{"id":1836,"date":"2016-04-06T12:19:30","date_gmt":"2016-04-06T12:19:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=1836"},"modified":"2024-07-16T10:56:21","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T09:56:21","slug":"waste-water-waste-or-treasure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2016\/04\/waste-water-waste-or-treasure\/","title":{"rendered":"Waste Water \u2013 Waste or Treasure?"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn a\u00a0uv\u011bdom\u011blej\u0161\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b se m\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup i\u00a0k\u00a0odpadn\u00edm vod\u00e1m. D\u0159\u00edve byly vn\u00edm\u00e1ny jen jako odpad, dnes se na n\u011b d\u00edv\u00e1me i\u00a0jako na surovinu. A\u00a0jin\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem k\u00a0hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0vodou m\u016f\u017eeme i\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit spot\u0159ebu kvalitn\u00ed vody, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed v\u0161ude dostatek.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Na ot\u00e1zku v\u00a0n\u00e1zvu by odpov\u011b\u010f mohla zn\u00edt: Jak pro koho, jak kdy. D\u0159\u00edve jsme se ot\u00e1zkou zne\u0161kod\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod moc nezab\u00fdvali. Byla nastavena n\u011bjak\u00e1 pravidla, voda byla lacin\u00e1, technologie \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod se rozv\u00edjely, a\u00a0tak se jen zdokonaloval nastaven\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Dnes, kdy je voda dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed, celosv\u011btov\u011b pitn\u00e9 vody pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ub\u00fdv\u00e1, zdroje miner\u00e1ln\u00edch hnojiv se zmen\u0161uj\u00ed a\u00a0je strach z\u00a0nedostatku ropy, se st\u00e1le v\u00edce lid\u00ed zam\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed nad udr\u017eiteln\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem \u017eit\u00ed, tedy i\u00a0nad t\u00edm, jak se postavit jinak k\u00a0odpadn\u00edm vod\u00e1m.\u00a0Po leto\u0161n\u00edm such\u00e9m l\u00e9t\u011b je i\u00a0v\u00a0na\u0161ich podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch na m\u00edst\u011b p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let o\u00a0\u00faspor\u00e1ch vody a\u00a0o\u00a0jej\u00edm mo\u017en\u00e9m znovuvyu\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"Berankova\"<\/a>\n

V\u00fdzvy Evropsk\u00e9 unie<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0roce 2008 p\u0159ijal Evropsk\u00fd parlament usnesen\u00ed o\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu nedostatku vody a\u00a0sucha v\u00a0Evropsk\u00e9 unii (2008\/2074 (INI)), ve kter\u00e9m doporu\u010duje, aby EU zaujala p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nedostatku vody ucelen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, kter\u00fd bude kombinovat opat\u0159en\u00ed k\u00a0\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed popt\u00e1vky po vod\u011b, opat\u0159en\u00ed k\u00a0optimalizaci existuj\u00edc\u00edch zdroj\u016f v\u00a0r\u00e1mci kolob\u011bhu vody a\u00a0opat\u0159en\u00ed k\u00a0vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. Evropsk\u00fd parlament vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 k\u00a0\u00faspor\u00e1m a\u00a0hospod\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vody.\u00a0B\u011bhem n\u011bkolika posledn\u00edch des\u00edtek let byl p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0\u201eb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 sanitaci\u201c n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t kritizov\u00e1n, co\u017e m\u011blo za n\u00e1sledek navr\u017een\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch definic\u00ed pro alternativn\u00ed \u201eudr\u017eitelnou sanitaci\u201c [1, 2].\u00a0Tak\u00e9 ob\u011bhov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed se st\u00e1v\u00e1 jednou z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch priorit Evropsk\u00e9 komise.<\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00e1 republika podporuje posilov\u00e1n\u00ed princip\u016f ob\u011bhov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Krom\u011b dal\u0161\u00edho pova\u017euje za d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby n\u00e1vrh legislativy t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se ob\u011bhov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed podpo\u0159il bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 a\u00a0n\u00e1kladov\u011b efektivn\u00ed op\u011btovn\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vody a\u00a0p\u0159isp\u011bl ke stanoven\u00ed pravidel pro vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod jako druhotn\u00e9 suroviny [3].<\/p>\n

Zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s\u00a0odpadn\u00edmi vodami<\/h2>\n

Obecn\u011b lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed zne\u0161kod\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod m\u00e1 dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed varianty. Centralizovan\u00e9 a\u00a0decentralizovan\u00e9. To, \u017ee ani jeden syst\u00e9m nep\u0159ev\u00e1lcuje ten druh\u00fd, je ji\u017e jasn\u00e9. Za p\u0159\u00edklad m\u016f\u017ee poslou\u017eit N\u011bmecko, kde velkolep\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny o\u00a0tom, \u017ee v\u0161echny komun\u00e1ln\u00ed vody budou \u010di\u0161t\u011bny centr\u00e1ln\u011b, byly nahrazeny st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00fdmi pragmatick\u00fdmi \u0159e\u0161en\u00edmi, kter\u00e9 vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0ekonomick\u00fdch kalkulac\u00ed pro jednotliv\u00e9 varianty. Decentralizovan\u00e9 zne\u0161kod\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod se st\u00e1v\u00e1 alternativou centralizovan\u00e9ho \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech nen\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00ed variantou nejen z\u00a0ekologick\u00e9ho, ale ani ekonomick\u00e9ho pohledu [4].<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. Zastoupen\u00ed hlavn\u00edch \u017eivin v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch druz\u00edch vod
\nTable 1. Representation of the nutrients in various kinds of waters<\/h5>\n\"Berankova-tabulka-1\"<\/a>\n

Pro vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed pojmu decentralizovan\u00e9 odv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0op\u011btovn\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod se v\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 akronym DESAR (decentralised sanitation and reuse). Jde o\u00a0decentralizovan\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0odpadn\u00edmi vodami v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch domech. Princip je zalo\u017een\u00fd na separaci zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed u\u00a0zdroje, na odd\u011blen\u00e9m \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod, jejich op\u011btovn\u00e9m pou\u017eit\u00ed a\u00a0na efektivn\u00edm hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0de\u0161\u0165ovou vodou. Jednotliv\u00e9 DESAR koncepty nab\u00edzej\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 varianty d\u011blen\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed a\u00a0jejich znovupou\u017eit\u00ed. Tyto syst\u00e9my udr\u017euj\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 druhy odpadn\u00edch vod bl\u00edzko m\u00edsta vzniku, a\u00a0tak umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed a\u00a0uzav\u0159en\u00ed vodn\u00edho cyklu v\u00a0dom\u00e1cnostech, a\u00a0t\u00edm \u00faspory pitn\u00e9 vody i\u00a0financ\u00ed. Existuj\u00ed i\u00a0projekty na vyu\u017eit\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 energie z\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod.\u00a0Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed my\u0161lenkou je netradi\u010dn\u00ed zach\u00e1zen\u00ed a\u00a0nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0odpadn\u00ed vodou jako s\u00a0cennou surovinou, kterou lze vyu\u017e\u00edt a\u00a0zpracovat v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b jej\u00edho vzniku [4\u20136].<\/p>\n

Nov\u011b se za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvat tak\u00e9 zkratka NASS pro nov\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby sanitace. Firma ASIO tuto zkratku vysv\u011btluje jako nekonven\u010dn\u011b aran\u017eovan\u00e9 sanit\u00e1rn\u00ed syst\u00e9my. Pou\u017eit\u00edm NASS mohou b\u00fdt sledov\u00e1ny r\u016fzn\u00e9 c\u00edle, k\u00a0nim\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed redukce spot\u0159eby vody, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f, d\u011blen\u00ed vod a\u00a0tak\u00e9 mo\u017enost p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod m\u00edstn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m. Koncepce umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad vyu\u017eit\u00ed zdroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch vyskytuj\u00ed. Na m\u00edst\u011b se d\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad kal vyu\u017e\u00edt jako hnojivo v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, \u0161ed\u00e9 vody na z\u00e1livku nebo jako u\u017eitkov\u00e1 voda v\u00a0dom\u00e1cnosti. Pou\u017eit\u00ed NASS ji\u017e bylo odzkou\u0161eno na\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch s\u00eddli\u0161t\u00edch v\u00a0r\u00e1mci pilotn\u00edch projekt\u016f a\u00a0uk\u00e1zalo se jako smyslupln\u00e9 (nap\u0159. ekologick\u00e9 s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b Bielefeld-Waldquelle, ekologick\u00e9 s\u00edldi\u0161t\u011b s\u00a0kompostovac\u00edmi toaletami Allerm\u00f6he, Hamburk). Charakteristick\u00fdm rysem pro pou\u017eit\u00ed NASS je individu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pro ka\u017edou lokalitu [4].<\/p>\n

My\u0161lenky d\u011blen\u00ed a\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f odpadn\u00edch vod se objevily ji\u017e v\u00a0minulosti. Separace mo\u010di (\u017elut\u00fdch vod) byla v\u00a0Evrop\u011b zavedena v\u00a070. a\u00a080. letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku, kde byly v\u00a0pr\u00e1zdninov\u00fdch domech se such\u00fdmi toaletami osazov\u00e1ny kompostovac\u00ed komponenty s\u00a0odd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00edm mo\u010di. V\u00a0letech 1996 a\u017e 1999 byl n\u00e1sledn\u011b vyv\u00edjen a\u00a0ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch instalov\u00e1n separa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m na principu d\u011blic\u00edch (no-mix) toalet a\u00a0such\u00fdch piso\u00e1r\u016f \u2013 tedy piso\u00e1r\u016f bez pou\u017eit\u00ed vody (waterless). Od roku 2000 se tato zem\u011b d\u00edky p\u0159edchoz\u00edm studi\u00edm a\u00a0v\u00fdzkum\u016fm stala mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b uzn\u00e1vanou v\u00a0oblasti v\u00fdzkumu, n\u00e1vrhu a\u00a0v\u00fdroby separa\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed [7].<\/p>\n

Odpadn\u00ed vody jsou d\u011bleny na vody \u010dern\u00e9 (voda z\u00a0toalet, tedy mo\u010d, fek\u00e1lie, toaletn\u00ed pap\u00edr a\u00a0splachovac\u00ed voda) a\u00a0\u0161ed\u00e9 (ostatn\u00ed voda z\u00a0dom\u00e1cnosti, tedy voda z\u00a0kuchyn\u011b \u2013 d\u0159ez, my\u010dka, voda ze sprch, umyvadel a\u00a0pra\u010dek). \u010cern\u00e9 vody se d\u00e1le d\u011bl\u00ed na vody \u017elut\u00e9 (mo\u010d) a\u00a0hn\u011bd\u00e9 (fek\u00e1lie) [4, 5].<\/p>\n

\u017dlut\u00e9 vody<\/h3>\n

\u017dlut\u00e1 voda, tedy mo\u010d, se\u00a0skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00a0vodn\u00e9ho roztoku metabolick\u00fdch odpad\u016f, hlavn\u011b mo\u010doviny, rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch sol\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na chloridu sodn\u00e9ho, a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Obsahuje nutrienty, jedn\u00e1 se zejm\u00e9na o\u00a0dus\u00edk (N), fosfor (P) a\u00a0drasl\u00edk (K), d\u00e1le s\u00edru, b\u00f3r a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed prvky. Jejich skute\u010dn\u00fd obsah se li\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na strav\u011b. Mo\u010d je obvykle dob\u0159e vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 hnojivo s\u00a0podobn\u00fdm pom\u011brem hlavn\u00edch \u017eivin jako pr\u016fmyslov\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 hnojivo NPK. Pro hnojen\u00ed se ji doporu\u010duje \u0159edit v\u00a0pom\u011bru 1 : 8 s\u00a0vodou. Jeden \u010dlov\u011bk vyprodukuje ro\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 500\u2008l mo\u010di.<\/p>\n

Hn\u011bd\u00e9 vody<\/h3>\n

Hn\u011bd\u00fdmi vodami se rozum\u011bj\u00ed fek\u00e1lie, kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm uhl\u00edk, m\u00e9n\u011b dus\u00edk, fosfor a\u00a0drasl\u00edk, ale tak\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u00e1pn\u00edku, ho\u0159\u010d\u00edku a\u00a0\u017eeleza. Jeden \u010dlov\u011bk vyprodukuje ro\u010dn\u011b kolem 50\u2008l fek\u00e1li\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u010cern\u00e9 vody<\/h3>\n

Klasick\u00fdm odv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0toalet \u2013 tzn.\u00a0hn\u011bd\u00fdch a\u00a0\u017elut\u00fdch vod sou\u010dasn\u011b \u2013 z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1me vody \u010dern\u00e9. Pokud dok\u00e1\u017eeme \u010dern\u00e9 vody zadr\u017eovat odd\u011blen\u00e9 od ostatn\u00edch (budou tedy velice m\u00e1lo z\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9), m\u016f\u017eeme je p\u0159em\u011bnit na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed hnojivo, kter\u00fdm budeme um\u011bt nahradit syntetick\u00e9 produkty. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch pilotn\u00edch projektech bylo pou\u017eito separov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdhradn\u011b \u010dern\u00fdch vod (vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed ke hnojen\u00ed).<\/p>\n

\u0160ed\u00e9 vody<\/h3>\n

\u0160edou vodou naz\u00fdv\u00e1me podle normy EN 12056 (Vnit\u0159n\u00ed kanalizace) spla\u0161kov\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody neobsahuj\u00edc\u00ed fek\u00e1lie a\u00a0mo\u010d, kter\u00e9 odt\u00e9kaj\u00ed z\u00a0umyvadel, van, sprch, d\u0159ez\u016f\u00a0apod. \u0160edou vodu, zejm\u00e9na z\u00a0koupelen, je mo\u017en\u00e9 po \u00faprav\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvat jako vodu provozn\u00ed (tzv. b\u00edlou vodu) pro splachov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1chod\u016f, piso\u00e1r\u016f a\u00a0zal\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed zahrad. Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u0161ed\u00fdch vod zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed detergenty z\u00a0prac\u00edch pr\u00e1\u0161k\u016f, \u0161ampon\u016f, m\u00fddel, zubn\u00edch past a\u00a0podobn\u011b. Odpadn\u00ed vody z\u00a0kuchy\u0148sk\u00fdch umyvadel a\u00a0z\u00a0drti\u010d\u016f odpad\u016f jsou ob\u010das vyj\u00edm\u00e1ny ze zdroj\u016f \u0161ed\u00e9 vody, proto\u017ee m\u00edvaj\u00ed vysokou koncentraci zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. V\u00a0tabulce 1<\/em> je uvedeno zastoupen\u00ed hlavn\u00edch \u017eivin v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch druz\u00edch odpadn\u00edch vod [5, 8].<\/p>\n

Koncept separace pomoc\u00ed separa\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zabezpe\u010duje odd\u011blen\u00e9 nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f odpadn\u00edch vod zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165. Jako separa\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed kompostovac\u00ed toalety nebo separa\u010dn\u00ed toalety (no-mix toalety, piso\u00e1ry). Separa\u010dn\u00ed toalety slou\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0separaci \u017elut\u00fdch a\u00a0hn\u011bd\u00fdch vod. Jejich pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed je stejn\u00e9 jako u\u00a0klasick\u00fdch toalet. V\u0161echny se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed ze dvou odd\u011blen\u00fdch mu\u0161l\u00ed, \u010dasto se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 separa\u010dn\u00ed vlo\u017eka do toalety. Mo\u010d je shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1na v\u00a0p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti konstrukce, odkud je dopravov\u00e1na do sb\u011brn\u00e9ho akumula\u010dn\u00edho tanku, fek\u00e1lie v\u00a0zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti. Mo\u010d z\u00a0akumula\u010dn\u00edho tanku je mo\u017eno po na\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed 1 : 8 \u2028pou\u017e\u00edt na hnojen\u00ed. Fek\u00e1lie se doporu\u010duje skladovat v\u00a0z\u00e1sobn\u00edku p\u016fl roku a\u00a0pak je zkompostovat. Separa\u010dn\u00ed toalety maj\u00ed zpravidla dva z\u00e1sobn\u00edky na v\u00fdm\u011bnu.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 2. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 denn\u00ed spot\u0159eba vody
\nTable 2. Average daily water consumption<\/h5>\n\"Berankova-tabulka-2\"<\/a>\n

Kompostovac\u00ed toalety maj\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edk, ve kter\u00e9m se shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed mo\u010d a\u00a0fek\u00e1lie spole\u010dn\u011b, z\u00e1rove\u0148 zde prob\u00edh\u00e1 kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed. Za t\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem je do z\u00e1sobn\u00edku obvykle p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n popel, piliny nebo jin\u00fd materi\u00e1l, aby se usnadnilo kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed. Obecn\u011b maj\u00ed kompostovac\u00ed toalety men\u0161\u00ed kapacitu ne\u017e toalety separa\u010dn\u00ed [9].<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e1 osoba, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstup ke zdroji vody z\u00a0ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho vodovodu, vyprodukuje ro\u010dn\u011b odpadn\u00ed vodu v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 20\u00a0000 a\u017e 100\u00a0000\u2008l [2]. Podle \u00fadaj\u016f\u2028vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti Pra\u017esk\u00e9 vodovody a\u00a0kanalizace byla pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 denn\u00ed spot\u0159eba vody v\u00a0Praze v\u00a0roce 2014 na osobu 106 litr\u016f, tedy 39 m3<\/sup> za rok (v\u00a0ostatn\u00edch regionech \u010cR je spot\u0159eba vody na osobu a\u00a0den ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed). Cena vody v\u00a0roce 2015 byla pro Pra\u017eany 77,65 K\u010d za 1000\u2008l vody. Nejv\u00edce utrat\u00ed za vodu pou\u017eitou na osobn\u00ed hygienu (p\u0159es 3 K\u010d za den), hned pak za pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed splachovac\u00edch toalet (skoro 2 K\u010d za den) [10]. V\u00a0tabulce 2<\/em> je uvedena denn\u00ed spot\u0159eba vody podle \u00fadaj\u016f Pra\u017esk\u00fdch vodovod\u016f a\u00a0kanalizac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Legislativa<\/h2>\n

Co se t\u00fdk\u00e1 legislativy, nen\u00ed u\u00a0n\u00e1s nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0odd\u011blen\u00fdmi odpadn\u00edmi vodami \u0159e\u0161eno. Proto je v\u00fdklad \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fd. N\u011bkdo pova\u017euje mo\u010d za odpadn\u00ed vodu, n\u011bkdo za hnojivo. Pokud by byla \u017elut\u00e1 voda posuzov\u00e1na podle z\u00e1kona \u010d.\u00a0254\/2001 Sb. \u00a7\u00a038 odst. 1, o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch, byla by sm\u011bs mo\u010di a\u00a0vody br\u00e1na jako odpadn\u00ed voda. Pokud by St\u00e1tn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed \u00fastav vydal pozitivn\u00ed stanovisko k\u00a0posouzen\u00ed uskladn\u011bn\u00e9 \u017elut\u00e9 vody jako hnojiva, musela by se n\u00e1sledn\u011b prov\u00e9st registrace \u017elut\u00fdch vod jako hnojiva v\u00a0souladu se z\u00e1konem \u010d.\u00a0156\/1998 Sb., o\u00a0hnojivech. Podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch nen\u00ed mo\u017eno podle z\u00e1kona o\u00a0odpadech a\u00a0z\u00e1kona o\u00a0hnojivech lidsk\u00e9 v\u00fdkaly kompostovat. Nab\u00edz\u00ed se ale i\u00a0v\u00fdklad, \u017ee v\u00fdkaly ze such\u00fdch a\u00a0kompostovac\u00edch toalet by teoreticky mohly spadat v\u00a0katalogu odpad\u016f do kolonky \u201ekal ze septik\u016f a\u00a0\u017eump\u201c, a\u00a0ty se kompostovat sm\u011bj\u00ed, pokud spln\u00ed mikrobiologick\u00e9 ukazatele podle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0341\/2008 Sb., o\u00a0podrobnostech nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0biologicky rozlo\u017eiteln\u00fdmi odpady.<\/p>\n

Od \u0159\u00edjna 2015 plat\u00ed infringementov\u00e1 novela, kterou se m\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kon \u010d.\u00a0185\/2001 Sb., o\u00a0odpadech a\u00a0o\u00a0zm\u011bn\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1kon\u016f. P\u016fvodn\u00ed z\u00e1kon o\u00a0odpadech se nevztahoval na odpadn\u00ed vody, novela se nevztahuje jen na odpadn\u00ed vody, kter\u00e9 podl\u00e9haj\u00ed z\u00e1konu o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch a\u00a0z\u00e1konu o\u00a0vodovodech a\u00a0kanalizac\u00edch. To d\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed prostor z\u00e1konu o\u00a0odpadech, kter\u00fd se bude t\u00fdkat i\u00a0odpadn\u00edch vod mimo p\u016fsobnost v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch dvou z\u00e1kon\u016f. Krom\u011b t\u00e9to zm\u011bny se ohledn\u011b odpadn\u00edch vod v\u00a0novele z\u00e1kona nic n\u011bm\u011bn\u00ed. Zat\u00edm nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, jak se v\u00a0praxi tato \u00faprava bude projevovat.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f vod existuje samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i\u00a0hygienick\u00e9 riziko, kter\u00e9 ale nen\u00ed u\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch dom\u00e1cnostech velk\u00e9. Jde v\u017edy o\u00a0individu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m nesm\u00ed chyb\u011bt hledisko hygieny a\u00a0bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n

Za\u010dn\u011bme tedy rozumn\u011b \u0161et\u0159it se zdroji Zem\u011b. Bude l\u00e9pe n\u00e1m i\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed planet\u011b.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

At the time of changing climatic conditions and reducing the quantity of raw\u2028material it is necessary to start saving water and raw materials.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":1789,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[90,89],"tags":[383,382],"coauthors":[332],"class_list":["post-1836","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-waste-management","category-water-technology-water-supply-waste-water-treatment","tag-alternative-water-systems","tag-nomix-toilet"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1836","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1836"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1836\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30316,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1836\/revisions\/30316"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1789"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1836"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1836"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1836"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1836"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}