{"id":2099,"date":"2016-06-08T10:47:46","date_gmt":"2016-06-08T10:47:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=2099"},"modified":"2024-07-16T11:29:10","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T10:29:10","slug":"water-quality-in-drinking-water-reservoir-svihov-on-zelivka-river-and-its-river-basin-with-focus-on-specific-organic-compounds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2016\/06\/water-quality-in-drinking-water-reservoir-svihov-on-zelivka-river-and-its-river-basin-with-focus-on-specific-organic-compounds\/","title":{"rendered":"Water quality in drinking water reservoir \u0160vihov on \u017delivka river and its river basin, with focus on specific organic compounds"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Povod\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u0160vihov na \u017delivce je v\u00fdrazn\u011b antropogenn\u011b ovlivn\u011bno, a to jak p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm p\u016fsoben\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bka, tak i intenzivn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blskou \u010dinnost\u00ed. Jakost povrchov\u00e9 vody je zde dlouhodob\u011b ohro\u017eov\u00e1na zejm\u00e9na eutrofizac\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek a eroz\u00ed. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace fosforu p\u016fvodem z bodov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou pokro\u010dil\u00e9 eutrofizace tok\u016f. Zp\u016fsob zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed podporuje rozs\u00e1hlou erozi zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy a jej\u00ed sedimentaci v toc\u00edch a n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch. Pesticidn\u00ed l\u00e1tky poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed zejm\u00e9na ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 produkce jsou nach\u00e1zeny ve zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch v dren\u00e1\u017en\u00edch i povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch v povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov. S \u017eivinami v odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch se do tok\u016f dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed cizorod\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, jako jsou nap\u0159. l\u00e9\u010diva, hormon\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravky, kosmetick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravky, antikoroziva, bisfenol A a dal\u0161\u00ed. Pesticidn\u00ed l\u00e1tky i l\u00e9\u010diva se m\u011bn\u00ed na jednotliv\u00e9 metabolick\u00e9 produkty, kter\u00e9 ve vod\u011b v r\u016fzn\u00fdch form\u00e1ch p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Z hlediska dlouhodob\u00e9ho v\u00fdhledu je p\u0159echod na p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed technick\u00fdch plodin v povod\u00ed vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee zna\u010dn\u00fdm rizikem se z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky pro kvalitu vody.<\/p>\n

\"Liska<\/a><\/h2>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e \u0160vihov na \u017delivce (d\u00e1le jen VN \u0160vihov) je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010deskou vod\u00e1renskou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e1 poskytuje surovou vodu pro \u00fapravu na vodu pitnou pro v\u00edce ne\u017e 1,2\u2008mil. obyvatel \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Plocha povod\u00ed je 1\u2009178\u2008km2<\/sup>, objem n\u00e1dr\u017ee je 266\u2008mil. m3<\/sup>\u00a0s teoretickou dobou zdr\u017een\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 430 dn\u00ed. N\u00e1dr\u017e je situov\u00e1na v zem\u011bd\u011blsky intenzivn\u011b obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00e9 krajin\u011b, pod\u00edl zem\u011bd\u011blsky u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch ploch v povod\u00edch jednotliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f se pohybuje v rozmez\u00ed 50\u201380 %. Na rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch se zde p\u011bstuj\u00ed plodiny s kombinovan\u00fdm vyu\u017eit\u00edm (\u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b jako zdroj substr\u00e1tu pro bioplynov\u00e9 stanice), p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm se jedn\u00e1 o \u0161iroko\u0159\u00e1dkov\u00e9 plodiny, zejm\u00e9na kuku\u0159ici, \u0159epku a brambory. Ve velk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku se zde pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed prost\u0159edky na ochranu rostlin [1]. Oblast je zna\u010dn\u011b antropogenn\u011b zat\u00ed\u017een\u00e1 lidsk\u00fdmi s\u00eddly a z \u010d\u00e1sti i pr\u016fmyslovou v\u00fdrobou.<\/p>\n

Ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov jsou p\u0159edstavn\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee: N\u011bm\u010dice na Sedlick\u00e9m potoce, Trn\u00e1vka na vodn\u00edm toku Trnava a vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Sedlice a V\u0159esn\u00edk na vodn\u00edm toku \u017delivka. Tyto n\u00e1dr\u017ee p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed jakost povrchov\u00e9 vody, nebo\u0165 z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti zachycuj\u00ed splaveniny z povod\u00ed a zabra\u0148uj\u00ed tak jejich usazov\u00e1n\u00ed ve VN \u0160vihov. Z hlediska retence \u017eivin se \u00fa\u010dinnost t\u011bchto t\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edstavn\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed pohybuje v rozp\u011bt\u00ed 20\u201350 % zachycen\u00e9ho fosforu [2].
\nJakost povrchov\u00e9 vody ve VN \u0160vihov je ohro\u017eov\u00e1na zejm\u00e9na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi faktory: eutrofizac\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek, eroz\u00ed a mo\u017enou nevyrovnanost\u00ed hydrologick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu [2\u20134].<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky a hodnocen\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Bodov\u00e9 zdroje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v povod\u00ed vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u0160vihov<\/h3>\n

St\u00e1tn\u00ed podnik Povod\u00ed Vltavy aktu\u00e1ln\u011b eviduje v povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov v souladu s ustanoven\u00edm \u00a7\u202f21 a \u00a7\u202f22 vodn\u00edho z\u00e1kona 91 bodov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00fdmi jsou odpadn\u00ed vody vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 do vodn\u00edch tok\u016f z \u010cOV, nebo p\u0159\u00edmo z kanalizac\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161inu zdroj\u016f p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed komun\u00e1ln\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody z obc\u00ed a m\u011bst. Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 zdroje jsou zastoupeny pouze minoritn\u011b, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zdrojem je pap\u00edrna CEREPA \u010cerven\u00e1 \u0158e\u010dice. V\u011bt\u0161ina zdroj\u016f OV pat\u0159\u00ed mezi mal\u00e9 zdroje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed do 500 ekvivalentn\u00edch obyvatel (d\u00e1le jen EO). Velk\u00e9 zdroje nad 100 tis. EO nejsou v povod\u00ed vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u0160vihov zastoupeny v\u016fbec, mezi st\u0159edn\u00ed zdroje 2 \u2013 100 tis. EO pat\u0159\u00ed dva zdroje komun\u00e1ln\u00ed \u2013 m\u011bsta Pelh\u0159imov [4] a Pacov a jeden zdroj pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd \u2013 CEREPA \u010cerven\u00e1 \u0158e\u010dice.<\/p>\n

V cel\u00e9m povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov na \u017delivce byly v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let vybudov\u00e1ny \u010dist\u00edrny odpadn\u00edch vod ve v\u0161ech obc\u00edch nad 500 obyvatel a n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich ji\u017e byly postupn\u011b intenzifikov\u00e1ny. Ve II. ochrann\u00e9m p\u00e1smu tohoto vodn\u00edho zdroje byly vybudov\u00e1ny \u010cOV \u010dasto i v men\u0161\u00edch obc\u00edch. Nov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny (vybudovan\u00e9 v posledn\u00edch letech) a n\u011bkter\u00e9 star\u0161\u00ed intenzifikovan\u00e9 disponuj\u00ed technologi\u00ed pro zv\u00fd\u0161enou biologickou eliminaci dus\u00edku a fosforu s mo\u017enost\u00ed chemick\u00e9ho sr\u00e1\u017een\u00ed fosforu [5]. U nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho zdroje organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v povod\u00ed (pap\u00edrna CEREPA) bylo vybudov\u00e1no v pr\u016fb\u011bhu minul\u00fdch let efektivn\u00ed mechanick\u00e9 \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed s biologick\u00fdm do\u010di\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edm stupn\u011bm a recirkulac\u00ed technologick\u00e9 vody. Toto opat\u0159en\u00ed vedlo k celkov\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, av\u0161ak nijak zat\u00edm nen\u00ed \u0159e\u0161eno odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed specifick\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, nap\u0159. bisfenolu A, kter\u00fd se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b uvol\u0148uje do odpadn\u00edch vod p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed recyklovan\u00e9ho pap\u00edru.<\/p>\n

Likvidace odpadn\u00edch vod v obc\u00edch men\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e 500 EO nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na nedostatek finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f pro v\u00fdstavbu kanaliza\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f a \u010dist\u00edren a navr\u017een\u00e1 projektov\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed se proto \u010dasto p\u0159izp\u016fsobuj\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 situaci obc\u00ed. Z \u00fasporn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f byly navrhov\u00e1ny tzv. p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, nap\u0159. biologick\u00e9 rybn\u00edky s p\u0159ed\u0159azen\u00fdm mechanick\u00fdm stupn\u011bm s vyu\u017eit\u00edm st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed kanalizace [4].<\/p>\n

Jejich \u00fa\u010dinnost je v\u0161ak relativn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e1 a \u010distic\u00ed proces nelze prakticky ovlivnit. Vyu\u017eit\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch obecn\u00edch kanalizac\u00ed je zna\u010dn\u00e1 komplikace pro efektivn\u00ed zp\u016fsoby \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161inou se jedn\u00e1 o star\u0161\u00ed stavby postaven\u00e9 v \u201eakci Z\u201c,\u00a0kter\u00e9 pro odv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod nejsou vhodn\u00e9, a to jak z hlediska stavebn\u00edho, tak i legislativn\u00edho. Net\u011bsn\u00e9 kanaliza\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my maj\u00ed velk\u00fd pr\u016fnik balastn\u00edch vod a tomu je v n\u00e1vrz\u00edch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod p\u0159izp\u016fsobov\u00e1na hydraulick\u00e1 a celkov\u00e1 kapacita \u010cOV. Takto navr\u017een\u00e9 sestavy \u010cOV jsou finan\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 a v\u011bt\u0161inou neodpov\u00eddaj\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016fm na pou\u017eit\u00ed nejlep\u0161\u00edch dostupn\u00fdch technologi\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mal\u00fdm obc\u00edm je ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f vyd\u00e1v\u00e1no nov\u00e9 povolen\u00ed k vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z kanalizac\u00ed bez \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed na dobu max. 4 let s podm\u00ednkou zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed alespo\u0148 \u00fazemn\u00edho a stavebn\u00edho povolen\u00ed. Z hlediska eliminace specifick\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (l\u00e9\u010diva, n\u011bkter\u00e9 pesticidy (glyphosat), PPCPs a dal\u0161\u00ed) nemaj\u00ed \u010cOV v povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov instalov\u00e1ny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nadstandardn\u00ed separa\u010dn\u00ed stupn\u011b (nap\u0159. GAU). Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee tyto l\u00e1tky nejsou bu\u010f odstra\u0148ov\u00e1ny v\u016fbec, nebo s omezenou \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed na \u00farovni schopnost\u00ed standardn\u00edho technologick\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed [6].<\/p>\n

Z hlediska vlivu eutrofizace lze za nejrizikov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed faktor v povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov pova\u017eovat fosfor z bodov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, tj. reaktivn\u00ed formu fosforu, kter\u00e1 je hlavn\u00ed \u017eivinou pro r\u016fst fytoplanktonu ve vlastn\u00ed VN \u0160vihov [2, 3]. Sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav je t\u0159eba vn\u00edmat s opatrn\u00fdm optimismem, koncentrace fosforu v p\u0159\u00edtoku do n\u00e1dr\u017ee se po rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch investic\u00edch do \u010dist\u00edren odpadn\u00edch vod v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b stabilizovala s m\u00edrn\u00fdm n\u00e1r\u016fstem v posledn\u00edch dvou letech, kter\u00fd pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b souvisel s rekonstrukc\u00ed a sn\u00ed\u017eenou \u010distic\u00ed schopnost\u00ed pelh\u0159imovsk\u00e9 \u010cOV (obr. 1<\/em>) [4].<\/p>\n

\"Liska<\/a>
\nObr. 1. Dlouhodob\u00fd v\u00fdvoj koncentrace celkov\u00e9ho fosforu 1997\u20132015 na p\u0159\u00edtoku do n\u00e1dr\u017ee VN \u0160vihov
\nFig. 1. Long\u00ad\u2011term trend of phosphorus concentration in the main tributary of \u0160vihov water reservoir<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdskyt farmak v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch VN \u0160vihov p\u016fvodem z\u00a0bodov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f<\/h3>\n

Z\u00a0bodov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed se do povrchov\u00fdch vod dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 nap\u0159.\u00a0hum\u00e1nn\u00ed a\u00a0veterin\u00e1rn\u00ed l\u00e9\u010diva a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed specifick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, nap\u0159.\u00a0ji\u017e zmi\u0148ovan\u00fd bisfenol A, benzotriazoly a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed l\u00e1tky. Na obr.\u00a02\u20135<\/em> jsou zobrazeny koncentrace vybran\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010div ve vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch z\u00a0\u010cOV Pelh\u0159imov a\u00a0koncentrace v\u00a0toku B\u011bl\u00e1 (pod m\u00edstem vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod) a\u00a0d\u00e1le na p\u0159\u00edtoku do VN\u00a0\u0160vihov. Vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 laborato\u0159e st\u00e1tn\u00edho podniku Povod\u00ed Vltavy m\u011b\u0159\u00ed koncentrace l\u00e9\u010div jak v\u00a0povrchov\u00e9, tak i\u00a0v\u00a0odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b na odtoc\u00edch u\u00a0vybran\u00fdch v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren odpadn\u00edch vod [1, 6]. Jsou sledov\u00e1ny zejm\u00e9na \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch skupin l\u00e9\u010div: antihypertenziva (hydrochlorthiazid, metroprolol), antirevmatika a\u00a0antiflogistika (diclofenac, ibuprofen), l\u00e1tky tlum\u00edc\u00ed bolest (gabapentin, tramadol), antiepileptika a\u00a0antidepresiva (karbamazepin) a\u00a0rentgen diagnostick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (iopamidol, iopromid) a\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed. Z\u00a0p\u0159ilo\u017een\u00fdch graf\u016f je velmi dob\u0159e patrn\u00e9, \u017ee i\u00a0p\u0159es n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u00e9 \u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0metabolizaci farmaceutick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f jsou tyto l\u00e1tky m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 ve velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti od bodov\u00e9ho zdroje. V\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch \u010cOV se tyto l\u00e1tky vyskytuj\u00ed a\u017e v\u00a0\u201emikrogramov\u00fdch\u201c mno\u017estv\u00edch, po p\u0159epo\u010dtu na l\u00e1tkovou bilanci se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0jednotky a\u017e \u201edes\u00edtky\u201c kilogram\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky vybran\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b je v\u0161ak detekov\u00e1na pouze mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010div, nebo\u0165 zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed laboratorn\u00edch diagnostick\u00fdch metod na stanoven\u00ed metabolick\u00fdch produkt\u016f \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek jednotliv\u00fdch farmaceutick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f je zat\u00edm v\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tku [7]. M\u016f\u017eeme tedy p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee re\u00e1ln\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy (ve vztahu k\u00a0u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm) by pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b byly vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 laborato\u0159e st\u00e1tn\u00edho podniku Povod\u00ed Vltavy za\u010daly stanovovat tak\u00e9 dva metabolity ibuprofenu (2\u2011hydroxyibuprofen a\u00a0karboxyibuprofen) a\u00a0n\u00e1lezy t\u011bchto l\u00e1tek v\u00a0odpadn\u00ed i\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 vod\u011b jsou vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u\u00a0ibuprofenu (jako\u017eto rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9 l\u00e1tky).<\/p>\n

V\u00fdskyt dal\u0161\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z\u00a0bodov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f<\/h3>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci t\u00e9to kapitoly je vhodn\u00e9 zm\u00ednit v\u00fdskyt l\u00e1tky bisfenol\u00a0A\u00a0v\u00a0povod\u00ed \u0159eky Trnavy. Bisfenol A\u00a0je l\u00e1tka, kter\u00e1 pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny tzv.\u00a0chlorovan\u00fdch fenol\u016f a\u00a0je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na jako zm\u011bk\u010dovac\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsada do plast\u016f, termopap\u00edr\u016f a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdrobk\u016f. Jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost v\u00a0lidsk\u00e9m t\u011ble pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje \u017el\u00e1zy s\u00a0vnit\u0159n\u00ed sekrec\u00ed, plodnost a\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed funkce lidsk\u00e9ho organismu. Na profilu \u017delivka\u00ad\u2011Po\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed byla opakovan\u011b, ne v\u0161ak pravideln\u011b, nal\u00e9z\u00e1na uveden\u00e1 l\u00e1tka ve vod\u011b v\u00a0koncentrac\u00edch 30\u2013150\u2008ng\/l. Laborato\u0159e st\u00e1tn\u00edho podniku Povod\u00ed Vltavy tak zah\u00e1jily monitoring za \u00fa\u010delem vyhled\u00e1n\u00ed zdroje. Za zdroj kontaminace byla ozna\u010dena pap\u00edrna CEREPA,\u00a0a.\u00a0s., kter\u00e1 vypou\u0161t\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody do vodn\u00edho toku Trnava nad n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed Trn\u00e1vka. V\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 vod\u011b v\u00a0profilu \u201eTrnava pod JIP\u201c, tj.\u00a0pod za\u00fast\u011bn\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0pap\u00edrny, byly b\u011bhem l\u00e9ta a\u00a0podzimu r.\u00a02015 nam\u011b\u0159eny vysok\u00e9 koncentrace t\u00e9to l\u00e1tky: 2 500\u2008ng\/l (15.\u00a07.), 4 600\u2008ng\/l (27.\u00a07.) a\u00a02 000\u2008ng\/l (19.\u00a010.). Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed bisfenolu\u00a0A\u00a0bylo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno o\u00a0profily Trnava\u00ad\u2011VN Trn\u00e1vka hr\u00e1z a\u00a0profil Trnava\u00ad\u2011Brtn\u00e1 (profil monitoruj\u00edc\u00ed jakost vody, odt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0VN Trn\u00e1vka do \u017delivky). Na t\u011bchto profilech se koncentrace bisfenolu\u00a0A\u00a0pohybovaly v\u00a0rozp\u011bt\u00ed hodnot 50\u2013300\u2008ng\/l. V\u00a0samotn\u00e9 VN \u0160vihov jsme po celou dobu sledov\u00e1n\u00ed bisfenolu\u00a0A\u00a0hodnotu nad mez\u00ed detekce (30\u2008ng\/l) nenam\u011b\u0159ili. Je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0rozpadu t\u00e9to l\u00e1tky a\u00a0jej\u00ed metabolizaci na jin\u00e9 produkty, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak laborato\u0159 st\u00e1tn\u00edho podniku Povod\u00ed Vltavy zat\u00edm nen\u00ed schopn\u00e1 stanovit. V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu sledovan\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed byly odebr\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 vzorky sedimentu v\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti nad pono\u0159en\u00fdm stupn\u011bm VN Trn\u00e1vka. M\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 hodnoty v\u0161ak ve vzorc\u00edch sedimentu nalezeny nebyly. O\u00a0n\u00e1lezu bisfenolu\u00a0A\u00a0byla informov\u00e1na \u010cesk\u00e1 inspekce \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (\u010cI\u017dP\u00a0\u2013 inspektor\u00e1t Havl\u00ed\u010dk\u016fv Brod), kter\u00e1 v\u011bc pro\u0161et\u0159ila a\u00a0d\u00e1le informovala v\u00a0t\u00e9to v\u011bci odbor \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed Krajsk\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu Vyso\u010dina. Zdrojem t\u00e9to l\u00e1tky je patrn\u011b zpracov\u00e1van\u00fd recyklovan\u00fd pap\u00edr, b\u011bhem jeho\u017e zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed se z\u0159ejm\u011b bisfenol A\u00a0v\u00a0n\u011bm obsa\u017een\u00fd uvol\u0148uje do odpadn\u00edch vod (tabulka 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Hodnoty bisfenolu\u00a0A\u00a0nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 v\u00a0\u0159ece Trnav\u011b pod za\u00fast\u011bn\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0\u010cOV CEREPA byly korelov\u00e1ny s\u00a0hodnotami pr\u016ftoku nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdmi na limnigrafu um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9m na stejn\u00e9m profilu. Nebyla v\u0161ak nalezena jednozna\u010dn\u00e1\u00a0z\u00e1vislost na pr\u016ftoku, co\u017e je z\u0159ejm\u011b d\u016fsledkem nerovnom\u011brn\u00e9 koncentrace bisfenolu\u00a0A\u00a0ve vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch z\u00a0\u010cOV\u00a0CEREPA. Z\u00a0pohledu hodnocen\u00ed such\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed v\u00a0roce 2015 a\u00a0zde popisovan\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edpadu je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee zejm\u00e9na u\u00a0bodov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nebude v\u017edy zcela jednoduch\u00e9 \u0159\u00edci, jak\u00fd pod\u00edl na zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 koncentraci dan\u00e9 l\u00e1tky v\u00a0toku m\u00e1 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00fd pr\u016ftok a\u00a0jak velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam m\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 \u201ed\u00e1vka\u201c z\u00a0bodov\u00e9ho zdroje. Abychom toto mohli \u0159\u00edci, bylo by v\u017edy nutn\u00e9 zn\u00e1t l\u00e1tkovou bilanci emis\u00ed dan\u00e9 l\u00e1tky od zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ovatele [8].<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. Nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 hodnoty koncentrace bisfenolu\u00a0A\u00a0a\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch denn\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f na profilu Trnava pod JIP
\nTable 1. Measured values of concentration of bisphenol A\u00a0and the average daily flow rates at Trnava profile under the paper mill factory<\/h5>\n\"Liska-tabulka-1\"<\/a>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edmi l\u00e1tkami, kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch VN \u0160vihov vyskytuj\u00ed, jsou nap\u0159.\u00a0tzv.\u00a0mo\u0161usov\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (tj.\u00a0syntetick\u00e9 vonn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky), kter\u00e9 se do na\u0161ich tok\u016f dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00a0kosmetiky, prac\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f\u00a0atd. (obr.\u00a06<\/em>). V\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed koncentrace nap\u0159.\u00a0galaxolidu se vyskytuj\u00ed pod \u010dist\u00edrnami odpadn\u00edch vod. Na hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edtoku do VN \u0160vihov jsou ji\u017e hodnoty t\u00e9to l\u00e1tky pouze ve v\u00fd\u0161i n\u011bkolika des\u00edtek nanogram\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pesticidn\u00ed l\u00e1tky poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0plo\u0161n\u00fdch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0povod\u00ed vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u0160vihov<\/h3>\n

Povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov je hust\u011b os\u00eddlen\u00e9 a\u00a0intenzivn\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9. V\u00edce ne\u017e 55\u00a0% plochy povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov tvo\u0159\u00ed orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e mezi nejv\u00edce zorn\u011bn\u00e9 oblasti pat\u0159\u00ed povod\u00ed \u010cechtick\u00e9ho potoka (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 75\u00a0%), situovan\u00e9 nejbl\u00ed\u017ee vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9mu odb\u011bru. Za\u00a0posledn\u00edch 10\u00a0let se zna\u010dn\u011b zm\u011bnil zp\u016fsob obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy.<\/p>\n\"Liska<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a02. V\u00fdvoj koncentrac\u00ed vybran\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010div ve vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch z\u00a0\u010cOV Pelh\u0159imov (technologick\u00e1 linka)
\nFig. 2. Long\u00ad\u2011term trend of concentration of selected drugs in the Pelh\u0159imov WWTP wastewater<\/h6>\n\"Liska<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a03. V\u00fdvoj koncentrac\u00ed vybran\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010div ve vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch z\u00a0II. biologick\u00e9ho rybn\u00edka \u010cOV Pelh\u0159imov
\nFig. 3. Long\u00ad\u2011term trend of concentration of selected drugs in the second biological pond below the Pelh\u0159imov WWTP<\/h6>\n

Na rozd\u00edl od d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edho modelu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed, kdy p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017enou v\u011bt\u0161inu plodin tvo\u0159ily obiloviny a\u00a0brambory p\u011bstovan\u00e9 v\u00a0n\u011bkolikalet\u00e9m osevn\u00edm postupu, se nyn\u00ed p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed na velkoplo\u0161n\u00e9 p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed technick\u00fdch plodin, zejm\u00e9na \u0159epky a\u00a0kuku\u0159ice. Tyto plodiny v\u0161ak sou\u010dasn\u00e1 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 praxe \u201eneum\u00ed\u201c p\u011bstovat bez pou\u017eit\u00ed pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek (prost\u0159edk\u016f na ochranu rostlin) [1].<\/p>\n

Podle \u00fadaj\u016f z\u00a0webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nek \u00daKZUZ byla v\u00a0okrese Pelh\u0159imov v\u00a0r.\u00a02014 evidov\u00e1na spot\u0159eba v\u00edce ne\u017e 78\u2008t prost\u0159edk\u016f na ochranu rostlin, v\u00a0okrese Bene\u0161ov bylo spot\u0159ebov\u00e1no v\u00edce ne\u017e 91\u2008t. Celorepublikov\u00e1 spot\u0159eba pak \u010dinila 5\u2008tis. t v\u00a0roce 2014 (obr.\u00a07<\/em>). Z\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o\u00a0spot\u0159eb\u011b pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek (www.ukzuz.cz)\u00a0je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee za posledn\u00edch 15\u00a0let celkov\u00e1 spot\u0159eba prost\u0159edk\u016f na ochranu rostlin v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice m\u00edrn\u011b klesla. M\u011bn\u00ed se v\u0161ak spektrum pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a\u00a0pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i\u00a0jejich \u00fa\u010dinnost a\u00a0mechanismus \u00fa\u010dinku. Spot\u0159eba l\u00e1tek na ochranu kuku\u0159ice a\u00a0\u0159epky v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu let kol\u00eds\u00e1 a\u00a0pohybuje se za \u010ceskou republiku p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v\u00a0okol\u00ed hodnot 500\u2013700 tun pro kuku\u0159ici a\u00a01 200\u20131 900 tun pro \u0159epku.<\/p>\n\"Liska<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a04. V\u00fdvoj koncentrac\u00ed vybran\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010div v\u00a0toku B\u011bl\u00e1 (pod vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm OV z\u00a0II. biologick\u00e9ho rybn\u00edka\u00a0\u010cOV Pelh\u0159imov)
\nFig. 4. Long\u00ad\u2011term trend of concentration of selected drugs in the B\u011bl\u00e1 River (outlet of second biological pond of Pelh\u0159imov WWTP)<\/h6>\n\"Liska<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a05. V\u00fdvoj koncentrac\u00ed vybran\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010div na hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edtoku n\u00e1dr\u017ee VN \u0160vihov
\nFig. 5. Long\u00ad\u2011term trend of concentration of selected drugs in the main tributary of \u0160vihov water reservoir<\/h6>\n\"Liska<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a06. V\u00fdvoj koncentrac\u00ed mo\u0161usov\u00fdch l\u00e1tek na hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edtoku n\u00e1dr\u017ee VN \u0160vihov
\nFig. 6. Long\u00ad\u2011term trend of concentration of musk compounds in the main tributary of \u0160vihov water reservoir<\/h6>\n\"Liska<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a07. Ilustrace spot\u0159eby pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0roce 2014 v\u00a0okrese Bene\u0161ov a\u00a0Pelh\u0159imov (zdroj: \u00daKZUZ)
\nFig. 7. Overview of the pesticides comsumption in Bene\u0161ov and Pelh\u0159imov districts in 2014 (source: \u00daKZUZ)<\/h6>\n

Plo\u0161n\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod je zp\u016fsobeno vyplavov\u00e1n\u00edm l\u00e1tek z\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edho profilu nebo odtokem povrchov\u00e9 vody po povrchu ter\u00e9nu. D\u016fsledkem toku povrchov\u00e9 vody po povrchu p\u016fdy za extr\u00e9mn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eko\u00ad\u2011odtokov\u00fdch situac\u00ed \u010di ur\u010dit\u00fdch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch podm\u00ednek (dlouh\u00e9 svahy, management p\u016fdy) je eroze p\u016fdy, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e spolu s\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi odch\u00e1z\u00ed do vodn\u00edch tok\u016f i\u00a0l\u00e1tky na tyto \u010d\u00e1stice nav\u00e1zan\u00e9 (nap\u0159.\u00a0fosfor) nebo ve vod\u011b rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9, tj.\u00a0pesticidn\u00ed l\u00e1tky a\u00a0jejich metabolity. Odtok vody po povrchu je v\u00a0\u0159ad\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f nahodil\u00fd v\u00a0\u010dase i\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b povod\u00ed, rovn\u011b\u017e pr\u016fnik l\u00e1tek p\u016fdn\u00edm profilem je velmi specifick\u00fd. P\u016fdy jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou plo\u0161n\u011b, ale i\u00a0vertik\u00e1ln\u011b heterogenn\u00ed (\u010dasto zna\u010dn\u011b propustn\u00e9), a\u00a0to jak z\u00a0hlediska infiltrace vody do p\u016fdy, tak i\u00a0z\u00a0hlediska pr\u016ftoku vody p\u016fdn\u00edm profilem. Management vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fd se v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch povod\u00edch IV. \u0159\u00e1du li\u0161\u00ed. Spolu s\u00a0rozd\u00edln\u00fdmi meteorologick\u00fdmi a\u00a0variabiln\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch letech je identifikace a\u00a0predikce plo\u0161n\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1 [1, 9].<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0monitoringu v\u00fdskytu pesticid\u016f v\u00a0povod\u00ed vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u0160vihov bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee za nejv\u00edce kontaminovan\u00e9 toky lze ozna\u010dit \u0159eku Trnavu, Martinick\u00fd potok a\u00a0Sedlick\u00fd potok, kter\u00fd \u00fast\u00ed nedaleko hr\u00e1ze n\u00e1dr\u017ee [1]. Obr\u00e1zek 8 zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje v\u00fdvoj koncentrace terbutylazinu, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k\u00a0likvidaci\u00a0plevel\u016f v\u00a0kuku\u0159ici, v\u00a0toku, kter\u00fd odvod\u0148uje zem\u011bd\u011blsky intenzivn\u011b obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00e9 povod\u00ed Sedlick\u00e9ho potoka v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u011b vodn\u00fdch letech. Je zde patrn\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 spojitost s\u00a0hydrologickou situac\u00ed v\u00a0dan\u00e9m roce. Z\u00a0poklesu koncentrace v\u00a0roce 2012 a\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho pak v\u00a0roce 2013, 2014 a\u00a02015 lze usuzovat bu\u010f na zm\u011bnu osevn\u00edch postup\u016f (n\u00e1hrada kuku\u0159ice za jinou plodinu), co\u017e s\u00a0sebou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed nap\u0159.\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed aplika\u010dn\u00ed d\u00e1vky terbutylazinu, nebo byl tento pesticid z\u010d\u00e1sti nahrazen jinou l\u00e1tkou (\u00fastn\u011b potvrzen\u00e1 informace od m\u00edstn\u011b hospoda\u0159\u00edc\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch subjekt\u016f). Skute\u010dnost\u00ed je, \u017ee v\u00a0roce 2012 bylo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed terbutylazinu v\u00a0ochrann\u00fdch p\u00e1smech vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f legislativn\u011b omezeno.<\/p>\n\"Liska<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a08. Dlouhodob\u00fd v\u00fdvoj koncentrace terbutylazinu a\u00a0jeho metabolit\u016f v\u00a0Sedlick\u00e9m potoce
\nFig. 8. Long\u00ad\u2011term trend of concentration of terbutylazin and its metabolites in Sedlick\u00fd brook<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdslednou koncentraci pesticid\u016f a\u00a0jejich metabolizovan\u00fdch forem ve vod\u00e1ch ovliv\u0148uje mno\u017estv\u00ed faktor\u016f, mezi kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm velikost aplikovan\u00e9 d\u00e1vky, obdob\u00ed a\u00a0zp\u016fsob aplikace. V\u00fdznamnou roli hraje i\u00a0charakter povod\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na sva\u017eitost ter\u00e9nu, p\u016fdn\u00ed a\u00a0(hydro)geologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky \u010di p\u0159\u00edtomnost a\u00a0funk\u010dnost zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho odvodn\u011bn\u00ed), d\u00e1le tak\u00e9 hydrologick\u00e1 situace v\u00a0dan\u00e9m roce. V\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 praxi se pesticidy aplikuj\u00ed obvykle v\u00a0jarn\u00edm a\u00a0podzimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed. N\u00e1sledn\u00fd v\u00fdskyt t\u011bchto l\u00e1tek v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch pak z\u00e1vis\u00ed na sr\u00e1\u017eko\u00ad\u2011odtokov\u00e9 situaci. Pokud jsou pesticidy aplikov\u00e1ny v\u00a0obdob\u00ed \u010dast\u00fdch nebo intenzivn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017eek, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0jejich smyvu povrchov\u00fdm odtokem, rychl\u00e9mu vym\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edho profilu \u010di transportu preferen\u010dn\u00edm proud\u011bn\u00edm. Povrchov\u00fdm nebo podpovrchov\u00fdm odtokem pronikaj\u00ed pesticidy do vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, kde se vyskytuj\u00ed ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch koncentrac\u00edch, ale po krat\u0161\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed. V\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed koncentrace pesticid\u016f b\u00fdvaj\u00ed naopak zaznamen\u00e1ny v\u00a0such\u00fdch letech, dokladem toho byl i\u00a0such\u00fd rok 2015. Z\u00a0pohledu transportu pesticid\u016f z\u00a0pol\u00ed jsou meliora\u010dn\u00ed odvod\u0148ovac\u00ed \u0159ady bodov\u00fdm zdrojem pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek pro povrchov\u00e9 vody.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i studiu kinetiky pesticid\u016f byl v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch\u00a0povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov pozorov\u00e1n i\u00a0vliv obdob\u00ed aplikace l\u00e1tek, kdy se nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek vyskytuj\u00ed ve sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u011b pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch letech, v\u00a0obdob\u00ed jejich aplikace, tj.\u00a0pozdn\u00ed jaro a\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tek l\u00e9ta, u\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch l\u00e1tek tak\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0podzimn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch. Na ja\u0159e jsou zpravidla zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1ny vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch l\u00e1tek terbutylazinu, acetochloru, metazachloru, metolachloru a\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch uronov\u00fdch pesticid\u016f, nap\u0159.\u00a0linuronu. Na obr.\u00a09<\/em> jsou zobrazeny nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 koncentrace terbutylazinu v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2009\u20132015. N\u00e1lezy rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek ve vod\u00e1ch jsou z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na \u010dasov\u00e9 \u201esouh\u0159e\u201c data odb\u011bru vzork\u016f, aplikace l\u00e1tek na pole a\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9ho re\u017eimu. V\u00a0such\u00fdch letech (nap\u0159.\u00a02015) byly koncentrace rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9, proto\u017ee z\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edho profilu byly vyplavov\u00e1ny minim\u00e1ln\u011b nebo v\u016fbec. Na obr.\u00a010<\/em> jsou zobrazeny nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 koncentrace metabolitu chloracetanilidov\u00fdch pesticid\u016f\u00a0\u2013 metazachloru ESA, v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2009\u20132015.<\/p>\n\"Liska\n

Obr.\u00a09. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace terbutylazinu (ng\/l) nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch v\u00a0povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2009\u20132015
\nFig. 9. Maximum concentration of terbutylazin measured in surface water across the river basin of the \u0160vihov water reservoir<\/h6>\n\"Liska<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a010. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace metazachloru ESA (ng\/l) nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch v\u00a0povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2009\u20132015
\nFig. 10. Maximum concentration of metazachlor ESA measured in surface water across the river basin of the \u0160vihov water reservoir<\/h6>\n

U\u00a0forem kysel\u00fdch deriv\u00e1t\u016f pesticid\u016f (formy ESA a\u00a0OA u\u00a0chloracetanilid\u016f) je ro\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj jejich koncentrac\u00ed v\u00a0toc\u00edch v\u00edce vyrovnan\u00fd a\u00a0nez\u00e1vis\u00ed v\u00a0takov\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e na velikosti aplikovan\u00e9 d\u00e1vky v\u00a0sezon\u011b jako u\u00a0rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Ur\u010dit\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti na sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9m re\u017eimu a\u00a0obdob\u00ed aplikace jsou z\u0159ejm\u00e9, av\u0161ak podstatn\u00e9 je, zda jsou odvod\u0148ovan\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 plochy zorn\u011bn\u00e9 nebo zatravn\u011bn\u00e9 a\u00a0zda jsou aktu\u00e1ln\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9, \u010di nikoli [9].<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0pohledu ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed kvality vody v\u00a0samotn\u00e9 VN \u0160vihov m\u00e1 vzhledem k\u00a0celkov\u00e9mu objemu vody velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtok vody do n\u00e1dr\u017ee\u00a0(profil \u017delivka\u00ad\u2011Po\u0159\u00ed\u010d\u00ed). V\u00a0obdob\u00ed vegeta\u010dn\u00ed sezony p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed do n\u00e1dr\u017ee velk\u00fd objem vody s\u00a0obsahem pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek, v\u00a0zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed se pesticidy obohacen\u00e1 voda v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei sp\u00ed\u0161e \u0159ed\u00ed (obr.\u00a011<\/em>), t\u00fdk\u00e1 se zejm\u00e9na rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Z\u00a0obr.\u00a012<\/em> je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee koncentrace n\u011bkter\u00fdch metabolit\u016f pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na vegeta\u010dn\u00ed sezon\u011b, ro\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bh je vyrovnan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Oproti tomu na obr.\u00a013<\/em> jsou pro metazachlor ESA patrn\u00e9 maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty pr\u00e1v\u011b ve vegeta\u010dn\u00ed sezon\u011b [1].<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0hlediska v\u00fdvoje koncentrac\u00ed pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm profilu m\u00e1 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e \u0160vihov v\u00a0syst\u00e9mu \u201en\u00e1dr\u017e\u00a0\u2013 povod\u00ed\u201c tlumic\u00ed a\u00a0vyrovn\u00e1vac\u00ed funkci. V\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei (v\u00a0prostoru p\u0159ed hr\u00e1z\u00ed) jsou nal\u00e9z\u00e1ny koncentrace pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek, (nap\u0159.\u00a0terbutylazinu, v\u00a0rozp\u011bt\u00ed cca\u00a030\u2013150\u2008ng\/l) o\u00a0n\u011bkolik \u0159\u00e1d\u016f ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed oproti maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm hodnot\u00e1m dosahovan\u00fdm na p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch, a\u00a0neosciluj\u00ed tak v\u00fdrazn\u011b jako na po\u010d\u00e1tku vzdut\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoc\u00edch (obr.\u00a014<\/em>). Tato skute\u010dnost je \u201ev\u00fdhodou\u201c zejm\u00e9na z\u00a0hlediska technologie \u00fapravy vody, jeliko\u017e je odeb\u00edr\u00e1na surov\u00e1 voda s\u00a0relativn\u011b vyrovnanou kvalitou a\u00a0\u00fapravna vody tak nemus\u00ed neust\u00e1le reagovat na zm\u011bny v\u00a0kvalit\u011b vstupn\u00ed vody. Obr\u00e1zek 15 ilustruje v\u00fdvoj koncentrace vybran\u00fdch metabolit\u016f chloracetanilidov\u00fdch pesticid\u016f u\u00a0hr\u00e1ze n\u00e1dr\u017ee, sezonn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj nevykazuje z\u00e1sadn\u00ed fluktuace.<\/p>\n\"Liska<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a011. V\u00fdvoj koncentrace pesticid\u016f v\u00a0hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edtoku do VN \u0160vihov (rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9 l\u00e1tky)
\nFig. 11. Long\u00ad\u2011term trend of concentration of pesticides in the main tributary of \u0160vihov water reservoir (prime compounds)<\/h6>\n\"Liska<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a012. V\u00fdvoj koncentrace metolachloru a\u00a0jeho metabolit\u016f v\u00a0hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edtoku do VN \u0160vihov
\nFig. 12. Long\u00ad\u2011term trend of concentration of metolachlor and its metabolites in the main tributary of \u0160vihov water reservoir<\/h6>\n\"Liska<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a013. V\u00fdvoj koncentrace metazachloru a\u00a0jeho metabolit\u016f v\u00a0hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edtoku do VN \u0160vihov
\nFig. 13. Long\u00ad\u2011term trend of concentration of metazachlor and its metabolites in the main tributary of \u0160vihov water reservoir<\/h6>\n\"Liska<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a014. V\u00fdvoj koncentrace terbuthylazinu v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei VN \u0160vihov
\nFig. 14. Long\u00ad\u2011term trend of concentration of terbutylazin in the \u0160vihov water reservoir<\/h6>\n\"Liska<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a015. V\u00fdvoj koncentrace vybran\u00fdch metabolit\u016f chloracetanilidov\u00fdch pesticid\u016f u\u00a0hr\u00e1ze n\u00e1dr\u017ee
\nFig. 15. Long\u00ad\u2011term trend of concentration of selected chlorine\u00ad\u2011acetanilide metabolites in the \u0160vihov water reservoir dam<\/h6>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov je pom\u011brn\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b antropogenn\u011b ovlivn\u011bno, a\u00a0to zejm\u00e9na p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed a\u00a0aktivitou zde \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch obyvatel a\u00a0intenzivn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blskou \u010dinnost\u00ed, co\u017e m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u00fd vliv na jakost vody v\u00a0povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov a\u00a0v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei samotn\u00e9. Jakost vody je ovlivn\u011bna vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi koncentracemi \u017eivin, zejm\u00e9na fosforu [2], kter\u00fd je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou vysok\u00e9 eutrofizace tok\u016f, d\u00e1le pesticidn\u00edmi l\u00e1tkami, kter\u00e9 jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 produkci technick\u00fdch (kuku\u0159ice, \u0159epka) a\u00a0potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch (obilniny, brambory\u00a0atd.) plodin [1]. Zp\u016fsob zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 eroze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy a\u00a0jej\u00ed sedimentace v\u00a0toc\u00edch a\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch. Pom\u011brn\u011b hust\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 os\u00eddlen\u00ed povod\u00ed VN \u0160vihov m\u00e1 i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fsledky, nebo\u0165 s\u00a0\u017eivinami v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch se do tok\u016f dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed cizorod\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, jako nap\u0159.\u00a0l\u00e9\u010diva, hormon\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravky, kosmetick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravky, antikoroziva, zm\u011bk\u010dova\u010de plast\u016f\u00a0\u2013 bisfenol A\u00a0a\u00a0\u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tek lidsk\u00e9 denn\u00ed pot\u0159eby [8]. V\u0161echny tyto specifick\u00e9 a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u011b nep\u016fvodn\u00ed l\u00e1tky vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed sm\u011bs (tzv.\u00a0koktejl), jej\u00ed\u017e vliv na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed nelze odhadnout, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed l\u00e1tek m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt v\u00fdrazn\u00fd zat\u00edm bl\u00ed\u017ee nedefinovan\u00fd synergick\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek [7]. Stejn\u011b jako pesticidn\u00ed l\u00e1tky, tak i\u00a0nap\u0159.\u00a0l\u00e9\u010diva se m\u011bn\u00ed na jednotliv\u00e9 metabolick\u00e9 produkty, kter\u00e9 zat\u00edm nejsou pomoc\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 laboratorn\u00ed techniky identifikov\u00e1ny, av\u0161ak lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee ve vod\u011b v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch form\u00e1ch p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Z\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed aplikovan\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00ed pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch lze usuzovat, \u017ee pomoc\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 analytick\u00e9 instrumentace je stanoven pouze zlomek skute\u010dn\u011b p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed t\u011bchto l\u00e1tek ve vod\u011b [7].<\/p>\n

Pesticidn\u00ed a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed l\u00e1tky se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ve vod\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch form\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 sou\u010dasn\u00e1 analytick\u00e1 technika zat\u00edm nerozpozn\u00e1. Proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 se t\u00e9to problematice v\u011bnovat a\u00a0pracovat na dal\u0161\u00edm rozvoji analytick\u00fdch metod ve smyslu identifikace nov\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, co\u017e v\u0161ak pro analytick\u00e9 laborato\u0159e p\u0159edstavuje zna\u010dn\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1klady.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0d\u016fsledku intenzivn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, kter\u00e1 je v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1na dota\u010dn\u00ed politikou \u010cR i\u00a0EU, nelze jednozna\u010dn\u011b predikovat v\u00fdvoj plo\u0161n\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch i\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00edch do n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Nen\u00ed v\u0161ak p\u0159edpoklad v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 zm\u011bny sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho stavu a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u011b nelze dlouhodob\u011b predikovat ani v\u00fdvoj dota\u010dn\u00ed politiky EU. Rizikem je a\u00a0v\u017edy bude ji\u017e zapo\u010dat\u00e1 zm\u011bna tradi\u010dn\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch osevn\u00edch postup\u016f a\u00a0technologi\u00ed a\u00a0podpora plo\u0161n\u00e9ho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed technologicky vyu\u017eiteln\u00fdch plodin, nap\u0159.\u00a0pro v\u00fdrobu biopaliv nebo jako energetick\u00fd substr\u00e1t pro bioplynov\u00e9 stanice, pop\u0159.\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch technologi\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch k\u00a0ochran\u011b vody.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci stanoven\u00ed ochrann\u00fdch p\u00e1sem VN \u0160vihov na \u017delivce jsou pro hospoda\u0159\u00edc\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 organizace ur\u010dena opat\u0159en\u00ed k\u00a0minimalizaci negativn\u00edch vliv\u016f na jakost vody v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei. Jedn\u00e1 se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vnosu rezidu\u00ed pesticidn\u00edch l\u00e1tek do povrchov\u00fdch vod ve vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9m povod\u00ed a\u00a0souvisej\u00edc\u00ed protierozn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed. Navr\u017een\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00a0aplikaci pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav, ve zm\u011bn\u011b zp\u016fsobu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0d\u00e1le v\u00a0budouc\u00ed p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b vybran\u00fdch pozemk\u016f z\u00a0orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy na trval\u00fd travn\u00ed porost. \u010casov\u00fd horizont zatravn\u011bn\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblast\u00ed je v\u0161ak v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu 5 a\u017e 10\u00a0let, co\u017e d\u00e1le predikuje p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed riziko zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch vod pesticidn\u00edmi l\u00e1tkami.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

River basin of the largest drinking water reservoir \u0160vihov on the \u017delivka River is distinctly anthropogenically affected both by direct human activities and also by the agriculture. The quality of the surface water is endangered in long-term period mainly by the eutrophication, pesticides pollution and erosion. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":1977,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[91,87,89],"tags":[455,457,454,453,456,452],"coauthors":[393,394,395,396,397,398],"class_list":["post-2099","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-applied-ecology","category-hydrochemistry-radioecology-microbiology","category-water-technology-water-supply-waste-water-treatment","tag-drugs","tag-nonpoint-source-of-pollution","tag-pesticides","tag-phosphorus","tag-point","tag-svihov-water-reservoir"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2099","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2099"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2099\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30333,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2099\/revisions\/30333"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1977"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2099"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2099"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2099"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=2099"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}