{"id":1822,"date":"2016-04-06T12:19:42","date_gmt":"2016-04-06T12:19:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=1822"},"modified":"2024-07-16T10:59:40","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T09:59:40","slug":"constructed-wetlands-design-parameters-operating-experiences-and-intensification-possibilities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2016\/04\/constructed-wetlands-design-parameters-operating-experiences-and-intensification-possibilities\/","title":{"rendered":"Constructed wetlands \u2013 design parameters, operating experiences and intensification possibilities"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Horizont\u00e1ln\u011b a\u00a0vertik\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady se v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice \u0159ad\u00ed mezi \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed. Jsou tvo\u0159eny jedn\u00edm nebo v\u00edce filtra\u010dn\u00edmi poli zapojen\u00fdmi s\u00e9riov\u011b nebo paraleln\u011b. Horizont\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady b\u00fdvaj\u00ed os\u00e1zeny vhodnou mok\u0159adn\u00ed vegetac\u00ed, nej\u010dast\u011bji r\u00e1kosem obecn\u00fdm nebo chrastic\u00ed r\u00e1kosovitou. Nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bchto technologi\u00ed je dob\u0159e funguj\u00edc\u00ed mechanick\u00e9 p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 chr\u00e1n\u00ed filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pl\u0148 vlastn\u00edho biologick\u00e9ho stupn\u011b p\u0159ed ucp\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami.<\/p>\n\"Mlejnska,Rozkosny\"<\/a>\n

Konstruk\u010dn\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed vertik\u00e1ln\u011b a\u00a0horizont\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00fdch um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u010detn\u011b n\u00e1vrhov\u00fdch parametr\u016f je velice d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 a\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivnit nejen \u00fa\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 \u017eivotnost. V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b prob\u00edh\u00e1 ve sv\u011bt\u011b i\u00a0u\u00a0n\u00e1s cel\u00e1 \u0159ada v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch prac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se mimo jin\u00e9 v\u011bnuj\u00ed problematice nov\u00fdch (alternativn\u00edch) filtra\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f, problematice kolmatace um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, kter\u00e1 je nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm provozn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem, a\u00a0mnoha dal\u0161\u00edm problematik\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Mok\u0159ady jsou v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny k\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod ji\u017e od poloviny 20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed. Oblast um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f je zna\u010dn\u011b rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1, a\u00a0proto je i\u00a0n\u00e1zvoslov\u00ed i\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed vlastn\u00edch konstruk\u010dn\u00edch uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed zna\u010dn\u011b bohat\u00e9. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f pro\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod uv\u00e1d\u00ed sch\u00e9ma na obr.\u00a01<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady dosahuj\u00ed zpravidla velmi vysok\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed p\u0159i odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed organick\u00e9ho a\u00a0mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. \u00da\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pro nutrienty (dus\u00edk a\u00a0fosfor) jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0zna\u010dn\u011b rozkol\u00edsan\u00e9. \u00da\u010dinnosti odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed nutrient\u016f mohou b\u00fdt zv\u00fd\u0161eny nastaven\u00edm optim\u00e1ln\u00edho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, vyu\u017eit\u00edm kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky hladiny odpadn\u00ed vody v\u00a0um\u011bl\u00e9m mok\u0159adu (pulzn\u00ed pln\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0pr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed) nebo p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm vhodn\u00fdch adsorp\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f do n\u00e1pln\u011b um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu nebo do p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9ho filtru um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9ho na odtoku.<\/p>\n

\u010cistic\u00ed procesy jsou ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1ny celou \u0159adou faktor\u016f, mezi kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky (teplota vody, teplota vzduchu a\u00a0jeho vlhkost nebo slune\u010dn\u00ed radiace), hydrologick\u00e9 a\u00a0hydraulick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky (pr\u016ftok, hydraulick\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, doba zdr\u017een\u00ed, vlastnosti filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b nebo zp\u016fsob proud\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody), vegetace (mohou se projevovat rozd\u00edly mezi vegeta\u010dn\u00edm a\u00a0nevegeta\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00edm)\u00a0apod.<\/p>\n

Povrchov\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady<\/h2>\n

Tato technologie nen\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na, ale pro \u00faplnost ji zde uv\u00e1d\u00edme. V\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159edstavuje jednoduch\u00e9 usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee s\u00a0odd\u00edly a\u00a0n\u00edzkou vrstvou vody (20 a\u017e 40\u2008cm) os\u00e1zen\u00e9 mok\u0159adn\u00ed vegetac\u00ed, jako jsou r\u00e1kosy, orobince nebo sk\u0159\u00edpiny. M\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet k\u00a0m\u00edsen\u00ed \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody s\u00a0vodou povrchovou nebo s\u00a0vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi odpadn\u00edmi vodami. Doba zdr\u017een\u00ed b\u00fdv\u00e1 navrhov\u00e1na na minim\u00e1ln\u011b 10 dn\u00ed. Sch\u00e9ma je uvedeno na obr.\u00a02<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u010cistic\u00ed procesy v\u00a0povrchov\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00fdch mok\u0159adech zahrnuj\u00ed usazov\u00e1n\u00ed nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, difuzi rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch nutrient\u016f do sedimentu, mineralizaci organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, od\u010derp\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nutrient\u016f mikroorganismy a\u00a0vegetac\u00ed, mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed transformaci, fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemickou adsorpci a\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"Mlejnska-1\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a01. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f [1]
\nFig. 1. The basic division of the different types of artificial wetlands [1]<\/h6>\n

Povrchov\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady mohou dosahovat vysok\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pro\u00a0CHSKCr <\/sub>a\u00a0BSK5<\/sub> (90 %) a\u00a0pro mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (a\u017e 99\u00a0%), ale v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch pro\u00a0dus\u00edk a\u00a0fosfor (10 % a\u017e 15 %). N\u00edzk\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed nutrient\u016f je zp\u016fsobena skute\u010dnost\u00ed, \u017ee mnoho d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na jejich odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed, prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u00a0sedimentu, zat\u00edmco nutrienty jsou p\u0159\u00edtomny v\u00a0rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 form\u011b v\u00a0prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b a\u00a0jejich pronik\u00e1n\u00ed do\u00a0sedimentu difuz\u00ed je velice pomal\u00fd proces. Pokud je ale s\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161kou hladiny v\u00a0mok\u0159adu um\u011ble manipulov\u00e1no a\u00a0st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00ed se such\u00e9 a\u00a0mokr\u00e9 periody, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u00fa\u010dinnost odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed nutrient\u016f a\u017e zdvojn\u00e1sobena [2].<\/p>\n

Zemn\u00ed filtry<\/h2>\n

Zemn\u00ed filtry, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u00a0podstat\u011b ekvivalentem neos\u00e1zen\u00fdch vertik\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00fdch um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, jsou v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny zejm\u00e9na jako mal\u00e1 domovn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Principem \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je schopnost zrnit\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu podporovat fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed, chemick\u00e9 a\u00a0biologick\u00e9 procesy prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159i\u00a0odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed obsa\u017een\u00e9ho v\u00a0prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b. Hlavn\u00ed roli hraje spole\u010denstvo mikroorganism\u016f, \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed na povrchu n\u00e1pln\u011b um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu, kter\u00e9 se pod\u00edl\u00ed zejm\u00e9na na\u00a0rozkladu organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Zemn\u00ed filtry jsou tedy v\u00a0podstat\u011b za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro\u00a0pomalou biologickou filtraci p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n

Oproti horizont\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00fdm um\u011bl\u00fdm mok\u0159ad\u016fm (ko\u0159enov\u00fdm \u010dist\u00edrn\u00e1m) je hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edl v\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed kysl\u00edku p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9ho ve filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1plni. Zemn\u00ed filtry pracuj\u00ed d\u00edky nezatopen\u00e9mu objemu nej\u010dast\u011bji v\u00a0oxick\u00fdch a\u017e anoxick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, mohou tedy oproti horizont\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00fdm ko\u0159enov\u00fdm \u010dist\u00edrn\u00e1m l\u00e9pe odstra\u0148ovat amoniak\u00e1ln\u00ed dus\u00edk. Dlouhodob\u011b sledovan\u00fd zemn\u00ed filtr vykazoval pr\u016fm\u011brnou \u00fa\u010dinnost odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku 78,5 % oproti prakticky nulov\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti u\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny [4]. Podobn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny vyhodnocen\u00edm dat z\u00a0v\u00edce sledovan\u00fdch lokalit. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 koncentrace amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku se na p\u0159\u00edtoku do sledovan\u00fdch ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren pohybovala kolem 44\u2008mg\/l, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku kolem 8,5 %, zat\u00edmco se pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 koncentrace amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku na p\u0159\u00edtoku do sledovan\u00fdch zemn\u00edch filtr\u016f pohybovala kolem 38\u2008mg\/l a\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku kolem 57 % [5].<\/p>\n\"Mlejnska-2\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a02. Sch\u00e9ma um\u011bl\u00e9ho povrchov\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu [3]
\nFig. 2. Scheme of surface flow constructed wetland [3]<\/h6>\n

Zemn\u00ed filtry jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch a\u00a0z\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fdch komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpadn\u00edch vod. Nehod\u00ed se k\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod s\u00a0velk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b usaditeln\u00fdch miner\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic a\u00a0organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Takov\u00e9 vody zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed rychl\u00e9 zan\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b (kolmataci). Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 dostate\u010dn\u011b kvalitn\u00ed a\u00a0dob\u0159e funguj\u00edc\u00ed mechanick\u00e9 p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by m\u011blo b\u00fdt ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu.<\/p>\n

Pro spr\u00e1vnou funkci a\u00a0vyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost odbour\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edm biofilmem je \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed p\u0159evaha mikroorganism\u016f \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed s\u00a0voln\u00fdm kysl\u00edkem, tedy v\u00a0oxick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Proto mus\u00ed b\u00fdt filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pl\u0148 co nejl\u00e9pe provzdu\u0161n\u011bn\u00e1. To je zaji\u0161t\u011bno vlastn\u00edm konstruk\u010dn\u00edm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm, tedy nezatopenou filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u00ed a\u00a0tak\u00e9 v\u011btr\u00e1n\u00edm t\u011blesa zemn\u00edho filtru. Oxick\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed je \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e pro \u010dinnost nitrifika\u010dn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed. \u00da\u010dinnost odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed fosforu z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na volb\u011b vhodn\u00e9 n\u00e1pln\u011b zemn\u00edho filtru a\u00a0jej\u00ed sorp\u010dn\u00ed kapacit\u011b. Zat\u00edmco klasick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, jako je p\u00edsek nebo drcen\u00e9 kamenivo, tuto schopnost nemaj\u00ed, materi\u00e1ly s\u00a0vysok\u00fdm obsahem oxid\u016f hlin\u00edku a\/nebo \u017eeleza p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed fosforu v\u00a0zemn\u00edch filtrech.<\/p>\n

Konstruk\u010dn\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Zemn\u00ed filtry lze navrhnout na jednotn\u00e9 nebo odd\u00edln\u00e9 kanalizaci, ale pouze za\u00a0mechanick\u00fdm (prim\u00e1rn\u00edm) stupn\u011bm \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, pop\u0159.\u00a0jako do\u010di\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed stupe\u0148 za biologick\u00fdm (sekund\u00e1rn\u00edm) stupn\u011bm \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, tedy za klasickou \u010dist\u00edrnou odpadn\u00edch vod. Jednoduch\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno na obr.\u00a03<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Horn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 filtra\u010dn\u00edho t\u011blesa mus\u00ed b\u00fdt vodorovn\u00e1, cel\u00fd objem filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b by m\u011bl m\u00edt konstantn\u00ed mocnost a\u00a0homogenitu. T\u011bleso zemn\u00edho filtru mus\u00ed b\u00fdt od\u00a0okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed vodot\u011bsn\u011b odd\u011bleno. Rozvodn\u00e9 potrub\u00ed se ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 do \u0161t\u011brkov\u00e9ho obsypu. Sb\u011brn\u00fd dr\u00e9n je nutn\u00e9 opat\u0159it odv\u011btr\u00e1vac\u00edm potrub\u00edm, kter\u00e9 by m\u011blo b\u00fdt vyvedeno nejm\u00e9n\u011b 0,5\u2008m nad\u00a0\u00farove\u0148 ter\u00e9nu a\u00a0opat\u0159eno vhodnou clonou br\u00e1n\u00edc\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odv\u011btr\u00e1vac\u00edho a\u00a0sb\u011brn\u00e9ho potrub\u00ed vnosem p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f zven\u010d\u00ed (prach, st\u00e9bla tr\u00e1vy, list\u00ed\u00a0apod.). V\u00fd\u0161ka filtra\u010dn\u00edho lo\u017ee by se m\u011bla pohybovat od 0,6\u2008m do 1,0\u2008m. D\u00e9lka jedn\u00e9 v\u011btve p\u0159\u00edtokov\u00e9ho a\u00a0odtokov\u00e9ho potrub\u00ed by nem\u011bla p\u0159ekro\u010dit 30\u2008m. Potrub\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt opat\u0159eno otvory s\u00a0celkovou plochou nejm\u00e9n\u011b 50\u00a0cm2<\/sup> na 1\u2008m d\u00e9lky. V\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fd rozd\u00edl n\u00e1toku a\u00a0v\u00fdtoku b\u00fdv\u00e1 obvykle volen 1,2\u2008m.<\/p>\n

Nezbytnou podm\u00ednkou dobr\u00e9 funkce zemn\u00edho filtru je rovnom\u011brn\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody po\u00a0cel\u00e9 jeho plo\u0161e a\u00a0tak\u00e9 dostate\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup vzduchu do por\u00e9zn\u00edch vrstev. Vlastn\u00ed tvar filtru nehraje tak d\u016fle\u017eitou roli.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 parametry<\/h3>\n

Plocha zemn\u00edho filtru by se m\u011bla pohybovat v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed od 3 m2<\/sup>\/EO do 6 m2<\/sup>\/EO, v\u00a0Belgii je v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru navrhov\u00e1na plocha 3,8\u00a0m2<\/sup>\/EO [7], v\u00a0D\u00e1nsku 3,2 m2<\/sup>\/EO [8], v\u00a0Rakousku normy pro\u00a0navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed jednostup\u0148ov\u00fdch vertik\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00fdch um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed plochu 4\u00a0m2<\/sup>\/EO, pro dvoustup\u0148ov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my potom plochu 2 m2<\/sup>\/EO [9], v\u00a0N\u011bmecku je po\u017eadov\u00e1na minim\u00e1ln\u00ed plocha > 2,5 m2<\/sup>\/EO.<\/p>\n\"Mlejnska-3\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a03. Sch\u00e9ma zemn\u00edho filtru [6]
\nFig. 3. Scheme of unplanted vertical flow constructed wetland [6]<\/h6>\n
Legenda: V\u00a0\u2013 v\u00fd\u0161ka n\u00e1dr\u017ee, Vn \u2013 v\u00fd\u0161ka nastaven\u00ed sb\u011brn\u00e9 \u0161achty, Vv \u2013 v\u00fd\u0161ka ode dna n\u00e1dr\u017ee do vstupn\u00edho potrub\u00ed, Vp \u2013 v\u00fd\u0161ka vrstvy p\u00edskov\u00e9 n\u00e1pln\u011b, D \u2013 d\u00e9lka n\u00e1dr\u017ee,\u2028\u0160 \u2013 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka n\u00e1dr\u017ee
\nLegend: V\u00a0\u2013 height of the tank, Vn \u2013 height of setting collection shaft, Vv \u2013 height from the tank bottom into the inlet conduit, Vp \u2013 height of the layer of sand filling,\u2028D \u2013 length of the tank, \u0160 \u2013 width of the tank<\/h6>\n

V\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na velikosti zrn filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b se pro mechanicky p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody vol\u00ed hydraulick\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed od 0,10 m3<\/sup>\/(m2<\/sup>.den) do\u00a00,18 m3<\/sup>\/(m2<\/sup>.den) a\u00a0pro biologicky vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody potom v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed od\u00a00,15\u00a0m3<\/sup>\/(m2<\/sup>.den) do 0,20 m3<\/sup>\/(m2<\/sup>.den) [10].<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm n\u00e1vrhov\u00fdm parametrem je l\u00e1tkov\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1vis\u00ed na\u00a0slo\u017een\u00ed p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody, stupni jej\u00edho p\u0159edchoz\u00edho \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, v\u00fd\u0161ce a\u00a0druhu filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b a\u00a0po\u017eadovan\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. L\u00e1tkov\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed (BSK5<\/sub>) se u\u00a0vertik\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00fdch um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f vol\u00ed v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed od\u00a010\u2008g\/(m2<\/sup>.d) do 40\u2008g\/(m2<\/sup>.d).<\/p>\n

Horizont\u00e1ln\u011b podpovrchov\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady<\/h2>\n

Ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny odpadn\u00edch vod, tak\u00e9 naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 vegeta\u010dn\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny, p\u016fdn\u00ed filtry s\u00a0vegetac\u00ed nebo horizont\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady pat\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice hned po\u00a0biologick\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch k\u00a0nejv\u00edce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdm typ\u016fm p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch (extenzivn\u00edch) zp\u016fsob\u016f \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed. Od roku 1989 do sou\u010dasnosti jich bylo postaveno zhruba 250 ve velikosti od n\u011bkolika EO do 1 000 EO. Princip \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je velice podobn\u00fd jako u\u00a0zemn\u00edch filtr\u016f, ale rozd\u00edl je v\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed kysl\u00edku p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9ho ve filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1plni. Proto\u017ee je u\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren cel\u00fd objem filtra\u010dn\u00edho t\u011blesa zatopen odpadn\u00ed vodou, pracuj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou v\u00a0anaerobn\u00edch a\u017e hluboce anaerobn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Anaerobn\u00ed mikroorganismy vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159i respiraci nam\u00edsto kysl\u00edku \u0159adu termin\u00e1ln\u00edch akceptor\u016f kysl\u00edk\u016f, jako jsou dusi\u010dnany, mangani\u010dit\u00e9 a\u00a0\u017eelezit\u00e9 ionty nebo s\u00edrany, v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na hodnot\u011b oxida\u010dn\u011b-reduk\u010dn\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu [11]. S\u00a0ohledem na anaerobn\u00ed podm\u00ednky v\u011bt\u0161inou dosahuj\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku ne\u017e zemn\u00ed filtry.<\/p>\n

Konstruk\u010dn\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny s\u00a0horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm podpovrchov\u00fdm proud\u011bn\u00edm mus\u00ed obsahovat rozvodnou a\u00a0sb\u011brnou z\u00f3nu. Mohou b\u00fdt konstruov\u00e1ny jako jedin\u00e9 ko\u0159enov\u00e9 pole nebo v\u00edce pol\u00ed zapojen\u00fdch bu\u010f paraleln\u011b, nebo s\u00e9riov\u011b. V\u00fd\u0161ka filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b se nej\u010dast\u011bji vol\u00ed v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed od 0,6\u2008m do\u00a01,0\u2008m podle m\u00edstn\u00edch podm\u00ednek. Jej\u00ed zrnitost z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na\u00a0hydraulick\u00e9m zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0na slo\u017een\u00ed p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody. P\u0159i jednostup\u0148ov\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se doporu\u010duje pou\u017e\u00edt obl\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed kamenivo nebo t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00fd \u0161t\u011brk frakce 4\u2008mm a\u017e\u00a08\u2008mm, p\u0159i s\u00e9riov\u00e9m zapojen\u00ed je vhodn\u00e9 u\u00a0prvn\u00edho stupn\u011b volit zrnitost 8\u2008mm a\u017e 16\u2008mm a\u00a0ve druh\u00e9m stupni potom zrnitost 4\u2008mm a\u017e\u00a08\u2008mm [10]. I\u00a0p\u0159i jednostup\u0148ov\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed je vhodn\u00e9 v\u00a0n\u00e1tokov\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b pou\u017e\u00edt kamenivo frakce 8\u2008mm a\u017e 16\u2008mm, aby byla co\u00a0nejv\u00edce omezena mo\u017enost rozvoje kolmatace. Na\u0161e zku\u0161enosti ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee volba vhodn\u00e9 frakce kameniva je velice d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1.<\/p>\n

T\u011bleso ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny mus\u00ed b\u00fdt, stejn\u011b jako u\u00a0zemn\u00edho filtru, od okoln\u00edho ter\u00e9nu vodot\u011bsn\u011b odd\u011bleno. Nesm\u00ed doch\u00e1zet k\u00a0pr\u016fsak\u016fm odpadn\u00edch vod do vod podzemn\u00edch. Sch\u00e9ma ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny je uvedeno na obr.\u00a04<\/em>.<\/p>\n\"Mlejnska-4\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a04. Sch\u00e9ma ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny [12]
\nFig. 4. Scheme of horizontal flow constructed wetland [12]<\/h6>\n

P\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 odpadn\u00ed voda by m\u011bla b\u00fdt rozd\u011blena rovnom\u011brn\u011b po cel\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce n\u00e1tokov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny, aby byl na maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed mo\u017enou m\u00edru omezen vznik kolmatace filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b. Velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je pravideln\u00e1 \u00fadr\u017eba a\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed rozvodn\u00e9ho potrub\u00ed. \u010casto je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no rozveden\u00ed pomoc\u00ed dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed trubky, do kter\u00e9 je p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bna odpadn\u00ed voda z\u00a0\u0161achtice na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole. Tento zp\u016fsob ale nemus\u00ed zaru\u010dit rovnom\u011brn\u00fd pr\u016ftok odpadn\u00ed vody po cel\u00e9m profilu n\u00e1tokov\u00e9 hrany a\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet k\u00a0lok\u00e1ln\u00edmu p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0kolmataci \u010d\u00e1sti ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole. Nav\u00edc je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 del\u0161\u00ed rozvodn\u00e9 potrub\u00ed \u010distit, a\u00a0proto by m\u011blo b\u00fdt na konci ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho pole vyveden\u00e9 nad povrch filtra\u010dn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu. Rozvodn\u00e9 potrub\u00ed mus\u00ed m\u00edt dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e9 otvory pro v\u00fdtok vody, otvory do velikosti 2\u2008cm se mohou pom\u011brn\u011b rychle ucpat.<\/p>\n

Ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny mohou p\u0159ech\u00e1zet a\u017e do hluboce anaerobn\u00edch podm\u00ednek, mo\u017en\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsunu kysl\u00edku do filtru je pulsn\u00ed pln\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0pr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed [13]. T\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zv\u00fd\u0161ena \u00fa\u010dinnost odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku z\u00a0p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 parametry<\/h3>\n

Plocha ko\u0159enov\u00fdch pol\u00ed by se m\u011bla pohybovat kolem 5 m2<\/sup>\/EO, ve sv\u011bt\u011b se v\u011bt\u0161inou navrhuje plocha v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed od cca 3\u00a0m2<\/sup>\/EO do cca 10 m2<\/sup>\/EO. Ter\u00e9nn\u00edm pr\u016fzkumem bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee skute\u010dn\u00e1 hodnota je podstatn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 5 m2<\/sup>\/EO, nebo\u0165 se pom\u011br skute\u010dn\u00e9ho a\u00a0n\u00e1vrhov\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed velice \u010dasto pohybuje v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 0,3 a\u017e 0,6 [5].<\/p>\n

L\u00e1tkov\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed (BSK5<\/sub>) se u\u00a0horizont\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00fdch um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f vol\u00ed v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed od\u00a06\u2008g\/(m2<\/sup>.d) do 10\u2008g\/(m2<\/sup>.d) [5].<\/p>\n

Hybridn\u00ed syst\u00e9my<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny kombinace vertik\u00e1ln\u00edch a\u00a0horizont\u00e1ln\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b dal\u0161\u00edch typ\u016f um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny jako \u201ehybridn\u00ed\u201c (viz obr.\u00a05<\/em>). \u00da\u010delem kombinace t\u011bchto syst\u00e9m\u016f je dos\u00e1hnout co nejlep\u0161\u00edho \u010distic\u00edho \u00fa\u010dinku, a\u00a0to zejm\u00e9na pro dus\u00edk. V\u00a0prvn\u00edm, vertik\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00e9m um\u011bl\u00e9m mok\u0159adu (oxick\u00e9 a\u017e anoxick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky), doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0nitrifikaci amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku obsa\u017een\u00e9ho v\u00a0p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b ve vysok\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch a\u017e na dusi\u010dnany. Ve druh\u00e9m, horizont\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00e9m um\u011bl\u00e9m mok\u0159adu (anoxick\u00e9 a\u017e anaerobn\u00ed podm\u00ednky), doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0denitrifikaci dusi\u010dnan\u016f a\u017e na plynn\u00fd dus\u00edk.<\/p>\n

Auto\u0159i Ye a\u00a0Li [14] uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed 83 % pro amoniak\u00e1ln\u00ed i\u00a0celkov\u00fd dus\u00edk, velice podobnou \u00fa\u010dinnost pro celkov\u00fd dus\u00edk (79 %) uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed i\u00a0auto\u0159i Ayaz\u00a0a\u00a0kol. [15] pro hybridn\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fd mok\u0159ad s\u00a0recirkulac\u00ed. \u00da\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed 84 % pro amoniak\u00e1ln\u00ed dus\u00edk a\u00a060 % pro celkov\u00fd dus\u00edk uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed auto\u0159i Masi a\u00a0Martinuzzi [16] pro hybridn\u00ed syst\u00e9m tvo\u0159en\u00fd horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm a\u00a0vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm podpovrchov\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00fdm um\u011bl\u00fdm mok\u0159adem. Auto\u0159i Herrera Meli\u00e1n\u00a0a\u00a0kol. [17] dokonce uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku 88 %. V\u0161echny tyto v\u00fdsledky velice dob\u0159e ilustruj\u00ed, \u017ee vhodn\u011b zvolen\u00e1 kombinace vertik\u00e1ln\u011b a\u00a0horizont\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00e9ho um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdznamnou m\u011brou p\u0159isp\u011bt ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho a\u00a0celkov\u00e9ho dus\u00edku z\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod.<\/p>\n

S\u00a0odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0t\u011bchto syst\u00e9mech neb\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou probl\u00e9m (stejn\u011b jako u\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren a\u00a0zemn\u00edch filtr\u016f), \u00fa\u010dinnost odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed BSK5<\/sub> a\u00a0nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek se zpravidla pohybuje kolem 90 %, CHSKCr<\/sub> potom zpravidla kolem 80 %. Ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed fosforu pou\u017eit\u00edm hybridn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f (pokud nen\u00ed pou\u017eito speci\u00e1ln\u00edch n\u00e1pln\u00ed) nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u010cistic\u00ed procesy v\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159adech<\/h2>\n

Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno u\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch typ\u016f um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, prob\u00edhaj\u00ed v\u00a0nich procesy fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed, fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00e9, chemick\u00e9 a\u00a0biologick\u00e9 [19, 20]. Mezi nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed procesy pat\u0159\u00ed filtrace a\u00a0sedimentace. Rychlost filtrace souvis\u00ed se\u00a0zrnitostn\u00edm slo\u017een\u00edm filtra\u010dn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu, strukturou, texturou, efektivn\u00ed p\u00f3rovitost\u00ed, slo\u017een\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod a\u00a0zejm\u00e9na z\u00e1vis\u00ed na obsahu nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdch v\u00a0p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b. U\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f ale filtrace a\u00a0sedimentace nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1douc\u00edm procesem \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, proto\u017ee p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 ke kolmataci.<\/p>\n

Mezi nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00e9 procesy pat\u0159\u00ed vazba \u0159ady l\u00e1tek na sorp\u010dn\u00ed komplex filtra\u010dn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu (amoniak, v\u00e1pn\u00edk, ho\u0159\u010d\u00edk, sod\u00edk, drasl\u00edk\u00a0aj.). Obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je vazba fosforu na slou\u010deniny \u017eeleza, manganu nebo hlin\u00edku. U\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f jsou tyto fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00e9 procesy \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed, vhodnou volbou filtra\u010dn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu lze v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivnit \u00fa\u010dinnost odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed fosforu.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0chemick\u00fdch proces\u016f jsou nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed oxida\u010dn\u011b-reduk\u010dn\u00ed pochody, kter\u00e9 souvisej\u00ed s\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00edm kysl\u00edku p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9ho ve filtra\u010dn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Vedle toho doch\u00e1z\u00ed i\u00a0k\u00a0rozkladu nebo synt\u00e9ze nov\u00fdch slou\u010denin.<\/p>\n

Mezi nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed biologick\u00e9 procesy pat\u0159\u00ed bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0rostlinn\u00fd metabolismus. R\u016fznorod\u00e1 sm\u011bs aerobn\u00edch a\u00a0anaerobn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed je zapojena do rozkladu organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a\u00a0cyklu nutrient\u016f v\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159adech. Pr\u016fb\u011bh jednotliv\u00fdch proces\u016f z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed biologicky rozlo\u017eiteln\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu a\u00a0na mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku. Fungovat mohou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed skupiny bakteri\u00ed: desulfurika\u010dn\u00ed (redukuj\u00ed oxidovan\u00e9 formy s\u00edry na sirovod\u00edk), denitrifika\u010dn\u00ed (redukuj\u00ed dusi\u010dnany na dusitany a\u00a0a\u017e plynn\u00fd dus\u00edk), proteolytick\u00e9 (utilizuj\u00ed b\u00edlkoviny), amoniza\u010dn\u00ed (rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed organick\u00e9 dus\u00edkat\u00e9 l\u00e1tky na amoniak), amylolytick\u00e9 (\u0161t\u011bp\u00ed \u0161krob a\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed cukry na\u00a0organick\u00e9 kyseliny), nitrifika\u010dn\u00ed (oxiduj\u00ed amonn\u00e9 ionty na dusitany a\u017e dusi\u010dnany).<\/p>\n

Filtra\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h2>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed poznatky<\/h3>\n

V\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159adech je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt celou \u0159adu v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b vyzkou\u0161en\u00fdch filtra\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1pln\u00ed, n\u011bkter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed bu\u010f p\u0159\u00edmo jako n\u00e1pl\u0148 filtra\u010dn\u00edch ko\u0159enov\u00fdch pol\u00ed, nebo jako n\u00e1pl\u0148 do\u010di\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edch filtr\u016f um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch na odtok z\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f. P\u0159i volb\u011b n\u00e1pln\u011b um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu velice z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na slo\u017een\u00ed \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody, proto\u017ee v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet a\u00a0doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0velice rychl\u00e9mu ucp\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pl\u0148 je jednou ze t\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu a\u00a0jej\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br je pro jeho spr\u00e1vnou funkci z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. Krom\u011b poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed fyzick\u00e9 podpory pro r\u016fst rostlin a\u00a0povrchu pro\u00a0r\u016fst mikroorganism\u016f podporuje filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pl\u0148 sedimentaci a\u00a0filtraci zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek. N\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy n\u00e1pln\u00ed nav\u00edc p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 sorpci amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku nebo fosforu. Pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0nim zejm\u00e9na sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed produkty z\u00a0uheln\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu, vysokopecn\u00ed struska\u00a0apod. [21].<\/p>\n

Mezi mechanick\u00e9, fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti samotn\u00e9ho filtra\u010dn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu pat\u0159\u00ed zejm\u00e9na [22, 23]: zrnitost, struktura a\u00a0textura zrn, odolnost a\u00a0mrazuvzdornost materi\u00e1lu, chemick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed (pod\u00edl \u017eeleza, hlin\u00edku a\u00a0manganu), obsah vyluhovateln\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic (miner\u00e1ln\u00edch i\u00a0organick\u00fdch), m\u011brn\u00e1 a\u00a0objemov\u00e1 hmotnost, hydraulick\u00e1 vodivost, p\u00f3rovitost, dostupnost materi\u00e1lu (cena, transportn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost).<\/p>\n\"Mlejnska-5\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a05. Sch\u00e9ma hybridn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu [18]
\nFig. 5. Scheme of hybrid system [18]<\/h6>\n

Vlastnosti filtra\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f, zejm\u00e9na hydraulick\u00e1 vodivost, se b\u011bhem provozu um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f m\u011bn\u00ed. Propustnost filtra\u010dn\u00edho lo\u017ee je ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1na zhutn\u011bn\u00edm materi\u00e1lu (\u00fadr\u017eba i\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00e9 sesed\u00e1n\u00ed), pror\u016fst\u00e1n\u00edm ko\u0159eny a\u00a0ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm sta\u0159iny mok\u0159adn\u00ed vegetace, vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00edm sorp\u010dn\u00ed kapacity filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b a\u00a0kolmatac\u00ed voln\u00fdch p\u00f3r\u016f nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi miner\u00e1ln\u00edmi a\u00a0organick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami [24]. Ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sta\u0159iny mok\u0159adn\u00ed vegetace je podle na\u0161ich praktick\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem. Po n\u011bkolika letech provozu m\u016f\u017ee mocnost takto vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 vrstvy dos\u00e1hnout a\u017e 20\u2008cm, ulo\u017een\u00fd materi\u00e1l se nav\u00edc postupn\u011b rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 a\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bt ke kolmataci filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b.<\/p>\n

Alternativn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly<\/h3>\n

V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b prob\u00edh\u00e1 ve sv\u011bt\u011b i\u00a0u\u00a0n\u00e1s cel\u00e1 \u0159ada experiment\u016f, p\u0159i kter\u00fdch jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny zejm\u00e9na n\u00e1pln\u011b, kter\u00e9 jsou schopny ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010di men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e adsorbovat dus\u00edk nebo fosfor. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b struska, zeolity nebo bauxit. Struska z\u00a0metalurgick\u00e9 v\u00fdroby \u017eelezn\u00fdch kov\u016f se jev\u00ed jako vhodn\u00e1 n\u00e1pl\u0148 a\u00a0to i\u00a0proto, \u017ee je levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u0161t\u011brkov\u00e9 n\u00e1pln\u011b a\u00a0je schopn\u00e1 adsorbovat zna\u010dn\u00fd pod\u00edl fosforu z\u00a0p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody. Po vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed sorp\u010dn\u00ed kapacity m\u016f\u017ee plnit roli pevn\u00e9ho nosi\u010de, stejn\u011b jako \u0161t\u011brkov\u00e1 n\u00e1pl\u0148. Nev\u00fdhodou je cyklus v\u00fdm\u011bny struskov\u00e9 filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b, kter\u00fd se pohybuje v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 1 a\u017e 3 roky v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na sorp\u010dn\u00ed kapacit\u011b a\u00a0koncentraci fosforu v\u00a0p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b. Pro p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zeolity je charakteristick\u00e1 schopnost odstra\u0148ovat rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd amoniak\u00e1ln\u00ed dus\u00edk p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd v\u00a0odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b. Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zeolit je klinoptilolit, kter\u00fd se vyzna\u010duje velmi dobrou adsorp\u010dn\u00ed schopnost\u00ed. Nev\u00fdhodou ale je jeho mal\u00e1 sorp\u010dn\u00ed kapacita, proto se\u00a0mus\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dasto regenerovat. D\u00edky vysok\u00e9mu obsahu oxid\u016f hlin\u00edku a\u00a0\u017eeleza je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt i\u00a0bauxit, kter\u00fd vykazuje vysokou \u00fa\u010dinnost p\u0159i odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed fosforu. Jako filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pl\u0148 do\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f je ale bauxit zat\u00edm vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n jen velmi z\u0159\u00eddka, \u010dast\u011bji se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdch filtrech instalovan\u00fdch na\u00a0odtok z\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00fdch pol\u00ed [25]. Zku\u0161enosti s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm do\u010di\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edho filtru napln\u011bn\u00e9ho zeolitem a\u00a0zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku a\u00a0fosforu popisuj\u00ed auto\u0159i Gikas a\u00a0Tsihrintzis [26]. Auto\u0159i Suliman\u00a0a\u00a0kol. [27] porovn\u00e1vali vyu\u017eitelnost dvou materi\u00e1l\u016f uzp\u016fsoben\u00fdch k\u00a0sorpci dus\u00edku a\u00a0fosforu, kter\u00fdmi byly materi\u00e1l LWA (light weight aggregates) typu Filtralite-PTM<\/sup> (keramzit)\u00a0a\u00a0lasturov\u00fd p\u00edsek, kter\u00fd je p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed (je tvo\u0159en uhli\u010ditanem v\u00e1penat\u00fdm a\u00a0v\u00a0men\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00ed uhli\u010ditanem ho\u0159e\u010dnat\u00fdm). Auto\u0159i Li\u00a0a\u00a0kol. [21] testovali celkem osm r\u016fzn\u00fdch filtra\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00fdmi byly zeolit, antracit, j\u00edlov\u00e1 b\u0159idlice, vermikulit, keramick\u00e1 filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pl\u0148, struska z\u00a0v\u00fdroby oceli, \u0161t\u011brk a\u00a0bio-keramika. Tyto studie ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee by volba filtra\u010dn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu nem\u011bla b\u00fdt podce\u0148ov\u00e1na, proto\u017ee m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdznamnou m\u011brou p\u0159isp\u011bt k\u00a0odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed nutrient\u016f z\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod.<\/p>\n

Kolmatace um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h2>\n

U\u00a0horizont\u00e1ln\u011b a\u00a0vertik\u00e1ln\u011b prot\u00e9kan\u00fdch um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f je kolmatace pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dast\u00fdm jevem. Jde o\u00a0souhrn fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch, chemick\u00fdch a\u00a0biologick\u00fdch proces\u016f [28\u201332], kter\u00e9 vedou nejen ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed propustnosti filtra\u010dn\u00edho lo\u017ee, tzn.\u00a0hydraulick\u00e9 vodivosti a\u00a0porozity zrnit\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu [33], ale tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159enos kysl\u00edku ze vzduchu do\u00a0vody [34\u201336]. Tyto skute\u010dnosti maj\u00ed za n\u00e1sledek v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pokles schopnosti syst\u00e9mu \u010distit odpadn\u00ed vodu [37]. Jde o\u00a0ucp\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed por\u00e9zn\u00edho filtra\u010dn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jemn\u00fdmi zemit\u00fdmi a\u00a0organick\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi z\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch smyv\u016f a\u00a0kalem vyplavovan\u00fdm ze stokov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b a\u00a0mechanick\u00e9ho stupn\u011b \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed [23], dal\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinami mohou b\u00fdt nevhodn\u011b \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 odd\u011blova\u010de, nevhodn\u011b zvolen\u00fd (v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 jemn\u00fd) materi\u00e1l filtra\u010dn\u00ed vrstvy nebo pronik\u00e1n\u00ed sekund\u00e1rn\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159ed\u0159azen\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed [38]. Rozsah kolmatace z\u00e1vis\u00ed na mno\u017estv\u00ed l\u00e1tek (vyj\u00e1d\u0159eno ukazateli CHSKCr<\/sub>, nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky) v\u00a0p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b [28], hydraulick\u00e9m zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed [30], zrnitostn\u00edm slo\u017een\u00ed por\u00e9zn\u00edho filtra\u010dn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, jeho struktu\u0159e a\u00a0textu\u0159e, dob\u011b provozu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\u00a0apod. Pokud je kolmatace v\u00a0pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00edm st\u00e1diu, m\u016f\u017ee doch\u00e1zet a\u017e k\u00a0zaplavov\u00e1n\u00ed povrchu um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu \u010di\u0161t\u011bnou odpadn\u00ed vodou (viz obr.\u00a06<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Ke kolmataci filtra\u010dn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed n\u00e1razov\u00fdm uvoln\u011bn\u00edm t\u011bchto \u010d\u00e1stic, nap\u0159.\u00a0p\u0159i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch de\u0161t\u00edch nebo v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lostech, nebo hydraulick\u00fdm p\u0159et\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm [7] nebo pozvoln\u00fdm zakolmatov\u00e1n\u00edm, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nevhodn\u00e1 konstrukce usazovac\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed (mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed), nebo jejich nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 provozov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0\u00fadr\u017eba, nap\u0159.\u00a0nedostate\u010dn\u011b \u010dast\u00e9 vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed usazen\u00e9ho kalu [39].<\/p>\n

Pokro\u010dil\u00e1 kolmatace vy\u017eaduje sanaci zakolmatovan\u00e9 n\u00e1pln\u011b, a\u00a0tak limituje \u017eivotnost cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, proto je c\u00edlem zabr\u00e1nit intenzivn\u00ed kolmataci a\u00a0p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00e9mu ucp\u00e1n\u00ed filtra\u010dn\u00edho lo\u017ee um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f. K\u00a0hlavn\u00edm opat\u0159en\u00edm, kter\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u011b omezuj\u00ed rozsah a\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bh kolmatace, pat\u0159\u00ed rekonstrukce de\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch odd\u011blova\u010d\u016f, minimalizace erozn\u00edch smyv\u016f, instalace funk\u010dn\u00edch lap\u00e1k\u016f p\u00edsku a\u00a0usazovac\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, rovnom\u011brn\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed mechanicky p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody po\u00a0cel\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159i filtra\u010dn\u00edho lo\u017ee, navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed postupn\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu zrnitostn\u00edho slo\u017een\u00ed filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u011b, pravideln\u00e9 \u010dasn\u011b jarn\u00ed odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed zbytk\u016f vegeta\u010dn\u00edho pokryvu\u00a0apod. [40].<\/p>\n

Nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0odpady z\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h2>\n

Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0mo\u017en\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0odpady z\u00a0extenzivn\u00edch \u010dist\u00edren (kaly, kolmatovan\u00fd filtra\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l, makrofytn\u00ed vegetace ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f) je kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jak vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9ho sledov\u00e1n\u00ed kal\u016f z\u00a0objekt\u016f mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed extenzivn\u00edch \u010dist\u00edren, nep\u0159ekra\u010duje jejich kontaminace rizikov\u00fdmi prvky a\u00a0l\u00e1tkami a\u00a0mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edm zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm limitn\u00ed hodnoty dan\u00e9 vyhl\u00e1\u0161kou \u010d.\u00a0382\/2001 Sb. [41]. Mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kal\u016f je v\u0161ak pom\u011brn\u011b prom\u011bnliv\u00e9 v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na m\u00ed\u0159e jejich stabilizace. Pro dosa\u017een\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed stability je vhodn\u00e9 v\u00edce hl\u00eddat prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed procesy, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b zvolit mezistupe\u0148 stabilizace kal\u016f p\u0159ed jejich pou\u017eit\u00edm v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed [42, 43]. Jednou z\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed je pr\u00e1v\u011b kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed [43, 44]. Tento proces p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pozitivn\u00ed zm\u011bny vstupn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f a\u00a0sni\u017euje m\u00edru jejich kontaminace.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017enost uplatn\u011bn\u00ed kal\u016f v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 z\u00e1vis\u00ed na dohod\u011b mezi provozovateli \u010dist\u00edren a\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsky hospoda\u0159\u00edc\u00edmi subjekty. V\u00a0obdob\u00edch, kdy nen\u00ed z\u00e1jem ze strany t\u011bchto subjekt\u016f o\u00a0kaly, je nutn\u00e9 jejich vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed na jin\u00e9 komun\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010cOV s\u00a0kalov\u00fdm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00edm. To je pro provozovatele finan\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"Mlejnska-6\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a06. D\u016fsledek kolmatace p\u0159\u00edtokov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu
\nFig. 6. Clogging consequence<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdsledky pokusn\u00e9ho kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f z\u00a0extenzivn\u00edch \u010dist\u00edren prok\u00e1zaly vedle v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed i\u00a0obsah pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed makroelement\u016f vyu\u017eiteln\u00fdch vegetac\u00ed p\u0159i aplikaci v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho produktu na zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu. Pozornost je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 v\u011bnovat obsahu t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f, proto\u017ee ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed jejich obsahu kompostov\u00e1n\u00edm prakticky nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed, v\u00fdsledn\u00fd obsah je v\u00fdsledkem pom\u011bru m\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch slo\u017eek a\u00a0p\u0159i aplikaci je nutn\u00e9 m\u00edt informace o\u00a0obsahu t\u011bchto kov\u016f v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b.<\/p>\n

Intenzifikace um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h2>\n

Jak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno v\u00a0p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm textu, mezi mo\u017en\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby intenzifikace \u010distic\u00edch proces\u016f prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch v\u00a0um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159adech pat\u0159\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed pulzn\u00edho pln\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0pr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed koncentrace kysl\u00edku p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9ho ve filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1plni, a\u00a0t\u00edm ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku. D\u00e1le je to pou\u017eit\u00ed alternativn\u00edch filtra\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f (a\u0165 ji\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00a0t\u011blese um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu nebo v\u00a0p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9m filtru um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9m na\u00a0odtoku z\u00a0n\u011bj), kter\u00e9 mohou ve zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e sorbovat dus\u00edk nebo fosfor.<\/p>\n

Kolmatovanou filtra\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pl\u0148 um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f nen\u00ed t\u0159eba v\u017edy vym\u011b\u0148ovat, jako alternativn\u00ed cesta se jev\u00ed in-situ aplikace roztok\u016f chemik\u00e1li\u00ed, jako je roztok roztoku hydroxidu sodn\u00e9ho, chlornanu sodn\u00e9ho, kyseliny chlorovod\u00edkov\u00e9 nebo speci\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159ipraven\u00e9ho detergentu [45]. Auto\u0159i uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee se efektivn\u00ed porozita i\u00a0infiltra\u010dn\u00ed rychlost nejrychleji a\u00a0nejv\u00edce zlep\u0161ovala p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed roztoku chlornanu sodn\u00e9ho (ust\u00e1len\u00ed po 5 dnech aplikace). P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed vodovodn\u00ed vody jako srovn\u00e1vac\u00edho roztoku se efektivn\u00ed porozita t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nem\u011bnila a\u00a0rychlost infiltrace jen velmi nepatrn\u011b stoupala. Proteiny a\u00a0polysacharidy byly rozpou\u0161t\u011bny hlavn\u011b roztokem hydroxidu a\u00a0chlornanu sodn\u00e9ho. Anaerobn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00fd plyn ulo\u017een\u00fd v\u00a0p\u00f3rech byl nejl\u00e9pe uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n roztokem kyseliny chlorovod\u00edkov\u00e9. Auto\u0159i rovn\u011b\u017e uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee kolmatace byla podstatn\u011b redukov\u00e1na a\u00a0aplikovan\u00e9 roztoky nem\u011bly dlouhodob\u00fd negativn\u00ed vliv na rostliny a\u00a0biofilm um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu, ale po aplikaci t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f nutn\u011b n\u00e1sledovalo obdob\u00ed cca 1 m\u011bs\u00edce regenerace biofilmu filtra\u010dn\u00edho lo\u017ee. Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed je vyu\u017eit\u00ed bakteri\u00e1ln\u011b-enzymatick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdznamnou m\u011brou sni\u017euj\u00ed rozsah kolmatace filtra\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1pln\u00ed, a\u00a0t\u00edm p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed ke zpr\u016fchodn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f [37, 46, 47]. Po opakovan\u00e9 aplikaci bakteri\u00e1ln\u011b-enzymatick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edpravku (vegeta\u010dn\u00ed sezona 2013 a\u00a02014) se \u00fa\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0dot\u010den\u00e9m ko\u0159enov\u00e9m poli zv\u00fd\u0161ila pro CHSKCr <\/sub>z\u00a074 % na 84 %, pro BSK5<\/sub> z\u00a083 % na 92 %, pro nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky z\u00a091 % na 94 %, pro amoniak\u00e1ln\u00ed dus\u00edk z\u00a06 % na 17 % a\u00a0pro celkov\u00fd dus\u00edk z\u00a019 % na 24 %. Tyto v\u00fdsledky ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee aplikace vhodn\u011b zvolen\u00e9ho prepar\u00e1tu m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bt ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed propustnosti kolmatovan\u00e9 n\u00e1pln\u011b um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu a\u00a0ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Kvalita odt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody z\u00a0dob\u0159e funguj\u00edc\u00edho um\u011bl\u00e9ho mok\u0159adu m\u016f\u017ee dosahovat kvality vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody z\u00a0mechanicko-biologick\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny odpadn\u00edch vod a\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee tak vyhovovat po\u017eadavk\u016fm na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vl\u00e1dy \u010d.\u00a061\/2003 Sb., v\u00a0platn\u00e9m zn\u011bn\u00ed. Vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bnou odpadn\u00ed vodu tak lze vypou\u0161t\u011bt do recipientu nebo do ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 kanalizace. Pokud nen\u00ed v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vodn\u00ed tok ani ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 kanalizace, je pro jednotliv\u00e9 rodinn\u00e9 domy nebo rekrea\u010dn\u00ed objekty vhodn\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm vsakov\u00e1n\u00ed vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod do\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edch vrstev, tedy vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed do\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod.<\/p>\n

Um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady ke sv\u00e9mu provozu nevy\u017eaduj\u00ed elektrickou energii, maj\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1roky na\u00a0speci\u00e1ln\u00ed technologick\u00e9 prvky, jejich provozov\u00e1n\u00ed je jednoduch\u00e9, na rozd\u00edl od klasick\u00fdch aktiva\u010dn\u00edch \u010dist\u00edren jim nevad\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkyvy v\u00a0hydraulick\u00e9m a\u00a0l\u00e1tkov\u00e9m zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0jsou vhodn\u00e9 i\u00a0pro\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod s\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00fdmi koncentracemi organick\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (BSK5<\/sub> pod 30\u2008mg\/l). Mezi hlavn\u00ed nev\u00fdhody pat\u0159\u00ed vysok\u00e9 n\u00e1roky na plochu, n\u00edzk\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku a\u00a0fosforu, technologick\u00e1 neovladatelnost procesu \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0tak\u00e9 kolmatace filtra\u010dn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e1 je hlavn\u00edm provozn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b prob\u00edh\u00e1 ve sv\u011bt\u011b i\u00a0u\u00a0n\u00e1s cel\u00e1 \u0159ada v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch projekt\u016f zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se um\u011bl\u00fdmi mok\u0159ady a\u00a0mo\u017enostmi jejich intenzifikace. Jak ukazuj\u00ed tyto v\u00fdzkumy, je mo\u017en\u00e9 ovlivnit jejich funk\u010dnost a\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed za\u0159azen\u00edm mnohdy jednoduch\u00e9ho prvku do st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed technologie. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nov\u00e9ho n\u00e1vrhu by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v\u011bnov\u00e1na pozornost dostate\u010dn\u00e9mu dimenzov\u00e1n\u00ed nejen biologick\u00e9ho stupn\u011b, ale zejm\u00e9na mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Pokud to podm\u00ednky dovoluj\u00ed, je vhodn\u00e9 zvolit hybridn\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed nebo alespo\u0148 pulzn\u00ed pln\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0pr\u00e1zdn\u011bn\u00ed, aby bylo podpo\u0159eno odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku.<\/p>\n

Mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch informac\u00ed naleznete v\u00a0nov\u00e9 monografii \u201eOptimalizace provozu a\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed pomoc\u00ed extenzivn\u00edch technologi\u00ed\u201c autorsk\u00e9ho kolektivu Mlejnsk\u00e1, Rozko\u0161n\u00fd, Baudi\u0161ov\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu TA02020128 \u2013 V\u00fdzkum mo\u017enost\u00ed optimalizace provozu a\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed pomoc\u00ed extenzivn\u00edch technologi\u00ed, kter\u00fd je \u0159e\u0161en s\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00ed podporou TA \u010cR v\u00a0r\u00e1mci programu Alfa.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Horizontal and vertical flow constructed wetlands belong among frequently used near-natural methods of treatment of wastewater from small municipalities in the Czech Republic. They consist of one or more filter fields connected in series or in parallel.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":1798,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[370,371,368,369,372,367,373],"coauthors":[222,187],"class_list":["post-1822","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water-technology-water-supply-waste-water-treatment","tag-clogging","tag-design-layout","tag-filtering-materials","tag-horizontal-flow-constructed-wetland","tag-treatment-efficiency","tag-treatment-processes","tag-vertical-flow-constructed-wetland"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1822","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1822"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1822\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30320,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1822\/revisions\/30320"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1798"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1822"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1822"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1822"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1822"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}