can have a\u00a0significant impact on\u00a0modifying the\u00a0rate and duration\u00a0of\u00a0photosynthesis\u00a0and subsequent plant growth, transpiration, and soil water use [11]. The\u00a0shade of\u00a0trees plays an important role in\u00a0reducing evapotranspiration, reducing temperature, and increasing humidity. By\u00a0removing trees, soil temperature can increase by\u00a0about 4 \u00b0C and the\u00a0relative humidity of\u00a0the\u00a0air can decrease by\u00a0about 12 % up to\u00a02 m above the\u00a0ground [12].<\/p>\n As\u00a0part of\u00a0complex land improvements in\u00a0the\u00a0plan of\u00a0common\u00a0facilities (in\u00a0addition\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0design of\u00a0the\u00a0field\/farm track network) in\u00a0the\u00a0\u0160ardice cadastral area, anti-flood and anti-erosion\u00a0measures were proposed in\u00a0connection\u00a0with the\u00a0territorial system of\u00a0ecological stability. As\u00a0part of\u00a0these multifunctional measures, in\u00a0five locations \u2013 in\u00a0order to\u00a0adjust erosion\u00a0and runoff conditions \u2013 ecological balance was\u00a0achieved and various types of\u00a0degradation\u00a0of\u00a0agriculturally used land were mitigated. Among the\u00a0measures applied within\u00a0the\u00a0plan of\u00a0common\u00a0facilities are organizational measures (i.e., optimal delimitation\u00a0of\u00a0land types), protective grassing on\u00a0erosion-prone locations, anti-erosion\u00a0distribution\u00a0of\u00a0crops on\u00a0slopes, belt rotation\u00a0of\u00a0crops, and anti-erosion\u00a0distribution\u00a0of\u00a0crops. As\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0agrotechnical measures, there was\u00a0sowing in\u00a0a\u00a0protective crop, stubble, mulch or\u00a0post-harvest residues, grassing the\u00a0erosion-threatened intermediate rows in\u00a0orchards and vineyards in\u00a0order to\u00a0retain\u00a0rainwater on\u00a0the\u00a0soil surface, and contour cultivation. The\u00a0key proposed part are biotechnical and technical measures such as\u00a0anti-erosion\u00a0overhangs and boundaries, waterlogging strips, and stabilization\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0paths of\u00a0concentrated surface runoff by\u00a0means of\u00a0grassing the\u00a0thalwegs. As\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0KP\u00da (Krajsk\u00fd pozemkov\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad, Regional Land Office), four catchment anti-flood reservoirs and a\u00a0system of\u00a0field\/farm tracks were also created.<\/p>\n The\u00a0research site is\u00a0located in\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic in\u00a0the\u00a0South Moravian region, Hodon\u00edn district, \u0160ardice cadastral area (Fig. 4). Due to\u00a0the\u00a0extensive nature of\u00a0the\u00a0measures and the\u00a0size of\u00a0the\u00a0studied area, one specific site with implemented agroforestry systems was\u00a0selected, which is\u00a0located north to\u00a0northeast of\u00a0the\u00a0village of\u00a0\u0160ardice (indicated by\u00a0a\u00a0blue dot in\u00a0Fig. 4). The\u00a0model site includes a\u00a0system of\u00a0buffer grass strips with linear planting of\u00a0trees alternating with strips of\u00a0agricultural crops (Fig. 5). The\u00a0studied site falls into\u00a0a\u00a0warm and low-rainfall climate region.<\/p>\n Between 2020 and 2022, the\u00a0following aspects were monitored: soil physical properties, soil moisture, and soil temperature. Fig. 6 shows the\u00a0location\u00a0of\u00a0individual humidity sensors and the\u00a0locations of\u00a0sampling for\u00a0laboratory analyses. Broken (granular analysis) and intact (physical soil properties and hydrolimits) soil samples were taken. Placement and sampling were carried out at two depths, namely 20 cm (topsoil layer) and 50 cm (sub-soil layer).<\/p>\n Humidity sensor\u00a0reading takes place in\u00a0the\u00a0field (Fig. 7) by\u00a0connecting the\u00a0humidity sensor\u00a0and the\u00a0laptop using the\u00a0cable with the\u00a0reading device, which is\u00a0supplied with the\u00a0humidity sensors.<\/p>\n Due to\u00a0the\u00a0large amount of\u00a0data, only a\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0results was\u00a0selected, namely humidity with precipitation\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0period 03\/2021\u201311\/2021, a\u00a0comparison\u00a0of\u00a0humidity in\u00a0strip a\u00a0with respect to\u00a0the\u00a0position\u00a0at depths of\u00a020 and 50\u00a0cm, i.e. between trees (1), near a\u00a0tree (2) and at the\u00a0edge of\u00a0arable land (3). The\u00a0first number in\u00a0the\u00a0marking indicates the\u00a0position\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0slope, i.e. 1 = top, 2 = in\u00a0the\u00a0middle, and 3 = bottom; the\u00a0second number in\u00a0the\u00a0marking is\u00a0the\u00a0location\u00a0within\u00a0the\u00a0position\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0slope (see the\u00a0previous sentence). Furthermore, a\u00a0comparison\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0physical properties from strip A, from the\u00a0first (4\/2020) and the\u00a0last (4\/2022) spring collection, will be presented.<\/p>\n In\u00a0Fig. 8, 10, and 12 (which are graphs for\u00a0a\u00a0depth of\u00a020 cm) it can be seen that there is\u00a0a\u00a0rapid increase in\u00a0soil moisture after rainfall. In\u00a0the\u00a0period without precipitation\u00a0it is\u00a0then reduced. The\u00a0values for\u00a0a\u00a0depth of\u00a020 cm range from 0.1\u20130.55 (i.e., 10\u201355 %), depending on\u00a0the\u00a0intensity and amount of\u00a0precipitation. At\u00a0a\u00a0depth of\u00a050 cm (Fig. 9, 11, and 13), soil moisture is\u00a0quite balanced throughout the\u00a0period and there are no sudden changes depending on\u00a0the\u00a0current precipitation; the\u00a0values range from 0.05 to\u00a00.4 (i.e., 5\u201340 %). Compared to\u00a0a\u00a0depth of\u00a020\u00a0cm, the\u00a0values are lower, but more balanced. The\u00a0exceptions are two positions, namely a\u00a03\u20132 (the\u00a0lower part of\u00a0the\u00a0slope near the\u00a0tree \u2013 Fig. 11) and a\u00a03\u20133 (the\u00a0lower part of\u00a0the\u00a0slope, the\u00a0edge of\u00a0arable land \u2013 Fig. 13). This\u00a0jump increase can be explained by\u00a0their location\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0slope. Both positions are located in\u00a0the\u00a0lower part, which means that there is\u00a0surface runoff within\u00a0this\u00a0area, and in\u00a0this\u00a0place the\u00a0water is\u00a0retained and absorbed to\u00a0a\u00a0greater extent.<\/p>\n Between 2020 and 2022, broken and intact soil samples were taken, which were subjected to\u00a0relevant analyses in\u00a0the\u00a0pedological laboratory of\u00a0the\u00a0Institute of\u00a0Landscape Water Management of\u00a0the\u00a0Faculty of\u00a0Civil Engineering, Brno University of\u00a0Technology. The\u00a0granularity of\u00a0broken soil samples was\u00a0determined by\u00a0grain\u00a0size analysis\u00a0using the\u00a0densitometric method according to\u00a0Cassagrande. According to\u00a0Nov\u00e1k, the\u00a0samples were then classified (Tab. 1) as\u00a0either light \u2013 loamy sand (LS), medium \u2013 sandy loam (SL), or\u00a0loam (L) soil. Limit values for\u00a0physical properties and hydrolimits are then determined on\u00a0the\u00a0basis\u00a0of\u00a0grain\u00a0size analysis\u00a0(see below in\u00a0the\u00a0text).<\/p>\n Selected physical properties and hydrolimits were evaluated from intact soil samples. The\u00a0results from April 2020 and 2022 were selected for\u00a0the\u00a0example. Changes in\u00a0the\u00a0evaluated parameters are visible from them (Tab. 2 and 3 \u2013 depth 20 cm, Tab. 4 and 5 \u2013 depth 50 cm). Below the\u00a0tables, the\u00a0individual evaluated parameters are described and explained.<\/p>\n Critical volumetric mass<\/span><\/span><\/em> (\u03c1d<\/span>)<\/em> after drying according to\u00a0Lhotsk\u00fd is: for\u00a0loamy sand soil > 1.6 g.cm-3<\/span>, for\u00a0sandy loam soil > 1.55 g.cm-3<\/span> and for\u00a0loam soil > 1.45 g.cm-3<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n Minimum value of\u00a0volumetric mass<\/span><\/span><\/em> to\u00a0limit root growth is: for\u00a0loamy sand soil 1.8 g.cm-3<\/span>, for\u00a0sandy loam soil 1.75 g.cm-3<\/span> , and for\u00a0loam soil 1.7 g.cm-3<\/span>. No sample exceeded this\u00a0value, which means that there is\u00a0no limitation\u00a0of\u00a0root growth.<\/span><\/p>\n Current humidity (\u03b8)<\/span><\/span><\/em> indicates the\u00a0current water content in\u00a0the\u00a0soil, expressing the\u00a0ratio of\u00a0the\u00a0volume of\u00a0water in\u00a0the\u00a0sample Vw<\/span> to\u00a0the\u00a0intact volume Vs<\/span>. Soil moisture changes throughout the\u00a0year and is\u00a0dependent on\u00a0precipitation, evaporation, plant consumption, runoff, and groundwater seepage.<\/span><\/p>\n Water absorption\u00a0(\u03b8NS = \u03b8S)<\/span><\/span><\/em> is\u00a0the\u00a0condition\u00a0when all pores are filled with water. This\u00a0is\u00a0effectively a\u00a0condition\u00a0that occurs immediately after rain.<\/span><\/p>\n Humidity 30\u2019 (\u03b830)<\/span><\/span><\/em> expresses how much water the\u00a0soil is\u00a0able to\u00a0hold after 30 minutes of\u00a0suction\u00a0with filter paper from an initially fully saturated sample.<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0maximum water capacity (\u03b8KMK)<\/span><\/span><\/em> should not exceed the\u00a0value of\u00a031 % for\u00a0loamy sand soils in\u00a0topsoil and 30 % in\u00a0subsoil, 35 % for\u00a0sandy loam soils in\u00a0topsoil and 31 % in\u00a0subsoil, and 36 % for\u00a0loam soils in\u00a0topsoil and 34 % in\u00a0subsoil; if it exceeds this\u00a0value, it means that the\u00a0water will not soak into\u00a0the\u00a0soil well. At a\u00a0depth of\u00a020 cm, the\u00a0value was\u00a0not exceeded for\u00a0any of\u00a0the\u00a0samples. At a\u00a0depth of\u00a050 cm the\u00a0situation\u00a0was\u00a0different and several samples exceeded this\u00a0value.<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0water retention\u00a0capacity (\u03b8RK)<\/span><\/span><\/em> expresses the\u00a0maximum amount of\u00a0water that the\u00a0soil can retain\u00a0by\u00a0capillary forces after 24 hours of\u00a0suction\u00a0from the\u00a0originally fully saturated soil.<\/span><\/p>\n Porosity (P)<\/span><\/span><\/em> has\u00a0a\u00a0decisive influence on\u00a0soil fertility, the\u00a0existence of\u00a0soil microorganisms, it allows the\u00a0penetration\u00a0of\u00a0roots, water, and air into\u00a0the\u00a0soil and their movement in\u00a0the\u00a0soil. It increases with increasing humidity and, conversely, decreases with drying. In\u00a0topsoil, it usually ranges from 40 to\u00a060 % by\u00a0volume and decreases with increasing depth. The\u00a0critical value of\u00a0porosity according to\u00a0Lhotsk\u00fd is\u00a0< 40 % for\u00a0loamy sand soil, < 42 % for\u00a0loamy sand soil, and < 45 % for\u00a0loam soil.<\/span><\/p>\n Aeration\u00a0(VZ)<\/span><\/span><\/em> ranges between 18\u201324 % vol in\u00a0topsoil horizons in\u00a0good condition\u00a0and 9\u201312 % vol in\u00a0meadows. The\u00a0aeration\u00a0value must not fall below 10 % vol in\u00a0arable soil and below 6 % vol in\u00a0meadows, otherwise air exchange stops and anaerobic processes begin\u00a0to\u00a0take place in\u00a0the\u00a0soil. In\u00a0such a\u00a0case, an agrotechnical intervention\u00a0must be carried out to\u00a0increase the\u00a0amount of\u00a0air in\u00a0the\u00a0soil. No sample exceeded the\u00a0threshold value, but the\u00a0vast majority of\u00a0samples were not in\u00a0the\u00a0optimal range that indicates a\u00a0good condition\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0topsoil horizon, which implies that the\u00a0soil is\u00a0not in\u00a0good condition.<\/span><\/p>\n Values that do not meet the\u00a0above critical values in\u00a0Tab. 2\u20135<\/span> are highlighted in\u00a0orange and values outside the\u00a0optimal range are highlighted in\u00a0grey.<\/span><\/p>\n Research has\u00a0been ongoing since 2020, and every year data is\u00a0collected both from moisture sensors, which measure continuously, and from regular collection\u00a0of\u00a0intact soil samples at the\u00a0beginning and end of\u00a0the\u00a0growing season. The\u00a0data obtained from the\u00a0moisture sensors will be subjected to\u00a0statistical analysis, which will examine and compare whether and to\u00a0what extent slope position, habitat location\u00a0(arable land, grass strip), season, and amount of\u00a0precipitation\u00a0affect change in\u00a0humidity (at both depths).<\/span><\/p>\n The above data show that slope position (slope of the land) and the way the land is used has an influence on the course of moisture and resulting physical parameters of the soil. For the selected periods of 4\/2020 and 4\/2022, the best values are at a depth of 20 cm for the position A 2\u20132 (in the middle of the slope near the tree) and a 3\u20131 (the lower part of the slope between the trees), both from the point of view of the course of humidity, as well as in terms of physical parameters. For both positions, only the aeration value is not satisfactory; it is outside the optimal value for a topsoil horizon in good condition. However, when comparing results from the first sampling with the last one, values\u00a0<\/span>for\u00a0the\u00a0positions in\u00a0the\u00a0grass strip with trees worsened. On\u00a0the\u00a0other hand, for\u00a0arable land, the\u00a0values are rather balanced, without major\u00a0fluctuations.<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0final evaluation\u00a0of\u00a0agroforestry systems shows that they cannot avert ongoing climate change, but they can help mitigate negative impacts on\u00a0the\u00a0landscape, especially by\u00a0mitigating erosion\u00a0(both wind and water) and by\u00a0retaining precipitation\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape, i.e., by\u00a0increasing infiltration\u00a0and reducing direct surface runoff, which is\u00a0important due to\u00a0the\u00a0volatility of\u00a0rainfall (long periods without rainfall or\u00a0torrential rainfall). Overall, it can be concluded that the\u00a0landscape is\u00a0returning to\u00a0a\u00a0better appearance and wildlife is\u00a0also returning to\u00a0it.<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0research is\u00a0still ongoing and will be expanded by\u00a0experiments using a\u00a0deep aeration\u00a0device, which should help in\u00a0aerating the\u00a0soil horizon\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0required depth, thereby\u00a0improving the\u00a0infiltration\u00a0capacity of\u00a0the\u00a0soil. Both broken and intact soil samples will be taken at the\u00a0experimental sites before and after the\u00a0intervention\u00a0for\u00a0laboratory analysis, so that the\u00a0effect on\u00a0hydropedological properties of\u00a0the\u00a0soil can be evaluated. Furthermore, a\u00a0soil sample will be taken for\u00a0analysis\u00a0of\u00a0edaphon\u00a0(i.e. animals and organisms living in\u00a0the\u00a0soil) in\u00a0order to\u00a0assess whether and what effect this\u00a0intervention\u00a0has\u00a0on\u00a0them.<\/span><\/p>\n Supported by\u00a0the\u00a0Technological Agency of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic, project No. TH04030409 \u2013 \u201cAgroforestry systems for\u00a0the\u00a0protection\u00a0and restoration\u00a0of\u00a0landscape functions threatened by\u00a0the\u00a0impact of\u00a0climate change and human activity\u201d and the\u00a0Grant Agency of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic, project No. BD122001010 \u2013 \u201cEvaluation\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0water regime of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape and revision\u00a0of\u00a0critical points as\u00a0a\u00a0basis\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0draft adaptation\u00a0measures and evaluation\u00a0of\u00a0their effectiveness using rainfall-runoff models\u201d.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n The Czech version of this article was peer-reviewed, the English version was translated from\u00a0the Czech original by Environmental Translation Ltd.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The\u00a0aim of\u00a0this\u00a0article is\u00a0to\u00a0evaluate landscape retention\u00a0capacity based on\u00a0the\u00a0use of\u00a0soil protection\u00a0technology at the\u00a0chosen site and to\u00a0compare selected hydropedological characteristics in\u00a0the\u00a0context of\u00a0land management. Therefore, broken and intact soil samples are taken regularly and laboratory analyses are carried out. The\u00a0chosen site is\u00a0located in\u00a0the\u00a0\u0160ardice cadastral area, Hodon\u00edn district, South Moravian region. At the\u00a0chosen site it is\u00a0possible to\u00a0consider grass strips with one or\u00a0more rows of\u00a0trees as\u00a0a\u00a0possible agroforestry system, where temperature and humidity are measured continuously by\u00a0TOMST TMS-4 moisture sensors. The\u00a0results show that the\u00a0way land is\u00a0used and cultivated has\u00a0an impact on\u00a0hydropedological properties of\u00a0the\u00a0land. We can influence them both positively and negatively.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":18719,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[91,86],"tags":[3133,3134,3088,2618,877],"coauthors":[3109,3110,3111,3112],"class_list":["post-21118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-applied-ecology","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-agroforestry","tag-humidity","tag-sardice","tag-soil","tag-water-retention"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21118"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32058,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21118\/revisions\/32058"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18719"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21118"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21118"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=21118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Horakova-obr-1.jpg\")
<\/a>Fig. 1. Research area of\u00a0INRAE, Restinclieres \u2013 a\u00a0hybrid of\u00a0royal walnut and black walnut in\u00a0combination\u00a0with an agricultural crop (Photo: V. Hor\u00e1kov\u00e1)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 2. Research area of\u00a0\u200b\u200bthe\u00a0INRAE, Restinclieres \u2013 pines in\u00a0combination\u00a0with vines (Photo: V. Hor\u00e1kov\u00e1)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 3. Silvopastoral system \u2013 La Losse farm sheep breeding (Photo: V. Hor\u00e1kov\u00e1)<\/h6>\nResearch site<\/h3>\n
<\/a>Fig. 4. View of\u00a0the\u00a0agroforestry systems research site, September 9\/2022 (Photo: V. Hor\u00e1kov\u00e1)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 5. Comprehensive map and detail of\u00a0the\u00a0location\u00a0of\u00a0interest (Source: mapy.cz)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 6. Location\u00a0of\u00a0humidity sensors and sampling points (Photo: V. Hor\u00e1kov\u00e1)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 7. Reading sensors in\u00a0the\u00a0field: in\u00a0the\u00a0middle of\u00a0arable land (left), grass strip between trees (right) (Photo: V. Hor\u00e1kov\u00e1)<\/h6>\nRESULTS AND DISCUSSION<\/h2>\n
<\/a>Fig. 8. Precipitation and moisture course of the position between the trees belt A, depth 20 cm, period 03\u201311\/2021<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 9. Precipitation and moisture course of the position between the trees belt A, depth 50 cm, period 03\u201311\/2021<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 10. Precipitation and moisture course of the position near the tree, belt A, depth 20 cm, period 03\u201311\/2021<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 11. Precipitation\u00a0and moisture course of\u00a0the\u00a0position\u00a0near the\u00a0tree, belt A,
\ndepth 50\u00a0cm, period 03\u201311\/2021<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 12. Precipitation and moisture course position edge of arable land zone A, depth 20 cm, period 03\u201311\/2021<\/h6>\nFig. 13. Precipitation\u00a0and moisture course position\u00a0edge of\u00a0arable land zone A, depth 50 cm, period 03\u201311\/2021<\/h6>\n
Tab. 1. Classification\u00a0of\u00a0granularity according to\u00a0Nov\u00e1k
<\/a><\/h5>\nTab. 2. Comparison\u00a0of\u00a0physical characteristics for\u00a0belt A, depth 20 cm for\u00a0the\u00a0period 4\/2020 and 4\/2022 \u2013 Part 1
<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h5>\nTab. 3. Comparison\u00a0of\u00a0physical characteristics for\u00a0strip A, depth 20 cm for\u00a0the\u00a0period 4\/2020 and 4\/2022 \u2013 Part 2
<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h5>\nTab. 4. Comparison\u00a0of\u00a0physical characteristics for\u00a0strip A, depth 50 cm for\u00a0the\u00a0period 4\/2020 and 4\/2022 \u2013 Part 1
<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h5>\nTab. 5. Comparison\u00a0of\u00a0physical characteristics for\u00a0strip A, depth 50 cm for\u00a0the\u00a0period 4\/2020 and 4\/2022 \u2013 Part 2
<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h5>\nCONCLUSION<\/h2>\n
Acknowledgements<\/h3>\n