INTRODUCTION<\/h2>\n
It is\u00a0known from history that people first settled and transformed the\u00a0landscape around watercourses in\u00a0the\u00a0lowlands. Currently, water is\u00a0still perceived as\u00a0a\u00a0self-evident and completely normal part of\u00a0life, however, despite the\u00a0destructive manifestations of\u00a0floods, there is\u00a0a\u00a0shortage of\u00a0water in\u00a0the\u00a0current Czech landscape. Prolonged periods of\u00a0drought have occurred here almost continuously since 2015. One of\u00a0the\u00a0main\u00a0factors influencing the\u00a0water regime in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape is\u00a0agriculture. However, agricultural management is\u00a0still not adapted to\u00a0climate change and the\u00a0result is\u00a0a\u00a0landscape that cannot cope with excessive rainfall and long periods of\u00a0drought. Contemporary society perceives agriculture as\u00a0the\u00a0primary activity in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape, regardless of\u00a0other, especially non-productive landscape functions, which are largely suppressed. In\u00a0particular, agricultural management in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape determines the\u00a0main\u00a0flows of\u00a0energy and substances, which are important factors for\u00a0the\u00a0overall functioning of\u00a0landscape units [1].<\/span><\/p>\n At present, the\u00a0area of\u00a0Polab\u00ed lowland suffers from a\u00a0lack of\u00a0groundwater and there is\u00a0a\u00a0large seasonal drying of\u00a0small watercourses, the\u00a0vast majority of\u00a0which are straightened and deepened. It is\u00a0necessary to\u00a0pay increased attention\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0restoration\u00a0of\u00a0landscape features with a\u00a0positive effect on\u00a0the\u00a0water regime in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape and to\u00a0water management in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape itself. This\u00a0current problem will very probably worsen in\u00a0the\u00a0future in\u00a0connection\u00a0with the\u00a0expected continued occurrence of\u00a0extreme climatic events.<\/span><\/p>\n Wetlands are one of\u00a0the\u00a0most significant types with a\u00a0positive effect on\u00a0the\u00a0water regime in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape and water management in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape itself. Wetlands can also include ponds [2]. From the\u00a0point of\u00a0view of\u00a0water management, these are one of\u00a0the\u00a0categories of\u00a0water bodies, but from the\u00a0point of\u00a0view of\u00a0landscape ecology, they can also be classified as\u00a0wetlands. This\u00a0is\u00a0due to\u00a0the\u00a0existence of\u00a0a\u00a0littoral zone near the\u00a0ponds and also their shallow depth. These facts meet the\u00a0definition\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0wetland for\u00a0ponds. The\u00a0main\u00a0aim of\u00a0the\u00a0research, the\u00a0results of\u00a0which are presented in\u00a0this\u00a0article, is\u00a0to\u00a0assess the\u00a0spatio-temporal dynamics of\u00a0wetland habitats at the\u00a0sites of\u00a0disappeared wetlands at selected locations in\u00a0Polab\u00ed with regard to\u00a0their possible restoration.<\/span><\/p>\n Three typologically different sites from Polab\u00ed are presented here, where there used to\u00a0be large wetland areas, including ponds. All three sites are located in\u00a0the\u00a0sub-basin\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Upper and Middle Elbe in\u00a0the\u00a0Central Bohemia region\u00a0[3].<\/span><\/p>\n This\u00a0site is\u00a0located in\u00a0the\u00a0III order basin\u00a01-04-07 Elbe from V\u00fdrovka to\u00a0Jizera in\u00a0the\u00a0Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1 cadastral area, and partly also in\u00a0the\u00a0Ben\u00e1teck\u00e1 Vrutice cadastral area and the\u00a0Lys\u00e1 nad Labem cadastral area in\u00a0the\u00a0Nymburk district [3]. The\u00a0geological subsoil consists of\u00a0calcareous claystones, marlstones, and less clayey limestones [4], the\u00a0predominant soil type is\u00a0arenic regosol; in\u00a0the\u00a0Mlyna\u0159ice nad Starou Lysou floodplain\u00a0is\u00a0it organosol [5].<\/span><\/p>\n This\u00a0site is\u00a0located in\u00a0the\u00a0III order basin\u00a01-04-01 Elbe from Doubrava to\u00a0Cidlina in\u00a0the\u00a0Libenice cadastral area and the\u00a0Nebovidy cadastral area in\u00a0the\u00a0Kol\u00edn district [3]. The\u00a0geological subsoil consists of\u00a0claystone, siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate [4], the\u00a0predominant soil type in\u00a0the\u00a0Libenice cadastral area is\u00a0gley fluvisol, and in\u00a0the\u00a0Nebovidy cadastral area modal chernozem [5].<\/span><\/p>\n The disappeared Kmotrov pond is located in the III order basin 1-03-05 Doubrava in the Sulovice cadastral area. In addition, the Doubrava and \u010certovka floodplains in the assessed area are also a part of th \u017dehu\u0161ice, Horka u \u017dehu\u0161ic, Rohozec u \u017dehu\u0161ic, Li\u0161ice u Sulovic, and Habrkovice cadastral areas in the Kutn\u00e1 Hora\u00a0<\/span>district [3]. The\u00a0geological subsoil consists of\u00a0calcareous claystones, marlstones, and less clayey limestones [4], the\u00a0prevailing soil types are arenic chernozem (in\u00a0the\u00a0vicinity of\u00a0Sulovice) and arenic cambisol, and in\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava floodplain, it is\u00a0modal and gley fluvisol [5].<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0sites presented here were chosen in\u00a0such a\u00a0way as\u00a0to\u00a0present all the\u00a0important problems and facts on\u00a0which the\u00a0research in\u00a0the\u00a0Polab\u00ed lowland was\u00a0focused, i.e., to\u00a0present disappeared alluvial meadows, disappeared \u201cfield\u201d wetlands and also disappeared ponds or\u00a0pond systems, and, at the\u00a0same time, sites where wetlands have been restored at least partially could be presented here. The\u00a0pond landscapes in\u00a0Pardubice and Chlumec districts were not taken into\u00a0account; they will be presented separately.<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0first step was\u00a0the\u00a0selection\u00a0and subsequent comparison\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0current and historical state of\u00a0disappeared wetland sites, including ponds in\u00a0Polab\u00ed, based on\u00a0the\u00a0interpretation\u00a0of\u00a0map data. The\u00a0next step was\u00a0a\u00a0field survey of\u00a0these sites to\u00a0verify their current condition. For\u00a0the\u00a0primary detection\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0occurrence of\u00a0wetlands, a\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd military mapping was\u00a0used, which is\u00a0available as\u00a0a\u00a0WMS service from the\u00a0INSPIRE National Geoportal [6]. It is\u00a0the\u00a0most suitable for\u00a0this\u00a0purpose, as\u00a0it is\u00a0the\u00a0first relatively spatially accurate map [7].<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0current basic map of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic 1 : 10,000 (ZM10) and the\u00a0current orthophoto\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic were used to\u00a0show the\u00a0current state. Both are available as\u00a0a\u00a0WMS service from the\u00a0\u010c\u00daZK Geoportal [8]. Subsequently, the\u00a0condition\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0sites recorded in\u00a0the\u00a0LPIs\u00a0Public Land Register [9] and in\u00a0the\u00a0cadastre [10] was\u00a0verified.<\/span><\/p>\n For\u00a0a\u00a0more accurate understanding of\u00a0the\u00a0development of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape between the\u00a0state recorded on\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd military mapping and current maps, the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a03rd military mapping was\u00a0used, available as\u00a0a\u00a0WMS service from the\u00a0INSPIRE National Geoportal [6], an orthophoto\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic from the\u00a01950s, available within\u00a0the\u00a0map browser of\u00a0the\u00a0INSPIRE National Geoportal [11], and archival orthophoto\u00a0maps available as\u00a0a\u00a0WMS service from the\u00a0\u010c\u00daZK Geoportal [8].<\/span><\/p>\n To\u00a0understand the\u00a0state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape before the\u00a02nd military mapping, maps of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping and M\u00fcller\u2019s mapping were used, which are less spatially accurate. The\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping is\u00a0available within\u00a0the\u00a0oldmaps.cz application\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Geoinformatics Laboratory of\u00a0the\u00a0Faculty of\u00a0the\u00a0Environment of\u00a0the\u00a0J. E. Purkyn\u011b University in\u00a0\u00dast\u00ed nad Labem [12], while M\u00fcller\u2019s mapping is\u00a0most easily available within\u00a0the\u00a0map browser of\u00a0the\u00a0Land Surveying Office archive [13].<\/span><\/p>\n These maps are available as\u00a0a\u00a0WMS service from the\u00a0\u010c\u00daZK Geoportal, where they are continuously updated as\u00a0needed. The\u00a0displayed status on\u00a0the\u00a0ZM10 may differ according to\u00a0the\u00a0individual segments that are updated separately (e.g. road network), i.e., it may not show the\u00a0real state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape in\u00a0a\u00a0given period in\u00a0all aspects. The\u00a0entire orthophoto\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic is\u00a0updated in\u00a0a\u00a02-year cycle. Approximately one half of\u00a0the\u00a0area of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic is\u00a0updated annually; since 2020, the\u00a0borders of\u00a0the\u00a0regions have been taken into\u00a0account during the\u00a0update. Currently, both maps should correspond to\u00a0the\u00a0state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape in\u00a02021\u20132022 [8].<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0LPIs\u00a0consists primarily of\u00a0records of\u00a0agricultural land use, i.e., for\u00a0determining the\u00a0type of\u00a0agricultural land, as\u00a0well as\u00a0records of\u00a0landscape features, records of\u00a0the\u00a0location\u00a0of\u00a0farm buildings, and records of\u00a0grass cover restoration. It shows the\u00a0actual condition\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0areas\u00a0of\u00a0agriculturally used land [9, 14].<\/span><\/p>\n In\u00a0the\u00a0cadastre, it is\u00a0possible to\u00a0obtain\u00a0selected data on\u00a0plots, buildings, units (apartments or\u00a0non-residential premises), and building rights registered here. In\u00a0contrast to\u00a0the\u00a0LPIS, the\u00a0entire area is\u00a0captured, not just agricultural land. Since this\u00a0record is\u00a0not subject to\u00a0automatic updating, it may happen that the\u00a0recorded land type does not correspond to\u00a0the\u00a0actual state. This\u00a0can be verified, for\u00a0example, by\u00a0comparing it with the\u00a0current orthophoto\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic, which is\u00a0available here as\u00a0one of\u00a0the\u00a0maps [11].<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0oldest map used here is\u00a0M\u00fcller\u2019s map of\u00a0Bohemia from 1720 at a\u00a0scale of\u00a0approximately 1 : 132,000 [15]. The\u00a0disadvantage for\u00a0a\u00a0detailed comparison\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0development of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape with the\u00a0following map documents is\u00a0its unsatisfactory spatial accuracy. Therefore, it can only be meaningfully used to\u00a0display water bodies (ponds) as\u00a0a\u00a0supplement to\u00a0newer documents. Not all watercourses are shown here and the\u00a0drawing is\u00a0not accurate [7].<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0basis\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping was\u00a0M\u00fcller\u2019s map enlarged to\u00a0a\u00a0scale of\u00a01 : 28,800. The\u00a0mapping itself took place between 1764 and 1768, and then between 1780 and 1783 (rectification). It captures the\u00a0area of\u00a0Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia as\u00a0a\u00a0whole in\u00a0the\u00a0period before the\u00a0onset of\u00a0the\u00a0industrial revolution, at the\u00a0time of\u00a0the\u00a0greatest flourishing of\u00a0the\u00a0cultural baroque landscape and its highest diversity [16]. As\u00a0with M\u00fcller mapping, the\u00a0disadvantage is\u00a0low spatial accuracy, and therefore this\u00a0map base can only be used for\u00a0rough identification\u00a0or\u00a0detection\u00a0of\u00a0wetlands in\u00a0a\u00a0given location\u00a0[7].<\/span><\/p>\n For\u00a0the\u00a0primary detection\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0occurrence of\u00a0large wetlands and water bodies (i.e., ponds), the\u00a0relatively spatially accurate map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd military mapping [7] is\u00a0the\u00a0most suitable. It was\u00a0created on\u00a0a\u00a0scale of\u00a01 : 28,800 between 1836 and 1852. Its creation\u00a0was\u00a0preceded by\u00a0military triangulation, which served as\u00a0the\u00a0geodetic basis\u00a0of\u00a0this\u00a0map; it was\u00a0based on\u00a0maps of\u00a0the\u00a0Stable Cadastre (Franziszeischer Kataster<\/span>), so compared to\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping, its accuracy increased. The\u00a0content of\u00a0both military mapping maps is\u00a0essentially the\u00a0same, but the\u00a0situation\u00a0is\u00a0significantly different. The\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd military mapping was\u00a0created at the\u00a0time of\u00a0the\u00a0onset of\u00a0the\u00a0industrial revolution\u00a0and the\u00a0development of\u00a0intensive forms of\u00a0agriculture, when the\u00a0area of\u00a0arable land increased by\u00a0half in\u00a0100 years and the\u00a0area of\u00a0the\u00a0forest reached the\u00a0smallest extent in\u00a0history; the\u00a0first railway lines are also recorded here [17].<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a03rd military mapping was\u00a0prepared for\u00a0Bohemia between 1877 and 1880 on\u00a0a\u00a0scale of\u00a01 : 25,000. The\u00a0reason\u00a0was\u00a0the\u00a0fact that the\u00a02nd military mapping was\u00a0no longer sufficient to\u00a0meet the\u00a0army\u2019s requirements for\u00a0the\u00a0maps that were accurate, and mainly up-to-date [18].<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0historical orthophoto\u00a0map includes layers of\u00a0aerial photographs mainly from the\u00a0years 1952\u20131954, supplemented by\u00a0images from the\u00a0years 1937\u20131970 and 1996, where there are no relevant photographic documents in\u00a0the\u00a0given period. Historical aerial photographs were provided by\u00a0the\u00a0Military Geographical and Hydrometeorological Office (Vojensk\u00fd geografick\u00fd a\u00a0hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad, VGHM\u00da\u0159) [19].<\/span><\/p>\n These maps are available as\u00a0a\u00a0WMS service from the\u00a0\u010c\u00daZK Geoportal, where they are updated as\u00a0needed, i.e., layers are added replacing the\u00a0ones from the\u00a0years that were replaced in\u00a0the\u00a0layer of\u00a0the\u00a0current orthophotomap of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic. Each layer of\u00a0the\u00a0service always contains aerial photography from one calendar year on\u00a0the\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0area where the\u00a0aerial photography was\u00a0carried out. The\u00a0archival black-and-white orthophoto\u00a0is\u00a0displayed from 1998 to\u00a02001, colour from 2002 to\u00a02019 [8].<\/span><\/p>\n In\u00a0the\u00a0past, in\u00a0the\u00a0vicinity of\u00a0Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1, there was\u00a0the\u00a0Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond with an area of\u00a064 ha on\u00a0the\u00a0Mlyna\u0159ice stream (marked as\u00a0Wlkawa Bach on\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd military mapping, i.e. Vlkavsk\u00fd stream), which was\u00a0located in\u00a0a\u00a0wide floodplain\u00a0formed by\u00a0wet meadows and swamps with marshes. The\u00a0area of\u00a0the\u00a0wetland site from Ben\u00e1teck\u00e1 Vrutice to\u00a0Dvorce, including the\u00a0pond, was\u00a0almost 150 ha.<\/span><\/p>\n Currently, the\u00a0regulated watercourse of\u00a0Mlyna\u0159ice flows through land made up of\u00a0arable land, and at Ben\u00e1teck\u00e1 Vrutice, it also flows through meadows. The\u00a0Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond was\u00a0land-filled (Fig. 1<\/span>). Between Star\u00e1 Lysa and Dvorce, between 2009 and 2011, a\u00a0system of\u00a0several pools and a\u00a0riverbed named Mok\u0159ad Hladom\u011b\u0159 (Hladom\u011b\u0159 Wetland) was\u00a0created on\u00a0the\u00a0site of\u00a0historical swamps and marshes. It is\u00a0700 m long and covers an area of\u00a0about 10 ha. There is\u00a0a\u00a0sluice at the\u00a0edge of\u00a0the\u00a0pool system, which can be used to\u00a0regulate the\u00a0water level. The\u00a0site should attract back birds, fish and amphibians. It should be a\u00a0relaxation\u00a0zone for\u00a0nature-watching. It cost around 20 million\u00a0crowns; Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1 received 18 million\u00a0from EU subsidies within\u00a0OPE in\u00a0priority axis\u00a06 \u2013 Improving the\u00a0state of\u00a0nature and landscape [20\u201322]. According to\u00a0the\u00a0entry in\u00a0the\u00a0land registry, this\u00a0site is\u00a0still on\u00a0arable land, however, proceedings are being conducted here due to\u00a0the\u00a0discrepancy between the\u00a0type of\u00a0land and the\u00a0actual condition. Beneath this\u00a0site (behind the\u00a0road to\u00a0Dvorce in\u00a0the\u00a0Lys\u00e1 nad Labem cadastral area), there is\u00a0a\u00a0water reservoir, which is\u00a0registered as\u00a0permanent grassland in\u00a0the\u00a0cadastre; proceedings due to\u00a0discrepancy in\u00a0the\u00a0type of\u00a0land are not conducted here. None of\u00a0these sites is\u00a0registered in\u00a0LPIS.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>When clarifying the historical development of this site, it was found that on the map of the 3rd military mapping, the Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond is already land-filled. In 1954, there was arable land with a classic mosaic of small plots <\/span>in\u00a0the\u00a0Mlyna\u0159ice floodplain\u00a0and at the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond. Only at the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0Hladom\u011b\u0159 Wetland, there was\u00a0a\u00a0site with wet meadows. In\u00a02004, both sites showed signs of\u00a0waterlogging (Fig. 2<\/span>). In\u00a02010, there is\u00a0the\u00a0Hladom\u011b\u0159 Wetland under construction, the\u00a0water reservoir under it is\u00a0already built. On\u00a0the\u00a0current orthophoto\u00a0map, waterlogged sites can be seen at the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0disappeared pond and, to\u00a0a\u00a0much lesser extent, in\u00a0the\u00a0vicinity of\u00a0the\u00a0wetland (Fig. 3<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond was\u00a0already recorded on\u00a0the\u00a0maps of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping (Fig. 4<\/span>) and on\u00a0M\u00fcller\u2019s map of\u00a0Bohemia, where, however, the\u00a0Mlyna\u0159ice stream is\u00a0apparently incorrectly recorded (Fig. 5<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n Fig. 6<\/span><\/span> and 7<\/span> show the\u00a0current state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape at the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond, and Fig. 8 shows a\u00a0view of\u00a0the\u00a0Hladom\u011b\u0159 Wetland with already stratified bank vegetation.<\/span><\/p>\n Between \u0160\u0165\u00e1ralka and Libenice, along the\u00a0road to\u00a0Kol\u00edn, there used to\u00a0be a\u00a0large site consisting of\u00a0wet meadows with an area of\u00a0almost 100 ha. It reached almost to\u00a0the\u00a0railway line to\u00a0Kol\u00edn, beyond which there was\u00a0a\u00a0wide waterlogged floodplain\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Elbe. Currently, there is\u00a0mainly arable land here. The\u00a0bed of\u00a0the\u00a0Elbe was\u00a0straightened due to\u00a0its navigation\u00a0and several water bodies were created in\u00a0its floodplain. In\u00a0the\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0\u201cU Stud\u00e1nky\u201d site, restoration\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0area was\u00a0started in\u00a02014 named \u201cAnti-erosion\u00a0measures in\u00a0the\u00a0Nebovidy cadastral area \u2013 building object SO 03 \u2013 \u201cU stud\u00e1nky\u201d site, co-financed by\u00a0the\u00a0EU from the\u00a0European Agricultural Fund for\u00a0Rural Development as\u00a0part of\u00a0sub-measure I. 1.4. Land improvements. At the\u00a0time of\u00a0project approval, a\u00a0subsidy of\u00a0approximately 15,250,000 CZK was\u00a0allocated. A\u00a0system of\u00a0three pools, a\u00a0perimeter ditch, and vegetating the\u00a0\u201cWetland forest\u201d by\u00a0planting trees, shrubs and grass was\u00a0implemented according to\u00a0the\u00a0approved proposal for\u00a0comprehensive land management in\u00a0the\u00a0Nebovidy cadastral area. The\u00a0site has\u00a0an area of\u00a08.3 ha [23, 24]. It is\u00a0not registered in\u00a0LPIS. In\u00a0the\u00a0cadastre, it is\u00a0registered as\u00a0the\u00a0land type of\u00a0\u201cother area with the\u00a0greenery type of\u00a0use\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n Opposite this\u00a0site, located in\u00a0the\u00a0Libenice cadastral area, is\u00a0the\u00a0site \u201cV rybn\u00edce\u201d, where there is\u00a0currently uncultivated agricultural land, an actual wetland site (Fig. 9<\/span>). In\u00a0LPIS, it is\u00a0registered as\u00a0fallow land, i.e., a\u00a0temporarily intentionally uncultivated field. The\u00a0site has\u00a0an area of\u00a07.5 ha. In\u00a0the\u00a0cadastre, the\u00a0land type is\u00a0arable land.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>When clarifying the\u00a0historical development of\u00a0this\u00a0site, it was\u00a0found that in\u00a01954 there was\u00a0arable land on\u00a0the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0wetland site with a\u00a0classic mosaic of\u00a0plots smaller than at present. In\u00a02004, there were signs of\u00a0waterlogging at both sites; at the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0future implementation\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0anti-erosion\u00a0project \u201cU stud\u00e1nky\u201d it is\u00a0more pronounced (Fig. 10<\/span>). In\u00a02015, we can see the\u00a0newly implemented anti-erosion\u00a0project \u201cU stud\u00e1nky\u201d and waterlogging with successional vegetation\u00a0in\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0disappeared wetland in\u00a0the\u00a0site \u201cV rybn\u00edce\u201d in\u00a0the\u00a0Libenice cadastral area. The\u00a0current orthophoto\u00a0map shows the\u00a0full stratification\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0newly planted vegetation\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0\u201cU stud\u00e1nky\u201d site and the\u00a0wetland site, registred as\u00a0fallow land in\u00a0the\u00a0Libenice cadastral area (Fig. 11<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n On\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping, this\u00a0site is\u00a0recorded as\u00a0a\u00a0meadow (wet meadow) with a\u00a0spring, and partly with trees. No water body is\u00a0recorded here (Fig. 12<\/span>). The\u00a0same situation\u00a0at this\u00a0site can be found also on\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a03rd military mapping and on\u00a0M\u00fcller\u2019s map of\u00a0Bohemia.<\/span><\/p>\n Fig. 13<\/span><\/span> shows the current status of the implementation of the anti-erosion project in the \u201cU stud\u00e1nky\u201d site, and Fig. 14<\/span> shows the\u00a0view of\u00a0the\u00a0\u201cV rybn\u00edce\u201d wetland site, registered in\u00a0LPIs\u00a0as\u00a0fallow land.<\/span><\/p>\n Near the\u00a0village of\u00a0Sulovice, there used to\u00a0be the\u00a0Kmotrov pond with an area of\u00a087\u00a0ha in\u00a0the\u00a0immediate vicinity of\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava river, which was\u00a0located in\u00a0a\u00a0wide floodplain\u00a0formed by\u00a0wet meadows with woody plants. Between \u017dehu\u0161ice and Habrkovice in\u00a0the\u00a0neighborhood of\u00a0the\u00a0Kmotrov pond, wet meadows with woody plants spread over an area of\u00a0over 160 ha. Currently, there is\u00a0arable land, which is\u00a0also in\u00a0the\u00a0immediate vicinity of\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava river, which is\u00a0bordered only by\u00a0a\u00a0narrow strip of\u00a0riparian vegetation. Similarly to\u00a0the\u00a0wet meadows with woody plants in\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava floodplain, the\u00a0Kmotrov pond also disappeared (Fig. 15<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n When clarifying the\u00a0historical development of\u00a0this\u00a0site, it was\u00a0found that on\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a03rd military mapping that the\u00a0Kmotrov pond is\u00a0already land-filled. In\u00a01954, arable land with a\u00a0classic mosaic of\u00a0small plots of\u00a0land was\u00a0located on\u00a0the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0pond, and the\u00a0Doubrava floodplain\u00a0was\u00a0already used as\u00a0arable land. The\u00a0current orthophoto\u00a0map shows a\u00a0change in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape mosaic as\u00a0well as\u00a0several small waterlogged areas\u00a0at the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0disappeared Kmotrov pond (Fig. 16<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n In\u00a0addition\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0Kmotrov pond and a\u00a0smaller pond near \u017dehu\u0161ice (similarly to\u00a0the\u00a02nd military mapping), another 4 ponds are shown on\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping (Fig. 17<\/span>). The\u00a0same situation\u00a0at this\u00a0site can be found also on\u00a0M\u00fcller\u2019s map of\u00a0Bohemia, although the\u00a0Kmotrov pond is\u00a0drawn further from Sulovice (Fig. 18<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n It has\u00a0been known for\u00a0a\u00a0long time that it is\u00a0advisable to\u00a0look for\u00a0inspiration\u00a0in\u00a0old maps for\u00a0landscape planning. These can be used as\u00a0a\u00a0basis\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0restoration\u00a0of\u00a0springs, ponds, wetlands or\u00a0alleys [25].<\/span><\/p>\n Due to\u00a0the\u00a0different times, the\u00a0technical aids used, the\u00a0way of\u00a0recording the\u00a0state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape, the\u00a0circumstances of\u00a0the\u00a0creation\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0maps used here, as\u00a0well as\u00a0due to\u00a0the\u00a0different interpretation\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape cover, or\u00a0wetland habitats on\u00a0these maps, the\u00a0results of\u00a0landscape development presented here cannot be taken completely uncritically. However, the\u00a0basic landscape changes and the\u00a0trends of\u00a0these changes are evident from the\u00a0individual maps at the\u00a0sites presented here. It involved the\u00a0gradual drainage of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape by\u00a0the\u00a0elimination\u00a0or\u00a0significant reduction\u00a0of\u00a0water-retaining elements such as\u00a0wetland habitats, including ponds and other types of\u00a0vegetation\u00a0such as\u00a0meadows and woody plants, especially in\u00a0the\u00a0floodplains of\u00a0watercourses.<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd military mapping was\u00a0chosen as\u00a0the\u00a0initial historical map source. It is\u00a0a\u00a0map that is\u00a0most suitable for\u00a0the\u00a0primary detection\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0occurrence of\u00a0wetlands, relatively spatially accurate, with an available understandable legend. This\u00a0map is\u00a0the\u00a0most suitable for\u00a0the\u00a0identification\u00a0of\u00a0historical large wetlands, or\u00a0meadows in\u00a0floodplains, and ponds. It is\u00a0based on\u00a0the\u00a0same concept as\u00a0the\u00a0more detailed maps of\u00a0the\u00a0Stable Cadastre (Franziszeischer Kataster) cadastre; in\u00a0terms of\u00a0landscape development in\u00a0the\u00a0studied sites, there have been no significant changes, with the\u00a0exception\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0first railway lines. For\u00a0this\u00a0type of\u00a0analysis\u00a0in\u00a0this\u00a0type of\u00a0landscape, maps of\u00a0the\u00a0Stable Cadastre (Franziszeischer Kataster) cadastre do not offer any significant advantage. Other archival maps, both of\u00a0older and more recent date, were used as\u00a0supplements to\u00a0verify the\u00a0temporal stability of\u00a0historical wetlands, especially ponds.<\/span><\/p>\n In\u00a0the\u00a0evaluated site near Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1, there is\u00a0a\u00a0long-established wetland site of\u00a0the\u00a0source of\u00a0the\u00a0nameless Mlyna\u0159ice tributary. It is\u00a0found on\u00a0all maps, except for\u00a0M\u00fcller\u2019s mapping, which is, however, the\u00a0least reliable and on\u00a0the\u00a0smallest scale of\u00a0all the\u00a0maps used. On\u00a0the\u00a0edge of\u00a0this\u00a0spring there was\u00a0a\u00a0small water reservoir (pond), which was\u00a0drawn on\u00a0all three maps of\u00a0military mapping, but is\u00a0no longer shown on\u00a0newer documents. The\u00a0main\u00a0topic of\u00a0this\u00a0article is\u00a0disappeared wetland sites, therefore this\u00a0stable landscape feature is\u00a0only mentioned in\u00a0the\u00a0discussion. On\u00a0M\u00fcller\u2019s mapping, the\u00a0watercourse of\u00a0Mlyna\u0159ice is\u00a0apparently wrongly drawn as\u00a0a\u00a0tributary of\u00a0the\u00a0Jizera, not the\u00a0Elbe, but this\u00a0does not in\u00a0any way reduce the\u00a0credibility of\u00a0the\u00a0drawing of\u00a0the\u00a0Hladom\u011b\u0159 near Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1 pond on\u00a0this\u00a0map.<\/span><\/p>\n In\u00a0the\u00a0evaluated site near Libenice, there are currently two wetland sites instead of\u00a0one large one: \u201cV rybn\u00edce\u201d in\u00a0the\u00a0Libenice cadastral area, and \u201cU stud\u00e1nky\u201d in\u00a0the\u00a0Nebovidy cadastral area. While at the\u00a0\u201cV rybn\u00edce\u201d site it was\u00a0not possible to\u00a0identify at least a\u00a0hint of\u00a0the\u00a0presence of\u00a0a\u00a0water body on\u00a0any of\u00a0the\u00a0maps used, at the\u00a0\u201cU stud\u00e1nky\u201d site a\u00a0spring is\u00a0visible on\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping. Similar to\u00a0the\u00a0two previous military mappings, only the\u00a0site \u201cU stud\u00e1nky\u201d is\u00a0recorded on\u00a0map the\u00a03rd military mapping. In\u00a0addition\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0watercourse, only arable land is\u00a0recorded at the\u00a0\u201cV rybn\u00edce\u201d site on\u00a0map the\u00a03rd military mapping. However, the\u00a0significant transformation\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape from the\u00a0one recorded on\u00a0the\u00a0first two military mappings, the\u00a0large changes recorded on\u00a0the\u00a0orthophoto\u00a0map from the\u00a01950s, and up to\u00a0the\u00a0present day, is\u00a0clearly visible.<\/span><\/p>\n In\u00a0the\u00a0assessed site near Sulovice, the\u00a0disappearance of\u00a0the\u00a0Kmotrov pond was\u00a0recorded from the\u00a03rd military mapping. In\u00a0addition\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0Kmotrov pond, four other ponds were recorded on\u00a0\u010certovka on\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping and M\u00fcller\u2019s mapping (unlike the\u00a02nd military mapping). It was\u00a0therefore a\u00a0pond system on\u00a0\u010certovka, which is\u00a0recorded on\u00a0the\u00a0two oldest maps used as\u00a0a\u00a0channel feeding this\u00a0pond system from the\u00a0river Doubrava and then returning back. However, on\u00a0M\u00fcller\u2019s mapping the\u00a0\u010certovka is\u00a0recorded as\u00a0the\u00a0main\u00a0stream, while on\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping it is\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava. It is\u00a0possible that at the\u00a0time of\u00a0M\u00fcller\u2019s mapping, \u010certovka could have appeared to\u00a0be carrying more water due to\u00a0the\u00a0supply of\u00a0the\u00a0pond system, or\u00a0it is\u00a0an erroneous drawing, which is\u00a0not unusual with watercourses on\u00a0this\u00a0mapping.<\/span><\/p>\n At the\u00a0two sites presented in\u00a0this\u00a0article, an example of\u00a0good practice <\/span>is\u00a0shown, where the\u00a0restoration\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape was\u00a0carried out in\u00a0places of\u00a0historical occurrence of\u00a0wetlands, and this\u00a0confirms the\u00a0fact that the\u00a0most suitable places for\u00a0the\u00a0restoration\u00a0of\u00a0wetlands are their historical locations, if the\u00a0character of\u00a0the\u00a0current landscape does not differ diametrically from the\u00a0past (e.g., by\u00a0building development, construction\u00a0of\u00a0transport infrastructure, mining). This\u00a0applies mainly to\u00a0agriculturally used landscapes. At Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1, it is\u00a0a\u00a0system of\u00a0pools built on\u00a0the\u00a0disappeared floodplain\u00a0meadows (wet meadows) in\u00a0the\u00a0Mlyna\u0159ice floodplain. It was\u00a0primarily built to\u00a0increase the\u00a0landscape biodiversity. Beneath this\u00a0newly constructed wetland is\u00a0a\u00a0reservoir designed for\u00a0sport fishing. At the\u00a0\u201cU\u00a0pramene\u201d site, the\u00a0wetland habitat was\u00a0restored on\u00a0the\u00a0site of\u00a0an disappeared wetland, which in\u00a0the\u00a0past was\u00a0documented on\u00a0maps as\u00a0a\u00a0spring. There are several hunter\u2019s chairs at this\u00a0site, which shows it is\u00a0also used for\u00a0hunting.<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0restoration\u00a0of\u00a0these sites involved large financial costs, mainly from EU funds. The\u00a0restoration\u00a0took place since 2009, or\u00a02014, i.e., quite a\u00a0long time ago. It is\u00a0obvious that if there was\u00a0the\u00a0will to\u00a0do so, it was\u00a0possible to\u00a0use the\u00a0financing for\u00a0the\u00a0restoration\u00a0of\u00a0wetlands in\u00a0the\u00a0places of\u00a0their historical occurrence to\u00a0a\u00a0much greater extent. One of\u00a0the\u00a0biggest obstacles for\u00a0any activities of\u00a0this\u00a0type is, apart from political and social pressures, the\u00a0ownership of\u00a0the\u00a0land in\u00a0question, where it is\u00a0necessary to\u00a0obtain\u00a0the\u00a0consent of\u00a0a\u00a0large number of\u00a0land owners.<\/span><\/p>\n Neither at the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0disappeared Kmotrov pond nor\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava floodplain\u00a0any restoration\u00a0has\u00a0yet taken place. If we only take into\u00a0account the\u00a0current state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape, it would certainly be possible to\u00a0build small wetlands, especially pools, on\u00a0waterlogged small sites on\u00a0the\u00a0area of\u00a0the\u00a0current arable land where reeds grow. There are types of\u00a0very fertile soils at the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0disappeared pond, but if the\u00a0crop sown on\u00a0the\u00a0waterlogged site does not grow and is\u00a0replaced by\u00a0reeds, it would be appropriate to\u00a0use this\u00a0fact to\u00a0restore stable water-retaining elements in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape.<\/span><\/p>\n A problem in\u00a0the\u00a0restoration\u00a0of\u00a0wetlands, even in\u00a0the\u00a0places of\u00a0their historical location, could be drainage structures, so-called \u201creclamation\u201d. However, to\u00a0determine the\u00a0extent and condition\u00a0of\u00a0these buildings is\u00a0complicated; complete documentation\u00a0has\u00a0not been preserved. So if there are no documents for\u00a0the\u00a0implementation\u00a0of\u00a0drainage structures in\u00a0a\u00a0certain\u00a0area, it does not automatically mean that they have never really been implemented there. It is\u00a0also impossible to\u00a0determine the\u00a0degree of\u00a0functionality of\u00a0these buildings with absolute precision. There are currently two publicly available registers of\u00a0implemented drainage structures. The\u00a0first concerns constructions implemented within\u00a0the\u00a0scope of\u00a0the\u00a0ZVHS (Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 spr\u00e1va, Agricultural water management) on\u00a0the\u00a0Farmer\u2019s Portal (Port\u00e1l farm\u00e1\u0159e) [26], the\u00a0second is\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0Information\u00a0System of\u00a0Reclamation\u00a0Constructions (ISMS, within\u00a0the\u00a0Research Institute for\u00a0Soil and Water Conservation) [27], where, in\u00a0addition\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0above-mentioned structures, there are also constructions implemented outside the\u00a0scope of\u00a0the\u00a0ZVHS or\u00a0after it became defunct. Neither of\u00a0the\u00a0registers provide completely identical data even in\u00a0the\u00a0case of\u00a0constructions implemented within\u00a0the\u00a0scope of\u00a0the\u00a0ZVHS, however, these documents are sufficient for\u00a0an idea of\u00a0the\u00a0extent and condition\u00a0of\u00a0drainage constructions implemented in\u00a0the\u00a0sites presented in\u00a0the\u00a0article. At the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0Hladom\u011b\u0159 Wetland and the\u00a0disappeared Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond near Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1, reclamation\u00a0structures built between 1968 and 1969 are recorded on\u00a0the\u00a0data from the\u00a0Farmer\u2019s Portal, while the\u00a0extent of\u00a0drained areas\u00a0is\u00a0larger on\u00a0the\u00a0ISMS, the\u00a0year of\u00a0construction\u00a0is\u00a01981 and they are marked as\u00a0in\u00a0operation. If the\u00a0data is\u00a0still up-to-date, from this\u00a0point of\u00a0view it may seem that functional drainage structures may not be an obstacle for\u00a0a\u00a0certain\u00a0type of\u00a0landscape restoration. At the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0disappeared wetland near Libenice, data are only available from the\u00a0Farmer\u2019s Portal; they are drainage structures from 1931, according to\u00a0the\u00a0state of\u00a0the\u00a0landscape clearly now defunct. According to\u00a0the\u00a0Farmer\u2019s Portal, there are drainage structures from 1979 and 1989 on\u00a0part of\u00a0the\u00a0disappeared pond Kmotrov near Sulovice, while according to\u00a0the\u00a0ISMS, the\u00a0extent of\u00a0drained areas\u00a0is\u00a0larger, the\u00a0year of\u00a0construction\u00a0is\u00a01982 and they are marked as\u00a0not in\u00a0operation; in\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava floodplain, drainage structures are registered on\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0left bank of\u00a0the\u00a0Doubrava near Rohozec from 1983 marked as\u00a0in\u00a0operation.<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0methodology \u201cMeasures to\u00a0strengthen infiltration\u00a0processes in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape\u201d [28] responds to\u00a0the\u00a0above-mentioned issue; among other things, draft solutions in\u00a0the\u00a0field of\u00a0regulation\u00a0of\u00a0runoff in\u00a0drainage systems and strengthening of\u00a0water retention\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0soil are presented, where wetlands are also considered. The\u00a0solution\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0current situation\u00a0is\u00a0also outlined in\u00a0the\u00a0\u201cMeasure Plan for\u00a0Solving Drought through Land Modifications and Hydromelioration\u00a0Adaptations in\u00a0the\u00a0Horizon\u00a02030\u201d [29]. Four types of\u00a0adaptation\u00a0measures are considered. First, rebuild the\u00a0existing structures into\u00a0so-called regulation\u00a0systems, which retain\u00a0water in\u00a0the\u00a0dry season\u00a0and make it accessible to\u00a0plant roots; second, remove parts of\u00a0the\u00a0existing systems (only where the\u00a0system is\u00a0defunct or\u00a0should not have been established); third, supplement the\u00a0drainage systems with retention\u00a0reservoirs or\u00a0wetlands with the\u00a0possibility of\u00a0further treatment of\u00a0drainage water (removal of\u00a0N and P, possibly pesticides) and subsequent reuse. As\u00a0a\u00a0last option, the\u00a0total reconstruction\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0system is\u00a0proposed.<\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0results presented here could make a\u00a0practically usable basis\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0restoration\u00a0of\u00a0wetland habitats in\u00a0the\u00a0place of\u00a0those that have disappeared, because the\u00a0historical location\u00a0of\u00a0such features is\u00a0a\u00a0strong argument for\u00a0their restoration. These landscape features are also a\u00a0fragment of\u00a0the\u00a0mosaic of\u00a0all solutions for\u00a0adapting to\u00a0the\u00a0problems caused by\u00a0current climate change. A\u00a0living and varied landscape contributes significantly to\u00a0water retention\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0landscape and is\u00a0a\u00a0prerequisite for\u00a0maintaining a\u00a0more stable climate. In\u00a0the\u00a0case of\u00a0landscape restoration\u00a0in\u00a0places of\u00a0disappeared wetlands, there is\u00a0also an increase in\u00a0biodiversity, which is\u00a0in\u00a0line with the\u00a0EU Biodiversit<\/span>y Strategy until 2030 [30]. This\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0long-term plan to\u00a0protect nature and stop the\u00a0degradation\u00a0of\u00a0ecosystems, whose main\u00a0objective is\u00a0to\u00a0show the\u00a0way to\u00a0restore biodiversity in\u00a0Europe.<\/span><\/p>\n The article was written within the framework of the TGM WRI internal grant no. 3600.54 .03\/2022 \u201eWater in the landscape as an indicator of territory changes in\u00a0the\u00a0Polab\u00ed lowland\u201c.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n The Czech version of this article was peer-reviewed, the English version was translated from\u00a0the Czech original by Environmental Translation Ltd.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" This article presents three typologically different sites from Polab\u00ed where large-scale wetland sites were located in the past, including ponds. These sites were chosen in order to present disappeared floodplain meadows, disappeared \u201cfield\u201d wetlands, disappeared ponds or pond systems, and, simultaneously, to present sites where wetland habitats have been at least partially restored. The main aim was to present easily accessible archival maps, on the basis of which it is possible to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of wetland habitats in the places of disappeared wetlands with regard to their possible restoration. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":19028,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,86,88,93],"tags":[1980,2573,303,1982,1981],"coauthors":[1421],"class_list":["post-21104","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","category-informatics-cartography-in-water-management","category-two-articles","tag-archival-maps","tag-floodplains-of-watercourses","tag-ponds","tag-water-retention-in-the-landscape","tag-wetlands"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21104","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21104"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21104\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32054,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21104\/revisions\/32054"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19028"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21104"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21104"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21104"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=21104"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}STUDIED SITES<\/h2>\n
Mlyna\u0159ice floodplain\u00a0and the\u00a0disappeared Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond near Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1<\/h3>\n
Disappeared wetland near Libenice<\/h3>\n
Doubrava floodplain\u00a0and the\u00a0disappeared Kmotrov pond near Sulovice<\/h3>\n
METHODOLOGY<\/h2>\n
Current maps used<\/h3>\n
CURRENT ZM10 OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC
\nAND ORTHOPHOTO MAP OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\nLPIS PUBLIC LAND REGISTRY<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n
CADASTRE <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n
Archival maps used<\/h3>\n
M\u00dcLLER\u2018S MAPPING<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n
1ST MILITARY MAPPING<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n
2ND MILITARY MAPPING <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n
3RD MILITARY MAPPING<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n
ORTHOPHOTO MAP OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC FROM THE 1950S<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n
\u00a0<\/span>ARCHIVAL ORTHOPHOTO MAPS OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC <\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n
RESULTS<\/h2>\n
Mlyna\u0159ice floodplain\u00a0and the\u00a0disappeared Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond near Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Richter-obr-1.jpg\")
<\/a>Fig. 1. Mlyna\u0159ice floodplain and the extinct Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond near Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1 on a map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd military mapping (top) and on\u00a0BM10 (bottom)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 2. Mlyna\u0159ice floodplain\u00a0and the\u00a0extinct Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond near Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1 on\u00a0an\u00a0orthophotomap of\u00a0Czechoslovakia from the\u00a01950s (top) and on\u00a0the\u00a0archival orthophotomap of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic from 2004 (bottom)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 3. Mlyna\u0159ice floodplain\u00a0and the\u00a0extinct Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond near Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1 on\u00a0the\u00a0archival orthophotomap of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic from 2010 (top) and on\u00a0the\u00a0current orthophotomap of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic (bottom)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 4. Mlyna\u0159ice floodplain\u00a0and the\u00a0extinct Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond near Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1 on\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping<\/h6>\n<\/a><\/span>Fig. 5. Mlyna\u0159ice floodplain and the extinct Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond near Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1 on\u00a0M\u00fcller\u2019s\u00a0map of\u00a0Bohemia<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 6. Current landscape in\u00a0Mlyna\u0159ice floodplain\u00a0at the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0extinct Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond near Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1, view from Ben\u00e1teck\u00e1 Vrutice (December 2022)<\/h6>\n<\/a><\/span>Fig. 7. Current landscape at the site of the extinct Hladom\u011b\u0159 pond near Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1, view from Star\u00e1 Lys\u00e1 (December 2022)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 8. Bird\u2019s-eye view of\u00a0Hladom\u011b\u0159 Wetland (April 2020; Photo: J. Kolomazn\u00edk) [22]<\/h6>\nDisappeared wetland near Libenice<\/h3>\n
<\/a>Fig. 9. The\u00a0extinct wetland near Libenice on\u00a0a\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd military mapping (top) and on\u00a0BM10 (bottom)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 10. The extinct wetland near Libenice on an orthophotomap of Czechoslovakia from the 1950s (top) and on the archival orthophotomap of the Czech Republic from 2004 (bottom)<\/span><\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 11. The\u00a0extinct wetland near Libenice on\u00a0the\u00a0archival orthophotomap of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic from 2015 (top) and on\u00a0the\u00a0current orthophotomap of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic (bottom)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 12. The\u00a0extinct wetland near Libenice on\u00a0the\u00a0map of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 13. Site \u201cU\u00a0Stud\u00e1nky\u201d (December 2022)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 14. Site \u201cV\u00a0rybn\u00edce\u201d (December 2022)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 15. Doubrava floodplain and the extinct Kmotrov pond near Sulovice on a map of\u00a0the\u00a02nd military mapping (top) and on\u00a0BM10 (bottom)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 16. Doubrava floodplain\u00a0and the\u00a0extinct Kmotrov pond near Sulovice
\non\u00a0an orthophotomap of\u00a0Czechoslovakia from the\u00a01950s (top) and on\u00a0the\u00a0current orthophotomap of\u00a0the\u00a0Czech Republic (bottom)<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 17. Doubrava floodplain and the extinct Kmotrov pond near Sulovice on a map of\u00a0the\u00a01st military mapping<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 18. Doubrava floodplain and the extinct Kmotrov pond near Sulovice on M\u00fcller\u2019s map<\/span> of\u00a0Bohemia<\/h6>\n<\/a>Fig. 19. The\u00a0current landscape at the\u00a0site of\u00a0the\u00a0extinct Kmotrov pond near Sulovice (July 2022)<\/h6>\nDoubrava floodplain and the disappeared Kmotrov pond near Sulovice<\/h3>\n
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION<\/h2>\n
Acknowledgements<\/h3>\n