{"id":2107,"date":"2016-06-08T10:47:40","date_gmt":"2016-06-08T10:47:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=2107"},"modified":"2024-07-16T11:27:52","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T10:27:52","slug":"specifics-of-local-water-resources-in-supplying-the-population-with-drinking-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2016\/06\/specifics-of-local-water-resources-in-supplying-the-population-with-drinking-water\/","title":{"rendered":"Specifics of local water resources in supplying the population with drinking water"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4><i class=\"fa fa-exclamation-circle fa-3x pull-left\"><\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n<h2>Souhrn<\/h2>\n<p>\u010cl\u00e1nek p\u0159edstavuje \u201eMetodiku komplexn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f pro optim\u00e1ln\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jakosti pitn\u00e9 vody za b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch i\u00a0mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch situac\u00ed\u201c [10], kter\u00e1 je hlavn\u00edm v\u00fdsledkem v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho projektu podpo\u0159en\u00e9ho Technologickou agenturou \u010cR (TA 02020184). Jakost pitn\u00e9 vody m\u00edstn\u00edch zdroj\u016f ve venkovsk\u00fdch oblastech je podle \u00fadaj\u016f St\u00e1tn\u00edho zdravotn\u00edho \u00fastavu dlouhodob\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pitn\u00e1 voda dod\u00e1van\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi vod\u00e1rensk\u00fdmi soustavami. Zpracovan\u00e1 metodika zohled\u0148uje specifika managementu mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f za \u00fa\u010delem dosa\u017een\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho technick\u00e9ho stavu vodn\u00edho zdroje a\u00a0zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jeho optim\u00e1ln\u00edho provozu a\u00a0ochrany. Hlavn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed metodiky je pasportiza\u010dn\u00ed formul\u00e1\u0159, shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u0161echny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 informace o\u00a0vodn\u00edm zdroji. Druh\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st metodiky zahrnuje postupy odborn\u00e9ho vyhodnocen\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch dat a\u00a0n\u00e1vrh opat\u0159en\u00ed ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed stavu. Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 nouzov\u00fdm z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00edm pitnou vodou na \u00farovni mal\u00e9 obce.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek3.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2107];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"513\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2020 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek3.jpg\" alt=\"Datel ilustracni obrazek3\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek3-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek3-768x492.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/513;\" \/><\/a>\n<h2>\u00davod<\/h2>\n<p>Z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed kvalitn\u00ed pitnou vodou pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu standardu evropsk\u00e9 civilizace. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika dlouhodob\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k\u00a0vysok\u00e9 \u00farovni ochrany zdrav\u00ed obyvatelstva dod\u00e1vkami zdravotn\u011b nez\u00e1vadn\u00e9 pitn\u00e9 vody. Jakost pitn\u00e9 vody dod\u00e1van\u00e9 v\u00a0mal\u00fdch obc\u00edch s\u00a0vlastn\u00edmi vodn\u00edmi zdroji je ale dlouhodob\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b vyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed ne\u017e ve velk\u00fdch distribu\u010dn\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00a0nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ukazatel\u00edch nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch mezn\u00edch hodnot se v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech celkov\u011b d\u00e1le zhor\u0161uje [1, 2].<\/p>\n<p>Management mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f (s\u00a0d\u016frazem na obce do 1\u2009000 obyvatel s\u00a0vlastn\u00edmi m\u00edstn\u00edmi zdroji vody a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b mal\u00e9 vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 oper\u00e1tory) m\u00e1 sv\u00e1 specifika a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e1 legislativn\u00ed, technick\u00e1 i\u00a0pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed situaci velk\u00fdch s\u00eddel a\u00a0velk\u00fdch vod\u00e1rensk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed [3]. Ty disponuj\u00ed \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lou odborn\u00edk\u016f, technick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, maj\u00ed mo\u017enost soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, legislativa jim ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 mnohem \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010detnost vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed, tak\u017ee mohou rychleji zareagovat na p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my\u00a0atd.<\/p>\n<p>Odrazem tohoto stavu je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee v\u00a0men\u0161\u00edch obc\u00edch jsou mnohem \u010dast\u011bji poru\u0161ov\u00e1ny legislativn\u00ed limity pro pitnou vodu a\u00a0obyvatelstvo venkova tak m\u00e1 v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch m\u00e9n\u011b kvalitn\u00ed pitnou vodu. Problematick\u00e1 situace u\u00a0mal\u00fdch zdroj\u016f z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed pitnou vodou je v\u00fdsledkem kombinovan\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed \u0159ady p\u0159\u00ed\u010din jak historick\u00fdch, tak sou\u010dasn\u00fdch, jak je komplexn\u011b a\u00a0podrobn\u011b uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed p\u0159edchoz\u00ed publikace [4, 5]. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0nich lze zd\u016fraznit i\u00a0zde:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 ochrany mal\u00fdch zdroj\u016f\u00a0\u2013 ochrann\u00e1 p\u00e1sma se podle z\u00e1kona o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch \u010d.\u00a0254\/2001 Sb. stanovuj\u00ed povinn\u011b jen pro zdroje s\u00a0odb\u011brem nad 10\u2009000\u2008m<sup>3<\/sup> za rok.<\/li>\n<li>V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 nedostatky a\u00a0ne\u00faplnost v\u00a0evidenc\u00edch mal\u00fdch odb\u011br\u016f (odeb\u00edran\u00e1 mno\u017estv\u00ed podle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0431\/2001 Sb., i\u00a0jakost surov\u00e9 vody podle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0428\/2001 Sb.) ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 mal\u00e9 obce je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 nejen technick\u00e9 zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod\u00e1rensk\u00fdch odb\u011br\u016f, ale i\u00a0administrativa kolem provozov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edho vodovodu.<\/li>\n<li>V\u00fdznamn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u010detnost rozbor\u016f surov\u00e9 vody (podle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0428\/2001 Sb.), v\u00a0nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed kategorii do 500 z\u00e1sobovan\u00fdch obyvatel se jedn\u00e1 pouze o\u00a0jedin\u00fd kr\u00e1cen\u00fd monitorovac\u00ed rozbor ro\u010dn\u011b. U\u00a0vyroben\u00e9 pitn\u00e9 vody jde o\u00a02 kr\u00e1cen\u00e9 monitorovac\u00ed rozbory ro\u010dn\u011b a\u00a01 \u00fapln\u00fd rozbor 1x za dva roky. Pravd\u011bpodobnost detekce ob\u010dasn\u00fdch problematick\u00fdch stav\u016f je tedy velmi n\u00edzk\u00e1.<\/li>\n<li>Neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 legislativn\u00ed po\u017eadavky na pravideln\u00e9 kontroly stavu kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed pitnou vodou, zhodnocen\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch rizik a\u00a0proveden\u00ed n\u00e1pravn\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Org\u00e1ny hygienick\u00e9 slu\u017eby zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed svoji pozornost p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na vyrobenou pitnou vodu. Kontrola a\u00a0\u00fadr\u017eba vlastn\u00edch j\u00edmac\u00edch objekt\u016f a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch technick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vodovodn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu (\u0159ady, vodojemy\u00a0aj.) z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 na provozovateli a\u00a0jeho odpov\u011bdn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstupu. Vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 p\u00e1sma a\u00a0stanoven\u00e1 omezuj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0nich se podle zku\u0161enost\u00ed autor\u016f kontroluj\u00ed u\u00a0mal\u00fdch zdroj\u016f jen sporadicky, vodopr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ady sv\u00e9 kompetence v\u00a0tomto sm\u011bru p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u010dasto nevyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Mal\u00e9 zdroje maj\u00ed obvykle jen velmi jednoduchou technologii \u00fapravy (n\u011bkdy pouze desinfekci), a\u00a0n\u011bkdy ani nen\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u011b obsluhov\u00e1na, tak\u017ee \u010dasto technologie \u00fapravy a\u00a0desinfekce vody nedosahuje optim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti.<\/li>\n<li>Nedostatek odborn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed a\u00a0odborn\u00e9ho z\u00e1zem\u00ed na stran\u011b provozovatele. Odpov\u011bdn\u00e9 osoby mal\u00fdch vodovod\u016f \u010dasto nemaj\u00ed ani pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, ani znalosti. Jsou dokonce p\u0159\u00edpady (nap\u0159.\u00a0u\u00a0gravita\u010dn\u00edch zdroj\u016f), kdy provozovatel nezn\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u00e9 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed j\u00edmac\u00edch z\u00e1\u0159ez\u016f, pramenn\u00edch j\u00edmek\u00a0apod., a\u00a0jak se do nich dostat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed zdroje v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky<\/h2>\n<p>V\u00a0\u010cR \u017eije podle \u00fadaj\u016f \u010cS\u00da (2012) 1\u2009800\u2009000 lid\u00ed v\u00a04\u2009846 obc\u00edch men\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e 1\u2009000 obyvatel. Vodovody jsou evidov\u00e1ny v\u00a0celkem 5\u2009036 obc\u00edch, z\u00a0nich\u017e 87\u00a0% jsou mal\u00e9 obce do 2\u2009000 obyvatel. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1\u2009200 obc\u00ed (vesm\u011bs obce mal\u00e9 a\u00a0nejmen\u0161\u00ed) nem\u00e1 ve\u0159ejn\u00fd vodovod, obyvatel\u00e9 jsou tedy odk\u00e1z\u00e1ni na individu\u00e1ln\u00ed zdroje, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b obecn\u00ed studny [6]. Odhadem polovina z\u00a0t\u011bchto obc\u00ed je odk\u00e1z\u00e1na na m\u00edstn\u00ed vodn\u00ed zdroje nebo individu\u00e1ln\u00ed domovn\u00ed studny sv\u00fdch obyvatel; jedn\u00e1 se vesm\u011bs o\u00a0vodu z\u00a0podzemn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice je tak cca\u00a01\u2008mil. obyvatel z\u00e1sobovan\u00fdch pitnou vodou z\u00a0mal\u00fdch vodovod\u016f, ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch a\u00a0domovn\u00edch studn\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed men\u0161\u00edch obc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nejsou a\u00a0mnohdy ani do budoucna nebudou moci (pro odlehlost, obt\u00ed\u017enost p\u0159\u00edstupu, horsk\u00fd ter\u00e9n\u00a0apod.) b\u00fdt napojeny na v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 vodovody. Zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jakosti\u00a0t\u011bchto zdroj\u016f je vzhledem k\u00a0jejich roztrou\u0161enosti mnohdy problematick\u00e9. Pro \u00fa\u010dely projektu byla na celost\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00farovni provedena podrobn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza odb\u011br\u016f podzemn\u00edch vod pro pitn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely z\u00a0hlediska jejich lokalizace a\u00a0velikosti, aby byla z\u00edsk\u00e1na co nejlep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstava o\u00a0rozsahu t\u00e9to z\u00e1le\u017eitosti a\u00a0z\u00a0toho vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitost a\u00a0n\u00e1ro\u010dnost \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Podle z\u00e1kona o\u00a0vodovodech a\u00a0kanalizac\u00edch \u010d.\u00a0274\/2001 Sb. je ustanoveno celkem 2\u2009130 vod\u00e1rensk\u00fdch oper\u00e1tor\u016f (form\u00e1ln\u011b pro zabezpe\u010den\u00ed nouzov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed, prakticky se ale kryj\u00ed s\u00a0oper\u00e1tory b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed), z\u00a0nich\u017e p\u0159es 95\u00a0% se t\u00fdk\u00e1 op\u011bt jen mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed (pouh\u00fdch cca\u00a0100 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch oper\u00e1tor\u016f pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 podle zdroj\u016f z\u00a0Ministerstva zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a\u017e 80\u00a0% obyvatelstva soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch s\u00eddlech). Sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou venkova se tak vyzna\u010duje rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bnost\u00ed, nekoncep\u010dnost\u00ed a\u00a0nekoordinac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Zpracovan\u00e9 metodice (z\u00a0d\u016fvodu komplexn\u00edho pohledu na z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed pitnou vodou) p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed metodick\u00fd materi\u00e1l s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem Metodika pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed pitnou vodou pro jednoduch\u00e9 vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 syst\u00e9my [3], kter\u00e1 pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 problematiku technick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu vodovodn\u00edho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva pitnou vodou. Metodika zpracovan\u00e1 ve spolupr\u00e1ci V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho TGM a\u00a0St\u00e1tn\u00edho zdravotn\u00edho \u00fastavu prim\u00e1rn\u011b reflektuje zdravotn\u011b\u00ad\u2011hygienick\u00fd pohled na stav a\u00a0rizika vodovodn\u011b\u00ad\u2011technick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti komplexn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed pitnou vodou, po\u010d\u00ednaje odb\u011brem surov\u00e9 vody z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Vz\u00e1jemn\u00fd vztah obou metodik zobrazuje sch\u00e9ma na <em>obr.\u00a01<\/em>.<br \/>\nPopis metodick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f a\u00a0zp\u016fsobu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed obsahuje [6, 7].<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2107];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"667\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2014 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-1.jpg\" alt=\"Datel 1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-1-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-1-768x640.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/667;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a01. Sch\u00e9ma vztahu obou metodik a\u00a0za\u0159azen\u00ed hlavn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed komplexn\u00edho vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu do obou metodik [10]<br \/>\nFig. 1. Chart showing relation between two methodologies and inclusion of main parts of a\u00a0complex water supply system to the two methodologies [10]<\/h6>\n<p>P\u0159i rozboru situace se tak\u00e9 vych\u00e1zelo z\u00a0hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed odb\u011bratel\u016f odb\u011br\u016f (podle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0431\/2001 Sb. \u201eO\u00a0obsahu vodn\u00ed bilance\u201c), kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed povinnost p\u0159ed\u00e1vat \u00fadaje p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm spr\u00e1vc\u016fm povod\u00ed, pokud je odb\u011br v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 6\u2009000\u2008m<sup>3<\/sup> v\u00a0kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00edm roce nebo m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed odb\u011br p\u0159esahuje 500\u2008m<sup>3<\/sup>. Do hodnocen\u00ed byly za\u0159azeny odb\u011bry vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pro pitn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely za\u0159azen\u00e9 podle odv\u011btvov\u00e9 klasifikace ekonomick\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed OKE\u010c a\u00a0tak\u00e9 nov\u00e9 klasifikace CZ\u00ad\u2011NACE. K\u00a0datu zah\u00e1jen\u00ed projektu, kdy byla provedena anal\u00fdza (tedy 2012), bylo evidov\u00e1no pro \u00fa\u010dely vodn\u00ed bilance na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR 2\u2009685 odb\u011br\u016f vody (vesm\u011bs \u0161lo o\u00a0odb\u011bry podzemn\u00ed vody), kter\u00e9 se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro pitn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely a\u00a0jejich\u017e velikost nep\u0159ekra\u010duje 2\u2008l\/s.<\/p>\n<p>Tyto mal\u00e9 odb\u011bry podzemn\u00ed vody byly rozd\u011bleny do \u010dty\u0159 kategori\u00ed. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed t\u011bchto odb\u011br\u016f m\u00e1 velikost do 0,5\u2008l\/s\u00a0(52\u00a0%), v\u00a0kategorii od 0,5 do 1\u2008l\/s\u00a0je 27,3\u00a0% odb\u011br\u016f, od 1 do 1,5\u2008l\/s\u00a0je 13,5\u00a0% odb\u011br\u016f a\u00a0v\u00a0posledn\u00ed kategorii od 1,5 do 2\u2008l\/s\u00a0je 7,2\u00a0% odb\u011br\u016f podzemn\u00edch vod. Je nutn\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee po\u010det nejmen\u0161\u00edch odb\u011br\u016f bude ve skute\u010dnosti je\u0161t\u011b mnohem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, jen nejsou \u00fa\u0159edn\u011b vykazov\u00e1ny. \u010c\u00e1st odb\u011br\u016f je hl\u00e1\u0161ena krajsk\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159ad\u016fm a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9mu spr\u00e1vci povod\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0428\/2001 Sb. a\u00a0jsou obsa\u017eeny v\u00a0intern\u00ed datab\u00e1zi webov\u00e9 aplikace V\u00daV TGM. Z\u00a0geografick\u00e9ho rozlo\u017een\u00ed mal\u00fdch odb\u011br\u016f vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee se ve velk\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e vyskytuj\u00ed v\u00a0horsk\u00fdch oblastech a\u00a0tak\u00e9 v\u00a0m\u00edstech mimo velk\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 aglomerace. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00a0nich le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch oblastech p\u0159irozen\u00e9 akumulace vod nebo ve zraniteln\u00fdch oblastech, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b pom\u00e1hat zaji\u0161\u0165ovat jejich kvalitu z\u00a0obecn\u00e9ho hlediska, nicm\u00e9n\u011b to nic nevypov\u00edd\u00e1 o\u00a0skute\u010dn\u00e9 kvalit\u011b j\u00edman\u00e9 vody.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00a0proveden\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy je mo\u017en\u00e9 u\u010dinit d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br, \u017ee evidence podle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky 431\/2001 Sb. nepokr\u00fdv\u00e1 ani zdaleka v\u0161echny mal\u00e9 zdroje pitn\u00e9 vody, proto\u017ee se povinnost evidence nevztahuje na zdroje nejmen\u0161\u00ed (odb\u011br men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 6\u2009000\u2008m<sup>3<\/sup> za rok, tzn.\u00a0cca\u00a00,2\u2008l\/s). Zdroje s\u00a0vydatnost\u00ed pod 0,2\u2008l\/s\u00a0v\u0161ak mohou z\u00e1sobovat s\u00eddla nebo jejich \u010d\u00e1sti a\u017e do 150\u2013200 obyvatel. Z\u00a0toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee nezanedbateln\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st obyvatelstva venkovsk\u00fdch oblast\u00ed je z\u00e1sobov\u00e1na vodou z\u00a0tzv.\u00a0m\u00edstn\u00edch vodovod\u016f, kter\u00e9 nejsou evidov\u00e1ny a\u00a0jejich\u017e jakost je sledov\u00e1na v\u00a0nezn\u00e1m\u00e9m rozsahu, nesystematicky, prakticky na \u00farovni individu\u00e1ln\u00edch zdroj\u016f vody (domovn\u00ed studny), kde jakost odeb\u00edran\u00e9 vody je pln\u011b na odpov\u011bdnosti u\u017eivatele studny.<\/p>\n<h2>Anal\u00fdza situace v\u00a0pilotn\u00edm okrese Rakovn\u00edk<\/h2>\n<p>Za \u00fa\u010delem p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho odhadu m\u00edry podchycen\u00ed mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f ve v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 datab\u00e1zi byla podrobn\u011b prov\u011b\u0159ena situace v\u00a0m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku jednoho okresu. C\u00edlen\u011b byl vybr\u00e1n okres Rakovn\u00edk, proto\u017ee hydrologick\u00e1 bilance je zde velmi napjat\u00e1, jsou zde probl\u00e9my s\u00a0vodn\u00edmi zdroji povrchov\u00fdch i\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod. Byl zde proto p\u0159edpoklad (kter\u00fd se bohu\u017eel nepotvrdil), \u017ee evidence odb\u011br\u016f bude na mnohem lep\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni ne\u017e v\u00a0oblastech, kde je vody dostatek.<\/p>\n<p>Na \u00fazem\u00ed okresu Rakovn\u00edk bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno celkem 58 odb\u011br\u016f podzemn\u00edch vod ur\u010den\u00fdch pro z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva pitnou vodou [8\u201310], viz\u00a0<em>obr.\u00a02<\/em>. Tyto zdroje jsou provozov\u00e1ny jednak vod\u00e1rensk\u00fdmi spole\u010dnostmi (p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b RAVOS, Vod\u00e1rny Kladno M\u011bln\u00edk\u00a0aj.) a\u00a0tak\u00e9 obcemi, na jejich\u017e \u00fazem\u00ed se zdroj nach\u00e1z\u00ed. V\u00a0p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti je na n\u011b napojen ve\u0159ejn\u00fd vodovod, v\u00a0osmi p\u0159\u00edpadech je zdroj ozna\u010den za m\u00edstn\u00ed, pop\u0159.\u00a0z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed a\u00a0je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n pro m\u00edstn\u00ed vodovod. Pro \u00fa\u010dely bilance je hl\u00e1\u0161eno podniku Povod\u00ed Vltavy 27 odb\u011br\u016f. Je to d\u00e1no hlavn\u011b ohla\u0161ovac\u00ed povinnost\u00ed podle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky o\u00a0bilanci, kter\u00e1 se t\u00fdk\u00e1 odb\u011br\u016f v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e 6\u2009000\u2008m<sup>3<\/sup> v\u00a0kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00edm roce nebo m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho odb\u011bru v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho ne\u017e 500\u2008m<sup>3<\/sup>. Z\u00a0dan\u00e9ho porovn\u00e1n\u00ed vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee 31 (p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b nejmen\u0161\u00edch) zdroj\u016f nen\u00ed spr\u00e1vci povod\u00ed evidov\u00e1na, tedy v\u00edce ne\u017e polovina v\u0161ech zdroj\u016f. Je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee odb\u011bry u\u00a0t\u011bchto neevidovan\u00fdch zdroj\u016f v\u011bt\u0161inou nep\u0159es\u00e1hnou hranici 6\u2009000\u2008m<sup>3<\/sup> ro\u010dn\u011b, a\u00a0uveden\u00e9 hodnoty znamenaj\u00ed vyu\u017eitelnou vydatnost nebo povolen\u00fd odb\u011br.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00a058 provozovan\u00fdch zdroj\u016f jich samy obce provozuj\u00ed 27, tedy 47\u00a0%. Toto je c\u00edlov\u00e1 skupina \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho projektu, proto\u017ee jde p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o\u00a0mal\u00e9 obce, kter\u00e9 nedisponuj\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fdmi odborn\u00edky, znalostmi ani technick\u00fdm z\u00e1zem\u00edm k\u00a0provozov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9ho vodovodu, n\u011bkdy nen\u00ed ani pot\u0159ebn\u00fd z\u00e1jem z\u00a0veden\u00ed obce.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00a0dan\u00fdch informac\u00ed lze u\u010dinit z\u00e1v\u011br, \u017ee nejmen\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 vodn\u00ed zdroje jsou nejen \u010dasto neevidovan\u00e9 (proto\u017ee maj\u00ed odb\u011br pod stanovenou hodnotou, tak\u017ee nen\u00ed povinnost evidence), ale i\u00a0nesystematicky spravovan\u00e9 velmi omezen\u00fdmi mo\u017enostmi t\u011bch nejmen\u0161\u00edch obc\u00ed. Jejich mno\u017estv\u00ed celost\u00e1tn\u011b odhadujeme na \u00farovni kolem 40\u00a0% po\u010dtu evidovan\u00fdch odb\u011br\u016f, v\u00a0odlehl\u00fdch pohrani\u010dn\u00edch oblastech to m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt i\u00a0v\u00edce, naopak v\u00a0urbanizovan\u00fdch oblastech s\u00a0oblastn\u00edmi a\u00a0skupinov\u00fdmi vodovody nebudou tvo\u0159it v\u00fdznamnou skupinu. Jde tedy cca\u00a0o\u00a01\u2009000 odb\u011brn\u00fdch m\u00edst v\u00a0\u010cR, kter\u00fdch se tato metodika t\u00fdk\u00e1.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2107];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"540\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2015 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-2.jpg\" alt=\"Datel 2\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-2-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-2-768x518.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/540;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a02. Odb\u011bry pitn\u00e9 vody v\u00a0okrese Rakovn\u00edk s\u00a0uveden\u00edm typu vodovodu a\u00a0provozovatele [10]<br \/>\nFig. 2. Abstraction of drinking water in the district Rakovnik specifying a\u00a0water supply system and an operator [10]<\/h6>\n<h2>Pl\u00e1ny bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou (water safety plans) pro m\u00edstn\u00ed vodovodn\u00ed syst\u00e9my<\/h2>\n<p>Z\u00a0hlediska zabezpe\u010denosti jakosti vody existuje jak v\u00a0\u010cR, tak v\u00a0jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch EU zaj\u00edmav\u00e1, varovn\u00e1 a\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 korelace mezi m\u00edrou p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed m\u011brn\u00fdch hodnot a\u00a0velikost\u00ed z\u00e1sobovan\u00e9 oblasti. Zat\u00edmco u\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch oblast\u00ed nal\u00e9z\u00e1me nedodr\u017een\u00ed limit\u016f zdravotn\u011b z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f (s\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mezn\u00ed hodnotou\u00a0\u2013 NMH) jen u\u00a0asi 0,02\u00a0% stanoven\u00ed, u\u00a0nejmen\u0161\u00edch oblast\u00ed je to asi 1\u00a0% vzork\u016f. U\u00a0ukazatel\u016f s\u00a0mezn\u00ed hodnotou (MH), kter\u00e9 se vztahuj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed organoleptick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed vody, ale do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdznam, je pak rozd\u00edl je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed: u\u00a0velk\u00fdch oblast\u00ed byla \u010detnost nedodr\u017een\u00ed MH 0,5\u20130,8\u00a0%, u\u00a0mal\u00fdch oblast\u00ed okolo 3\u00a0% [1, 3].<\/p>\n<p>Je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce vynikne kritick\u00e1 situace u\u00a0mal\u00fdch zdroj\u016f tehdy, pod\u00edv\u00e1me\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u2011li se na vodovody, u\u00a0kter\u00fdch byla ud\u011blena n\u011bjak\u00e1 v\u00fdjimka. Ze 124 ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch vodovod\u016f, na kter\u00e9 byly v\u00a0roce 2012 ud\u011bleny v\u00a0\u010cR v\u00fdjimky z\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch mezn\u00edch hodnot, bylo pln\u00fdch 114 mal\u00fdch vodovod\u016f z\u00e1sobuj\u00edc\u00edch m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 1\u2009000 obyvatel [3].<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edstup na z\u00e1klad\u011b anal\u00fdzy rizik a\u00a0kritick\u00fdch kontroln\u00edch bod\u016f, kter\u00fd plat\u00ed pro v\u00fdrobce potravin na z\u00e1klad\u011b na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed EP a\u00a0Rady \u010d.\u00a0852\/2004 (ES), je v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b postupn\u011b zav\u00e1d\u011bn i\u00a0pro v\u00fdrobce pitn\u00e9 vody. Postup zn\u00e1m\u00fd pod n\u00e1zvem \u201ewater safety plans\u201c prosazuje tak\u00e9 Sv\u011btov\u00e1 zdravotnick\u00e1 organizace a\u00a0Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed asociace pro vodu (IWA) a\u00a0u\u00a0n\u00e1s St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed \u00fastav. Publikace [3]<br \/>\nobsahuje mimo jin\u00e9 podrobnou metodiku zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed pl\u00e1nu pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed pitnou vodou, speci\u00e1ln\u011b rozpracovanou pro prost\u0159ed\u00ed mal\u00fdch vod\u00e1rensk\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f v\u00a0\u010desk\u00e9m jazyce.<\/p>\n<h2>Jak zlep\u0161it \u00farove\u0148 z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou na \u00farovni mal\u00e9 obce s\u00a0m\u00edstn\u00edmi vodn\u00edmi zdroji?<\/h2>\n<p>Existuje n\u011bkolik nutn\u00fdch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f, jejich\u017e spln\u011bn\u00ed se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, pokud se m\u00e1 v\u00a0mal\u00fdch vod\u00e1rensk\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech dos\u00e1hnout z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed kvalitn\u00ed pitnou vodou [10]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Veden\u00ed obce si mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u011bdomo z\u00e1sadn\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitosti dostatku dobr\u00e9 pitn\u00e9 vody pro rozvoj obce a\u00a0spokojenost sv\u00e9ho obyvatelstva.<\/li>\n<li>Mus\u00ed b\u00fdt ur\u010den konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pracovn\u00edk, kter\u00fd bude osobn\u011b odpov\u00eddat za stav obecn\u00edho vodovodu, a\u00a0mus\u00ed disponovat podporou veden\u00ed obce.<\/li>\n<li>Veden\u00ed obce si mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u011bdomo, \u017ee dobr\u00fd stav zdroj\u016f vody, jejich zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, ochrana a\u00a0technick\u00fd stav vodovodn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu n\u011bco stoj\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky.<\/li>\n<li>Mus\u00ed b\u00fdt spr\u00e1vn\u011b stanovena cena vody, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u0161echny n\u00e1klady spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0provozov\u00e1n\u00edm vodovodu a\u00a0j\u00edmac\u00edho objektu.<\/li>\n<li>Nezanedbatelnou v\u00fdhodou je dobr\u00e1 a\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 spolupr\u00e1ce veden\u00ed mal\u00e9 obce s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi org\u00e1ny st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy (vodopr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ad, hygienick\u00e1 slu\u017eba), kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt zdrojem cenn\u00fdch metodick\u00fdch a\u00a0administrativn\u00edch informac\u00ed a\u00a0rad pro danou obec.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z\u00a0metodick\u00e9ho pohledu mus\u00ed provozovatel mal\u00e9ho vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu zajistit \u010dty\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed okruhy \u010dinnost\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pasportizace a\u00a0dopln\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f o\u00a0vodn\u00edm zdroji, j\u00edmac\u00edm objektu a\u00a0vodovodn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu;<\/li>\n<li>kontrola zabezpe\u010denosti mno\u017estv\u00ed a\u00a0jakosti j\u00edman\u00e9 a\u00a0pitn\u00e9 vody, jej\u00ed \u00fapravy a\u00a0distribuce, zhodnocen\u00ed stupn\u011b zranitelnosti vodn\u00edho zdroje a\u00a0pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b jeho ochrany, identifikace rizik a\u00a0nedostatk\u016f;<\/li>\n<li>n\u00e1vrh opat\u0159en\u00ed ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed situace a\u00a0jejich postupn\u00e1 realizace v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch mal\u00e9 obce;<\/li>\n<li>z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou v\u00a0mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdch a\u00a0nouzov\u00fdch situac\u00edch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Pasportizace \u00fadaj\u016f o\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9m vodn\u00edm zdroji<\/h3>\n<p>Shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech dostupn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f a\u00a0dat o\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9m vodn\u00edm zdroji je \u010dinnost, kterou je do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry schopen zajistit mal\u00fd provozovatel vodovodu sv\u00fdmi vlastn\u00edmi silami. Pasportiza\u010dn\u00ed formul\u00e1\u0159 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00a0celkem 51 okruh\u016f ot\u00e1zek, kter\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed v\u0161echny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 relevantn\u00ed informace o\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9m vodn\u00edm zdroji.<\/p>\n<h3>Jde o\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed okruhy dat (<em>obr.\u00a03<\/em>):<\/h3>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: upper-alpha;\">\n<li>Informace o\u00a0j\u00edmac\u00edm objektu (studna, pramenn\u00ed j\u00edmka, j\u00edmac\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159ez\u00a0apod.), proveden\u00fdch pr\u016fzkumech a\u00a0technick\u00fdch prac\u00edch, v\u010detn\u011b zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed objekt\u016f a\u00a0jejich z\u00e1kresu v\u00a0map\u011b (9 ot\u00e1zek);<\/li>\n<li>Ve\u0161ker\u00e1 technick\u00e1, odborn\u00e1 a\u00a0spr\u00e1vn\u00ed dokumentace (odborn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy, spr\u00e1vn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed, povolen\u00ed a\u00a0stanoviska, technick\u00e9 projekty, vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed, korespondence\u00a0aj.) a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed souvisej\u00edc\u00ed podklady (5 ot\u00e1zek);<\/li>\n<li>\u00dadaje o\u00a0zaji\u0161\u0165ovan\u00e9m monitoringu podle po\u017eadavk\u016f platn\u00fdch p\u0159edpis\u016f, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0428\/2001 Sb., pop\u0159.\u00a0431\/2001 Sb., \u00fadaje o\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed a\u00a0jakosti j\u00edman\u00e9 surov\u00e9 a\u00a0vyroben\u00e9 pitn\u00e9 vody, v\u010detn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 metodiky vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed (5 ot\u00e1zek);<\/li>\n<li>Ochrann\u00e1 p\u00e1sma vodn\u00edho zdroje a\u00a0omezuj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0nich, v\u010detn\u011b identifikace majitel\u016f dot\u010den\u00fdch pozemk\u016f a\u00a0\u00farovn\u011b spolupr\u00e1ce s\u00a0nimi (6 ot\u00e1zek);<\/li>\n<li>Zranitelnost a\u00a0ochrana \u00fazem\u00ed kolem j\u00edmac\u00edch objekt\u016f, identifikace mo\u017en\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch potenci\u00e1ln\u011b rizikov\u00fdch antropogenn\u00edch aktivit v\u00a0okol\u00ed (14 ot\u00e1zek);<\/li>\n<li>Vliv povod\u0148ov\u00e9 situace (kvantitativn\u00ed i\u00a0kvalitativn\u00ed), v\u010detn\u011b bleskov\u00fdch povodn\u00ed, na stav a\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00edmac\u00edho objektu a\u00a0vodn\u00edho zdroje (\u00fatvaru) (6 ot\u00e1zek);<\/li>\n<li>Vliv d\u00e9letrvaj\u00edc\u00edho obdob\u00ed sucha (kvantitativn\u00ed i\u00a0kvalitativn\u00ed) na stav a\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00edmac\u00edho objektu a\u00a0vodn\u00edho zdroje (\u00fatvaru), v\u010detn\u011b anal\u00fdzy dlouhodob\u011bj\u0161\u00edch trend\u016f (6 ot\u00e1zek).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-3.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2107];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"394\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2016 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-3.jpg\" alt=\"Datel 3\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-3-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-3-768x378.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/394;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a03. Struktura formul\u00e1\u0159e s\u00a0\u00fadaji o\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9m vodn\u00edm zdroji, kter\u00e9 jsou rozd\u011blen\u00e9 do sedmi \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed [10]<br \/>\nFig. 3. Structure of the form with data of a\u00a0used water resource, which are divided into 7 sections [10]<\/h6>\n<p>V\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u201ewater safety plans\u201c [3] d\u00e1le prob\u011bhne anal\u00fdza vlastn\u00edho vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu od \u00fapravy, p\u0159es akumulaci a\u017e po distribuci vyroben\u00e9 pitn\u00e9 vody obyvatelstvu.<\/p>\n<h3>Zhodnocen\u00ed zabezpe\u010denosti mno\u017estv\u00ed a\u00a0jakosti j\u00edman\u00e9 vody<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00a0podstat\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0odborn\u00e9 zhodnocen\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch dat v\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edm kroku. Jde o\u00a0specializovanou odbornou \u010dinnost, kter\u00e1 u\u017e nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt provedena na \u00farovni mal\u00e9 obce, ale n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed okruhy prac\u00ed a\u00a0probl\u00e9m\u016f mus\u00ed b\u00fdt posouzeny p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi odborn\u00edky (odborn\u011b zp\u016fsobil\u00fd hydrogeolog, vodohospod\u00e1\u0159, chemik, hygienik\u00a0apod.):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Celkov\u00e9 zhodnocen\u00ed stavu vodn\u00edho zdroje a\u00a0j\u00edmac\u00edch objekt\u016f;<\/li>\n<li>Zhodnocen\u00ed stupn\u011b zabezpe\u010denosti jakosti a\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed j\u00edman\u00e9 vody;<\/li>\n<li>Zhodnocen\u00ed ochrany a\u00a0zranitelnosti vodn\u00edho zdroje a\u00a0j\u00edmac\u00edch objekt\u016f;<\/li>\n<li>Zhodnocen\u00ed technick\u00e9ho stavu vlastn\u00edho vodovodn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu;<\/li>\n<li>Identifikace nedostatk\u016f a\u00a0nejistot v\u00a0celkov\u00e9 zabezpe\u010denosti z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva pitnou vodou.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek4.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2107];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"495\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2021 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek4.jpg\" alt=\"Datel ilustracni obrazek4\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek4.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek4-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek4-768x475.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/495;\" \/><\/a>\n<h3>N\u00e1vrh opat\u0159en\u00ed ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed situace<\/h3>\n<p>Tato \u010d\u00e1st metodiky je velmi z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na odborn\u00e9 erudici a\u00a0zku\u0161enostech osloven\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f, jde o\u00a0jejich hlavn\u00ed vklad a\u00a0pomoc obci. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0st\u011b\u017eejn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st metodick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu, kde se z\u00faro\u010d\u00ed n\u00e1ro\u010dnost p\u0159edchoz\u00edch dvou krok\u016f. N\u00e1vrh mo\u017enost\u00ed zlep\u0161en\u00ed situace v\u00a0z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva m\u016f\u017ee pokr\u00fdvat n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed sm\u011bry:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a\u00a0organizaci odb\u011bru;<\/li>\n<li>dokumentaci prac\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>technickou konstrukci j\u00edmac\u00edch objekt\u016f;<\/li>\n<li>zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 ochrany vodn\u00edho zdroje;<\/li>\n<li>spr\u00e1vn\u00fd rozsah monitoringu mno\u017estv\u00ed a\u00a0jakosti j\u00edman\u00e9 vody;<\/li>\n<li>zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed odolnosti vodn\u00edho zdroje proti hroz\u00edc\u00edm rizik\u016fm;<\/li>\n<li>nastaven\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho kontroln\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00edho i\u00a0mo\u017enosti extern\u00ed pomoci s\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00edm budouc\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce s\u00a0vodopr\u00e1vn\u00edmi org\u00e1ny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Naprostou kl\u00ed\u010dovou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch n\u00e1vrh\u016f je jejich vyhodnocen\u00ed z\u00a0hlediska n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti t\u011bchto krok\u016f (technick\u00e9, finan\u010dn\u00ed, person\u00e1ln\u00ed, odborn\u00e9) a\u00a0jejich prioritnosti. Technick\u00fd zp\u016fsob realizovatelnosti a\u00a0stanoven\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00e9ho po\u0159ad\u00ed uskute\u010d\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed mus\u00ed respektovat omezen\u00e9 zdroje (hodnocen\u00ed realizovatelnosti v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch mal\u00e9 obce).<\/p>\n<h3>Nouzov\u00e9 z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou v\u00a0mal\u00fdch obc\u00edch<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00a0oblasti nouzov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou v\u00a0mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 situaci je stav na \u00farovni mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed zna\u010dn\u011b neuspokojiv\u00fd. V\u011bt\u0161ina mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed spol\u00e9h\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b anal\u00fdzy dat z\u00a0PRVK\u00daK (krajsk\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u016f rozvoje vodovod\u016f a\u00a0kanalizac\u00ed) na dovoz vody cisternami, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b balenou vodu, a\u00a0to prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Integrovan\u00e9ho z\u00e1chrann\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, nouzov\u00fdch vod\u00e1rensk\u00fdch oper\u00e1tor\u016f, pota\u017emo Slu\u017eby nouzov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou, tedy na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pomoc v\u00a0r\u00e1mci krizov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Je nutno ale zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee je v\u0161estrann\u011b v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 (pro obec, m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatele i\u00a0pro st\u00e1t), kdy\u017e bude obec disponovat sv\u00fdmi vlastn\u00edmi zdroji pro nouzov\u00e9 z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch obyvatel, pokud p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky katastru obce takov\u00e9to \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed dovol\u00ed. V\u00fdhodnost m\u00edt sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed zdroj vody pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 situace vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 ze t\u0159\u00ed aspekt\u016f [9, 10]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>aspekt solidarity\u00a0\u2013 pokud m\u00e1 obec mo\u017enost m\u00edt sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed vodn\u00ed zdroj, nen\u00ed solid\u00e1rn\u00ed spol\u00e9hat se na pomoc zvenku, aby se integrovan\u00fd z\u00e1chrann\u00fd syst\u00e9m (jeho\u017e mo\u017enosti budou v\u017edy omezen\u00e9) mohl soust\u0159edit na pomoc opravdu pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm;<\/li>\n<li>aspekt subsidiarity\u00a0\u2013 nejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed jsou \u010din\u011bny na nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 \u00farovni, v\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b na \u00farovni obce, proto\u017ee zde jsou nejlep\u0161\u00ed informace o\u00a0skute\u010dn\u00fdch pot\u0159eb\u00e1ch obyvatelstva, a\u00a0nehroz\u00ed proto ani nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pl\u00fdtv\u00e1n\u00ed zdroji (nap\u0159.\u00a0zbyte\u010dn\u011b velk\u00fdm rozsahem pomoci), ani p\u0159ehl\u00e9dnut\u00ed opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fdch pot\u0159eb (v\u00a0d\u016fsledku pozdn\u00ed nebo nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 pomoci);<\/li>\n<li>aspekt lep\u0161\u00edho komfortu pro obyvatelstvo\u00a0\u2013 m\u00edstn\u00ed zdroj vody m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt obyvatelstvu k\u00a0dispozici rychleji, m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed vody a\u00a0\u010dasto i\u00a0lep\u0161\u00ed kvality, ne\u017e p\u0159i spol\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed se na pomoc zven\u010d\u00ed. Jde o\u00a0aspekt d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pro odlehl\u00e9 a\u00a0mal\u00e9 obce v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vzniku mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 situace v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho rozsahu\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b st\u00e1t bude postupn\u011b zasahovat podle d\u016fle\u017eitosti, po\u010dtu obyvatelstva\u00a0apod. a\u00a0hroz\u00ed tak re\u00e1ln\u00e1 mo\u017enost v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pomoci.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Metodika identifikovala prioritn\u00ed rizika s\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed v\u00fdskytu s\u00a0ohledem na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 pom\u011bry a\u00a0podm\u00ednky v\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u010cR pro mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed zdroje. Jde o\u00a0stav povod\u0148ov\u00e9 situace, d\u00e9letrvaj\u00edc\u00edho sucha a\u00a0ekologick\u00e9 hav\u00e1rie v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti vodn\u00edho zdroje.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0katastru p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 obce a\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m dostupn\u00e9m okol\u00ed by m\u011bla prob\u011bhnout v\u00a0p\u0159edstihu p\u0159ed vznikem mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 situace pasportizace existuj\u00edc\u00edch dal\u0161\u00edch objekt\u016f podzemn\u00edch vod (vedle j\u00edmac\u00edho objektu pro z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou za b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch podm\u00ednek) podle jejich vyu\u017eitelnosti v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na typu hroz\u00edc\u00edho rizika.<br \/>\nPasportizace by zahrnovala studny, prameny, vrty r\u016fzn\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, v\u00fdskyty d\u016fln\u00edch, dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch vod v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti obce\u00a0apod.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-4.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2107];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"484\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2017 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-4.jpg\" alt=\"Datel 4\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-4.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-4-300x182.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-4-768x465.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/484;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a04. Sch\u00e9ma postupu vyhled\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f pro nouzov\u00e9 z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou (zelen\u011b jsou ozna\u010deny cesty sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed k\u00a0vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nouzov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0m\u00edstn\u00edch zdroj\u016f, oran\u017eov\u011b jsou ozna\u010deny cesty hledaj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f a\u00a0\u010derven\u011b probl\u00e9my a\u00a0p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky neumo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nouzov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou na lok\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni) [10]<br \/>\nFig. 4. Chart of a\u00a0procedure to find local water resources for emergency water supply (paths that successfully find emergency water supply from local resources are green, paths seeking solutions to problems are marked in orange, problems, and obstacles not providing water supplies at the local level are marked in red) [10]<\/h6>\n<p class=\"00TEXT\">V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee vhodn\u00e9 existuj\u00edc\u00ed zdroje pro nouzov\u00e9 z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed pitnou \u010di u\u017eitkovou vodou vyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed jakosti, dostate\u010dn\u00e9 vydatnosti a\u00a0odolnosti proti dan\u00e9mu riziku nebudou nalezeny, je mo\u017en\u00e9 se pokusit naj\u00edt zdroje nov\u00e9 na z\u00e1klad\u011b vyhled\u00e1vac\u00edho hydrogeologick\u00e9ho pr\u016fzkumu. Ten by mohl b\u00fdt n\u00e1sledov\u00e1n podrobnou etapou pr\u016fzkumu (pokud by byla p\u0159ijateln\u00e1 technick\u00e1 a\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1ro\u010dnost vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9ho zdroje), v\u00a0jeho\u017e r\u00e1mci by se pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed zdroje ji\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo vybudovaly. N\u00e1sledn\u011b by pak bylo nutn\u00e9 zajistit pr\u016fb\u011b\u017enou dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di a\u00a0\u00fadr\u017ebu o\u00a0tyto z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed zdroje, aby byly v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b odstaven\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch zdroj\u016f schopny rychl\u00e9ho zprovozn\u011bn\u00ed (technick\u00e1 \u00faprava objektu, zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ochrany okol\u00ed, pravideln\u00e1 kontrola technick\u00e9ho stavu, vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed zp\u016fsobu odb\u011bru vody a\u00a0distribuce v\u00a0mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 situaci\u00a0atd.).<\/p>\n<p class=\"00TEXT\">Komplexn\u00ed postup \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nouzov\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed vodou na \u00farovni mal\u00e9 obce zobrazuje sch\u00e9ma na <em><span class=\"01ITALIC\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;\">obr.\u00a04<\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"00TEXT\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;\">K\u00a0metodice je p\u0159ilo\u017eeno i\u00a0doporu\u010den\u00ed St\u00e1tn\u00edho zdravotn\u00edho \u00fastavu z\u00a08.\u00a08.\u00a02007 \u201eNouzov\u00e9 z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed pitnou vodou\u201c, kter\u00e9 upravuje postup kontroly jakosti pitn\u00e9 vody v\u00a0mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 situaci a\u00a0uv\u00e1d\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed nutn\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na jakost pitn\u00e9 vody v\u00a0situac\u00edch, kdy nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 pln\u011b zajistit plnou aplikaci platn\u00fdch standard\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"00TEXT\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2107];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"469\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2018 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek1.jpg\" alt=\"Datel ilustracni obrazek1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek1-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek1-768x450.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/469;\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"03NADPIS2\">Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n<p class=\"00TEXTbezodsazeni\">Pokud jsou spln\u011bny p\u0159edpoklady uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0\u00favodu p\u0159edchoz\u00ed kapitoly, je pom\u011brn\u011b dobr\u00e1 pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee obec bude m\u00edt sv\u00e9 vodn\u00ed zdroje v\u00a0po\u0159\u00e1dku. N\u011bkter\u00e9 obce maj\u00ed \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky v\u00a0jejich katastru zajistily dostatek kvalitn\u00ed vody s\u00a0n\u00edzkou zranitelnost\u00ed, tak\u017ee i\u00a0bez p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0vodn\u00ed zdroje maj\u00ed dostatek dobr\u00e9 vody.<\/p>\n<p class=\"00TEXT\">Jsou ale naopak i\u00a0obce, kter\u00e9 se setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed s\u00a0tak velk\u00fdmi probl\u00e9my kolem zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zdroj\u016f pitn\u00e9 vody, \u017ee na m\u00edstn\u00ed \u00farovni jsou\u00a0\u2013 i\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b z\u00e1jmu veden\u00ed obce \u2013 t\u011b\u017eko \u0159e\u0161iteln\u00e9, a\u00a0kdy\u017e ano, tak za ne\u00fanosn\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0technick\u00e9 n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti. V\u00a0takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je rozumn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed spolehnout se na skupinov\u00fd nebo oblastn\u00ed vodovod, pokud je takov\u00e1 mo\u017enost. Jinak nezb\u00fdv\u00e1, ne\u017e aby obec na\u0161la pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky a\u00a0za spolupr\u00e1ce p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f se pokusila probl\u00e9m \u0159e\u0161it, v\u010detn\u011b vyhled\u00e1n\u00ed jin\u00e9ho lep\u0161\u00edho zdroje vody na sv\u00e9m katastru, pokud ten st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed nen\u00ed d\u00e1le pou\u017eiteln\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p class=\"00TEXT\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-2107];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"475\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2019 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek2.jpg\" alt=\"Datel ilustracni obrazek2\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek2-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Datel-ilustracni-obrazek2-768x456.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/475;\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"00TEXT\">Ne pro ka\u017edou obec je tedy mo\u017en\u00e1 a\u00a0rozumn\u00e1 cesta m\u00edt vlastn\u00ed zdroj vody. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee ale obec sv\u016fj tradi\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0kvalitn\u00ed vodn\u00ed zdroj m\u00e1, nen\u00ed rozumn\u00e9 se ho zbavovat, naopak je t\u0159eba o\u00a0n\u011bj pe\u010dovat, aby mohl slou\u017eit i\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm generac\u00edm. V\u00a0tomto smyslu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt d\u016fle\u017eitost zachov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edho zdroje pitn\u00e9 vody na podobn\u00e9 \u00farovni jako d\u016fle\u017eitost zachov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161koly, obchodu, kostela, zdravotnick\u00e9ho st\u0159ediska, historick\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky nebo okoln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrody. M\u00edstn\u00ed zdroj vody tak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sebeuv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed venkovsk\u00e9 komunity v\u00a0r\u00e1mci p\u00e9\u010de o\u00a0svoji obec a\u00a0krajinu, kter\u00e1 je jejich domovem.<\/p>\n<h3>Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><em>P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek byl podpo\u0159en Technologickou agenturou \u010cR \u010d.\u00a0TA02020184 Zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jakosti pitn\u00e9 vody p\u0159i z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed z\u00a0m\u00edstn\u00edch vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f, kter\u00fd byl v\u00a0letech 2012\u20132015 \u0159e\u0161en ve V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9m \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m TGM,\u00a0v.\u00a0v.\u00a0i., se spole\u010dnost\u00ed GEOtest,\u00a0a.\u00a0s., a\u00a0za spolupr\u00e1ce se St\u00e1tn\u00edm zdravotn\u00edm \u00fastavem.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The paper summarizes the \u201eMethodology for comprehensive management of small water resources to ensure optimal quality of drinking water in normal and emergency situations\u201c that is a main result of the research project supported by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TA 02020184).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2019,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[290,461,460,301],"coauthors":[400,401],"class_list":["post-2107","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water-technology-water-supply-waste-water-treatment","tag-drinking-water","tag-small-municipalities","tag-small-water-supply","tag-water-quality"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2107","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2107"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2107\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30331,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2107\/revisions\/30331"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2019"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2107"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2107"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2107"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2107"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}