{"id":1818,"date":"2016-04-06T12:19:53","date_gmt":"2016-04-06T12:19:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=1818"},"modified":"2024-07-16T11:06:06","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T10:06:06","slug":"25-years-of-systematic-groundwater-quality-monitoring-in-the-czech-republic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2016\/04\/25-years-of-systematic-groundwater-quality-monitoring-in-the-czech-republic\/","title":{"rendered":"25 years of systematic groundwater quality monitoring in the Czech Republic"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Sledov\u00e1n\u00edm jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod se v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice v\u011bnuje mnoho subjekt\u016f s\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdmi c\u00edly sledov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0s\u00a0r\u016fznou kvalitou z\u00edsk\u00e1van\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f. \u010cesk\u00fd hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav dlouhodob\u011b buduje a\u00a0rozv\u00edj\u00ed jednotn\u00fd syst\u00e9m monitoringu poskytuj\u00edc\u00ed srovnateln\u00e1 data nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d \u00fazem\u00edm republiky. Historie tohoto monitoringu jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0\u010cHM\u00da sah\u00e1 a\u017e do konce 50. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, systematick\u00fd monitoring se datuje od za\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Za posledn\u00edch 25 let tohoto sledov\u00e1n\u00ed se d\u00edky investic\u00edm do monitorovac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, rozvoji analytick\u00fdch metod a\u00a0rostouc\u00edm po\u017eadavk\u016fm \u010cHM\u00da na kvalitu vzorkovac\u00edch a\u00a0analytick\u00fdch prac\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b zlep\u0161ila vypov\u00eddac\u00ed schopnost a\u00a0kvalita po\u0159izovan\u00fdch dat. P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek shrnuje historick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj monitoringu jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod zabezpe\u010dovan\u00e9ho \u010cHM\u00da a\u00a0jeho p\u0159\u00ednos pro stav pozn\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0\u010cR.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Podzemn\u00ed voda je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zdrojem pitn\u00e9 vody v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Monitoring tohoto zdroje je na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR realizov\u00e1n mnoha subjekty v\u017edy s\u00a0ohledem na charakter zji\u0161\u0165ovan\u00fdch informac\u00ed a\u00a0relevantn\u00ed legislativu. Vzhledem k\u00a0vysok\u00e9mu po\u010dtu subjekt\u016f po\u0159izuj\u00edc\u00edm \u00fadaje o\u00a0jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod se i\u00a0kvalita z\u00edskan\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f m\u016f\u017ee li\u0161it v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na kvalit\u011b vzorka\u0159sk\u00fdch prac\u00ed a\u00a0kvalit\u011b analytick\u00fdch laborato\u0159\u00ed. Vysok\u00fd po\u010det subjekt\u016f tak\u00e9 zcela jist\u011b nep\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k\u00a0pln\u00e9 porovnatelnosti v\u00fdsledk\u016f laboratorn\u00edch anal\u00fdz. Z\u00a0tohoto pohledu se \u010cesk\u00fd hydrometeorologick\u00fd \u00fastav (\u010cHM\u00da), jako organizace zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed monitoring jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0celost\u00e1tn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku, sna\u017e\u00ed dlouhodob\u011b zabezpe\u010dit kvalitn\u00ed data jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky.<\/p>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

Objekty st\u00e1tn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod tvo\u0159\u00ed podmno\u017einu z\u00a0cca\u20281\u00a0850 objekt\u016f pozorovac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b podzemn\u00edch vod \u010cHM\u00da. S\u00ed\u0165 byla koncipov\u00e1na tak, aby sledovala pokud mo\u017eno neovlivn\u011bn\u00fd re\u017eim podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b se vyh\u00fdbala lokalit\u00e1m antropogenn\u011b ovlivn\u011bn\u00fdm bodov\u00fdmi zdroji zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Ve struktur\u00e1ch \u010desk\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddov\u00e9 p\u00e1nve jsou objekty lokalizov\u00e1ny tak, aby pokr\u00fdvaly oblasti infiltrace, transportu a\u00a0odvodn\u011bn\u00ed dan\u00e9 struktury. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u00fatvar podzemn\u00edch vod je, pokud je to mo\u017en\u00e9, monitorov\u00e1n nejm\u00e9n\u011b jedn\u00edm monitorovac\u00edm objektem. Optim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010det monitorovac\u00edch objekt\u016f je t\u0159i a\u00a0v\u00edce na \u00fatvar podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na hydrogeologick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch a\u00a0velikosti plochy \u00fatvaru. Hloubkov\u00e1 stratifikace monitorovac\u00edch m\u00edst je v\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e zohledn\u011bna v\u00a0samostatn\u00fdch m\u00edstech, tj.\u00a0pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch kolektor\u016f je ve stejn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b zaji\u0161t\u011bno v\u00edce samostatn\u00fdmi monitorovac\u00edmi objekty.<\/p>\n\"Kodes-1a\"<\/a>\n\"Kodes-1b\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a01. Pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed hodnot b\u011bhem \u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed odb\u011brem vzorku z\u00a0vrtu
\nFig. 1. Continuous recording of selected parameters during pumping before sampling of the well<\/h6>\n

S\u00ed\u0165 pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod byla zpo\u010d\u00e1tku (60.\u201370. l\u00e9ta) tvo\u0159ena pouze prameny, v\u00a080. letech byly do s\u00edt\u011b za\u010dlen\u011bny m\u011blk\u00e9 vrty v\u00a0kvart\u00e9rn\u00edch sedimentech a\u00a0na po\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let byly do s\u00edt\u011b za\u0159azeny i\u00a0vrty sleduj\u00edc\u00ed hlubok\u00e9 hydrogeologick\u00e9 struktury. Dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm pro\u0161la s\u00ed\u0165 na konci prvn\u00edho desetilet\u00ed tohoto stolet\u00ed a\u00a0naposledy byla roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena v\u00a0tomto roce. Jeliko\u017e \u010cHM\u00da nedisponuje vlastn\u00edmi vzorka\u0159sk\u00fdmi a\u00a0analytick\u00fdmi kapacitami, jsou ve\u0161ker\u00e9 vzorka\u0159sk\u00e9 a\u00a0analytick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce zabezpe\u010dov\u00e1ny extern\u00edmi dodavateli, vyb\u00edran\u00fdmi ve ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch sout\u011b\u017e\u00edch v\u00a0souladu se z\u00e1konem \u010d.\u00a0137\/2006 [1]. Zde je nutno podotknout, \u017ee v\u00fdb\u011br dodavatel\u016f byl ji\u017e od 1. poloviny 90. let, tedy daleko p\u0159ed p\u0159ijet\u00edm v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, realizov\u00e1n formou v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00fdch \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, co\u017e je na podm\u00ednky tehdy panuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cR jist\u011b v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9. D\u00edky tomu se kvalita prac\u00ed na monitoringu \u010cHM\u00da kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b zlep\u0161ovala, a\u017e dos\u00e1hla st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b. Z\u00a0logistick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f bylo \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR na po\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let rozd\u011bleno do sedmi vzorkovac\u00edch oblast\u00ed (z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010cechy, ji\u017en\u00ed \u010cechy, st\u0159edn\u00ed \u010cechy, severn\u00ed \u010cechy, v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010cechy, ji\u017en\u00ed Morava a\u00a0severn\u00ed Morava), tyto vzorkovac\u00ed oblasti jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny dodnes p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00fdch \u0159\u00edzen\u00edch a\u00a0na ka\u017edou z\u00a0t\u011bchto oblast\u00ed je podepisov\u00e1na separ\u00e1tn\u00ed smlouva o\u00a0d\u00edlo.<\/p>\n

Vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod je ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b (a\u017e na v\u00fdjimky v\u00a0letech 2011 a\u00a02013) prov\u00e1d\u011bno 2\u00d7 ro\u010dn\u011b v\u00a0cyklu jaro-podzim. V\u00fdb\u011br sledovan\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f je a\u00a0historicky byl d\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou platnou legislativou, dostupnost\u00ed analytick\u00fdch metod, pro identifikaci potencion\u00e1ln\u00edch polutant\u016f podzemn\u00edch vod se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i\u00a0liter\u00e1rn\u00ed re\u0161er\u0161e a\u00a0v\u00fdsledky monitoringu jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0ostatn\u00edch st\u00e1tech. \u010clensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty EU m\u011bly za povinnost implementovat p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 programy monitoringu (situa\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0provozn\u00ed monitoring) v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0po\u017eadavky R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch [2], tyto programy byly v\u00a0\u010cR spu\u0161t\u011bny v\u00a0roce 2007. Od po\u010d\u00e1tku 21. stolet\u00ed prob\u011bhlo i\u00a0n\u011bkolik c\u00edlen\u00fdch screening\u016f \u0161irok\u00e9ho spektra polutant\u016f z\u00a0oblasti nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, a\u00a0to jak v\u00a0r\u00e1mci v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch projekt\u016f [3, 4], tak v\u00a0r\u00e1mci situa\u010dn\u00edho monitoringu podle R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto screening\u016f se pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b upravoval rozsah stanovovan\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm prvkem ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem hodnov\u011brnost v\u00fdsledk\u016f jsou i\u00a0po\u017eadavky na kvalitu prac\u00ed ze strany \u010cHM\u00da. V\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b jsou nadstandardn\u00ed po\u017eadavky \u010cHM\u00da v\u00a0oblasti QA\/QC z\u00e1rukou vysok\u00e9 kvality vzorka\u0159sk\u00fdch i\u00a0analytick\u00fdch prac\u00ed, a\u00a0t\u00edm i\u00a0vysok\u00e9 kvality z\u00edsk\u00e1van\u00fdch dat. Tato data jsou kontrolov\u00e1na a\u00a0verifikov\u00e1na ve spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0laborato\u0159emi a\u00a0pot\u00e9 ulo\u017eena do n\u00e1rodn\u00edho informa\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu jakosti vod IS ARROW, provozovan\u00e9ho \u010cHM\u00da. Tato data jsou n\u00e1sledn\u011b dostupn\u00e1 ve\u0159ejnosti na adrese http:\/\/hydro.chmi.cz\/isarrow.<\/p>\n

Syst\u00e9m zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kvality odb\u011bru vzork\u016f a\u00a0ter\u00e9nn\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Ve\u0161ker\u00e9 \u00fadaje, kter\u00e9 jsou zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1ny p\u0159i odb\u011brech vzork\u016f, je vzorka\u0159 povinen ulo\u017eit za pou\u017eit\u00ed softwaru pro ter\u00e9nn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed protokolu o\u00a0odb\u011bru vzorku poskytnut\u00e9ho \u010cHM\u00da. Odb\u011br vzork\u016f podzemn\u00ed vody z\u00a0pramen\u016f mus\u00ed b\u00fdt prov\u00e1d\u011bn podle \u010cSN EN ISO 5667-1 [5]. V\u00a0okam\u017eiku odb\u011bru vzorku zaznamen\u00e1 vzorka\u0159 mj. aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty pH, vodivosti, oxida\u010dn\u011b reduk\u010dn\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu (Eh), rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku, z\u00e1kalu a\u00a0teploty vody. Odb\u011br vzork\u016f podzemn\u00ed vody z\u00a0vrt\u016f se mus\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bt v\u00a0dynamick\u00e9m stavu (po \u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed, resp. u\u00a0tlakov\u00fdch vrt\u016f odpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, optim\u00e1ln\u011b do ust\u00e1len\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch parametr\u016f: teplota vody, vodivost, pH a\u00a0z\u00e1kal). Vzorek vody je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za ust\u00e1len\u00fd, pakli\u017ee zm\u011bna dvou po sob\u011b jdouc\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty, pH, vodivosti a\u00a0z\u00e1kalu je men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 10 %. Pouze v\u00a0ojedin\u011bl\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech je vzorek z\u00a0vrtu odeb\u00edr\u00e1n zon\u00e1ln\u00edm vzorkova\u010dem z\u00a0p\u0159edepsan\u00e9 hloubky. P\u0159i vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed vrt\u016f je t\u0159eba zapustit \u010derpadlo do p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 hloubky (od odm\u011brn\u00e9ho bodu, j\u00edm\u017e je zpravidla okraj pa\u017enice \u010di okraj zhlav\u00ed vrtu) a\u00a0po po\u017eadovanou dobu z\u00a0n\u00ed zadan\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm \u010derpat\/odpou\u0161t\u011bt podle po\u017eadavku \u010cHM\u00da specifikovan\u00e9ho individu\u00e1ln\u011b pro ka\u017ed\u00fd vrt. Odpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159etokov\u00fdch vrt\u016f mus\u00ed prob\u00edhat nejm\u00e9n\u011b 2 hodiny, nen\u00ed-li stanoveno jinak, a\u00a0to p\u0159edepsanou vydatnost\u00ed. P\u0159ed \u010derp\u00e1n\u00edm\/odpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm a\u00a0p\u0159i n\u011bm je povinnost\u00ed vzorka\u0159e ve stanoven\u00fdch \u010dasech d\u016fsledn\u011b m\u011b\u0159it a\u00a0zapisovat po\u017eadovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje (pH, vodivost, z\u00e1kal, rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd kysl\u00edk, skute\u010dn\u011b \u010derpanou vydatnost, teplotu vzduchu a\u00a0vody, hladinu podzemn\u00ed vody) v\u010detn\u011b z\u00e1pisu p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdch doprovodn\u00fdch jev\u016f (p\u00edskov\u00e1n\u00ed, barva vody, z\u00e1kal\u00a0atd.) \u010di probl\u00e9m\u016f s\u00a0vrtem \u010di \u010derp\u00e1n\u00edm (obr. 1<\/em>). Vzorka\u0159 zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 t\u00e9\u017e d\u00e9lku odpadu a\u00a0jeho za\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed. Od\u010derp\u00e1van\u00e1 voda zejm\u00e9na u\u00a0objekt\u016f v\u00a0kvart\u00e9rn\u00edch zvodn\u00edch (m\u011blk\u00e9 vrty do 20\u2008m) mus\u00ed b\u00fdt vypou\u0161t\u011bna v\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti (alespo\u0148 10\u2008m) tak, aby nedoch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed vrtu vypou\u0161t\u011bnou vodou. Po stanoven\u00e9 dob\u011b \u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdm a\u00a0pe\u010dliv\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem podle pokyn\u016f zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed laborato\u0159e a\u00a0v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0\u010cSN EN ISO 5667-11 [6] odebere vzorka\u0159 laborato\u0159\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed neprovzdu\u0161n\u011bn\u00e9ho vzorku a\u00a0zaznamen\u00e1 aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty hladiny podzemn\u00ed vody, pH, vodivosti, Eh, rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku, teploty a\u00a0z\u00e1kalu vody v\u00a0okam\u017eiku odb\u011bru vzorku (obr. 2<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"Kodes-2a\"<\/a>\n\"Kodes-2b\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a02. Odb\u011br vzorku (naho\u0159e) s\u00a0ulo\u017een\u00edm vzorkovnic v\u00a0chladic\u00edm boxu (dole)
\nFig. 2. Groundwater sampling (above), storage of sampling bottles in a\u00a0cooling box (below)<\/h6>\n

\u010cHM\u00da po\u017eaduje pou\u017eit\u00ed ponorn\u00fdch odst\u0159ediv\u00fdch, pop\u0159.\u00a0membr\u00e1nov\u00fdch \u010derpadel. Pou\u017eit\u00ed sac\u00edch \u010derpadel pro odb\u011br vzorku je nep\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9. Preferuje se pou\u017eit\u00ed \u010derpadel s\u00a0modulac\u00ed pr\u016ftoku. Pokud je po\u017eadov\u00e1n odb\u011br vzorku vzorkova\u010dem, mus\u00ed vzorka\u0159 pou\u017e\u00edvat zon\u00e1ln\u00ed vzorkova\u010d. Pro pr\u016ftoky pod 0,1\u2008l.s-1<\/sup> je po\u017eadov\u00e1no um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed ventilu pro vzorkovac\u00ed okruh maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 2\u2008m od vy\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed hadice z\u00a0objektu vrtu, aby nedoch\u00e1zelo ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m teplot p\u0159i odb\u011bru. Dal\u0161\u00edm po\u017eadavkem je, aby za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro odb\u011br vzorku a\u00a0potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed zdroje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (nap\u0159. elektrocentr\u00e1ly, kanystry s\u00a0pohonn\u00fdmi hmotami) byly ulo\u017eeny odd\u011blen\u011b, centr\u00e1la ulo\u017eena v\u00a0samostatn\u00e9m boxu a\u00a0zabr\u00e1n\u011bno kontaminaci \u010derpac\u00edch hadic a\u00a0\u010derpadla b\u011bhem p\u0159epravy. D\u00e1le mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zabr\u00e1n\u011bno kontaktu hadic a\u00a0ostatn\u00edho vzorkovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s\u00a0okoln\u00edm ter\u00e9nem nap\u0159.\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm podlo\u017eky (obr. 3<\/em>). Nep\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed se ter\u00e9nn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0k\u00e1dince. Po\u017eaduje se pou\u017eit\u00ed pr\u016ftokov\u00fdch cel pro ter\u00e9nn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00fdch parametr\u016f (obr. 4<\/em>).\u2028P\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 intervaly odchylek m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu v\u016f\u010di standard\u016fm jsou uvedeny v\u00a0tabulce 1<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. P\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 odchylky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu v\u016f\u010di kalibra\u010dn\u00edm standard\u016fm
\nTable 1. Tolerable deviations from calibration standards for in situ measurements<\/h5>\n\"Kodes-tabulka-1\"<\/a>\n

Laborato\u0159e mus\u00ed m\u00edt plnou odpov\u011bdnost za ter\u00e9nn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje a\u00a0ter\u00e9nn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, tj.\u00a0prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed kalibrac\u00ed a\u00a0jejich nav\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed na metrologick\u00fd syst\u00e9m laborato\u0159e. Vzorka\u0159 mus\u00ed v\u00e9st dolo\u017eiteln\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy o\u00a0kontrol\u00e1ch spr\u00e1vnosti m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0o\u00a0kalibrac\u00edch nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00fdch den\u00edc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 bude schopen dokladovat \u010cHM\u00da. Denn\u00ed kontrola spr\u00e1vnosti m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch \u010didel je vy\u017eadov\u00e1na. Konzervace vzork\u016f mus\u00ed b\u00fdt prov\u00e1d\u011bna v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0\u010cSN EN ISO 5667-3 [7]. Laborato\u0159 mus\u00ed dodr\u017eovat po\u017eadavky normy, pop\u0159.\u00a0mus\u00ed m\u00edt laborato\u0159 odchyln\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby konzervace validov\u00e1ny v\u00a0r\u00e1mci akreditace podle \u010cSN EN ISO\/IEC 17025 [8].\u2028\u010cHM\u00da po\u017eaduje nefixovan\u00e9 vzorky uchov\u00e1vat v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed o\u00a0teplot\u011b do 10\u2008\u00b0C a\u017e do zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0laborato\u0159i. Po\u017eaduje se sledov\u00e1n\u00ed teploty v\u00a0chladic\u00edch boxech u\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9ho vzorku v\u00a0dob\u011b od odb\u011bru do p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed vzorku v\u00a0analytick\u00e9 laborato\u0159i, z\u00e1znamy o\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bz\u00edch teplot jsou po skon\u010den\u00ed vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1ny \u010cHM\u00da. Odb\u011brov\u00e9 os\u00e1dky mus\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat chladic\u00ed boxy s\u00a0aktivn\u00edm chlazen\u00edm nebo s\u00a0namra\u017een\u00fdmi chladic\u00edmi vlo\u017ekami (obr. 2<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"Kodes-3a\"<\/a>\"Kodes-3b\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a03. Zamezen\u00ed kontaminace vzorkovnic (naho\u0159e) a\u00a0vzorkovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (dole)
\nFig. 3. A\u00a0contamination prevention of sampling bottles (above) and equipment (below)<\/h6>\n

Syst\u00e9m zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kvality analytick\u00fdch prac\u00ed<\/h3>\n

V\u0161echny ukazatele mus\u00ed b\u00fdt analyzov\u00e1ny podle standardn\u00edch opera\u010dn\u00edch postup\u016f akreditovan\u00fdch podle normy \u010cSN EN ISO\/IEC 17025 [8], laborato\u0159 mus\u00ed m\u00edt platnou akreditaci na v\u0161echna stanoven\u00ed mimo hodnot stanovovan\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dtem. Laborato\u0159e se p\u0159i prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed laboratorn\u00edch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u0159\u00edd\u00ed po\u017eadavky sm\u011brnice 2009\/90\/ES [9], kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed spl\u0148ovat, a\u00a0tak\u00e9 se mus\u00ed z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148ovat v\u0161ech mezilaboratorn\u00edch srovn\u00e1vac\u00edch zkou\u0161ek t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se analyt\u016f stanovovan\u00fdch v\u00a0monitoringu \u010cHM\u00da organizovan\u00fdch subjekty opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fdmi pro tuto \u010dinnost v\u00a0\u010cR.\u00a0V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f mus\u00ed laborato\u0159e neprodlen\u011b p\u0159ijmout opat\u0159en\u00ed k\u00a0n\u00e1prav\u011b. Laborato\u0159e jsou povinny v\u00fdsledky autorizovat formou protokolu o\u00a0zkou\u0161ce. Ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed analytick\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f je \u00fadaj o\u00a0chyb\u011b stanoven\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"Kodes-4a\"<\/a>\"Kodes-4b\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a04. Pr\u016ftokov\u00e9 cely pro pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vybran\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu
\nFig. 4. Flow-through cells for measurements of selected parameters in situ<\/h6>\n

\u010cHM\u00da po\u017eaduje, aby byla v\u0161echna stanoven\u00ed specifick\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou PAU) prov\u00e1d\u011bna analytick\u00fdmi metodami, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed informace o\u00a0chemick\u00e9 struktu\u0159e analytu, tj.\u00a0za pou\u017eit\u00ed hmotnostn\u00ed spektrometrie. Laborato\u0159 mus\u00ed pro stanoven\u00ed organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek popsat zp\u016fsob, jak zaji\u0161\u0165uje monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed podm\u00ednek skladov\u00e1n\u00ed vzork\u016f a\u00a0stability extrakt\u016f a\u00a0kalibra\u010dn\u00edch standard\u016f v\u00a0roztoc\u00edch, v\u010detn\u011b hodnot o\u00a0stabilit\u011b, kterou po\u0159\u00eddila v\u00a0r\u00e1mci validace analytick\u00e9 metody. Laborato\u0159 prokazuje zp\u016fsob zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed metrologick\u00e9 n\u00e1vaznosti specifikac\u00ed kalibra\u010dn\u00edch standard\u016f s\u00a0vhodnou expirac\u00ed. Standardy mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u00a0prokazateln\u00e9m vlastnictv\u00ed laborato\u0159e, kter\u00e1 prov\u00e1d\u00ed anal\u00fdzy. Pro ka\u017ed\u00fd kalibra\u010dn\u00ed standard pro danou metodu laborato\u0159 samostatn\u011b uv\u00e1d\u00ed v\u00fdrobce kalibra\u010dn\u00edho standardu, \u010d\u00edslo v\u00fdrobn\u00ed \u0161ar\u017ee a\u00a0datum expirace. Pokud dojde v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu monitoringu pro \u010cHM\u00da k\u00a0ukon\u010den\u00ed expirace, laborato\u0159 zakoup\u00ed v\u010das nov\u00fd standard tak, aby po celou dobu byly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny standardy p\u0159ed ukon\u010den\u00edm expira\u010dn\u00ed lh\u016fty. Laborato\u0159 dokladuje syst\u00e9m \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jakosti QC (typy a\u00a0po\u010det kontroln\u00edch vzork\u016f) pro v\u0161echny analyzovan\u00e9 parametry s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee \u010cHM\u00da m\u00e1 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u017eadavky na anal\u00fdzu kontroln\u00edch vzork\u016f: laboratorn\u00ed duplik\u00e1t\u2028(5 % vzork\u016f, minim\u00e1ln\u011b ka\u017ed\u00fd den m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed), slep\u00fd pokus (5 % vzork\u016f, minim\u00e1ln\u011b ka\u017ed\u00fd den m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed) a\u00a0fortifikovan\u00fd slep\u00fd pokus nebo fortifikovan\u00e1 matrice\u2028(5 % vzork\u016f). Laborato\u0159 p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 po skon\u010den\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch vzorkovac\u00edch obdob\u00ed \u010cHM\u00da stru\u010dnou p\u00edsemnou zpr\u00e1vu o\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu a\u00a0v\u00fdsledc\u00edch t\u011bchto intern\u00edch kontrol kvality pr\u00e1ce. Tato zpr\u00e1va mus\u00ed obsahovat alespo\u0148 term\u00edny t\u011bchto kontrol, specifikaci konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch vzork\u016f a\u00a0v\u00fdsledek t\u00e9to kontroly.<\/p>\n\"Kodes-5\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a05. Po\u010det monitorovan\u00fdch objekt\u016f a\u00a0odebran\u00fdch vzork\u016f
\nFig. 5. Number of monitoring sites and samples taken<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdvoj monitorovac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b<\/h3>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tek sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod v\u00a0\u010cHM\u00da se datuje k\u00a0roku 1957, kdy byly ovzorkov\u00e1ny prvn\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i objekty. Od 60. let a\u017e do roku 1983 se vzorkovaly p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b prameny, a\u00a0to v\u00a0nepravideln\u00e9m intervalu 1\u00d7 za n\u011bkolik let. V\u00a0roce 1984 za\u010dalo pravideln\u00e9 vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011blk\u00fdch vrt\u016f sou\u010dasn\u011b s\u00a0prameny\u20282\u00d7 ro\u010dn\u011b. Na p\u0159elomu 90. let byly do s\u00edt\u011b \u010cHM\u00da za\u0159azeny vrty sleduj\u00edc\u00ed hlubok\u00e9 vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 struktury (hlavn\u011b k\u0159\u00eddov\u00e9 a\u00a0terci\u00e9rn\u00ed p\u00e1nve). V\u00a0tomto obdob\u00ed se po\u010det vzorkovan\u00fdch objekt\u016f ust\u00e1lil na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 460. V\u00a0roce 2009 do\u0161lo, v\u00a0r\u00e1mci rekonstrukce s\u00edt\u011b \u010cHM\u00da financovan\u00e9 z\u00a0Fondu soudr\u017enosti EU, k\u00a0za\u0159azen\u00ed nov\u011b vybudovan\u00fdch vrt\u016f a\u00a0k\u00a0nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu monitorovac\u00edch m\u00edst na 613. Sou\u010dasn\u011b bylo do programu sledov\u00e1n\u00ed jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod nav\u00edc za\u0159azeno, po dohod\u011b s\u00a0jejich provozovateli, 39 v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva pitnou vodou s\u00a0vydatnost\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 50\u2008l.s-1<\/sup>. V\u00a0roce 2016 budou zahrnuty dal\u0161\u00ed objekty v\u010detn\u011b men\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u016f z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatelstva pitnou vodou tak, aby monitoring \u010cHM\u00da pokr\u00fdval 173 ze 174 \u00fatvar\u016f podzemn\u00edch vod vymezen\u00fdch vyhl\u00e1\u0161kou 5\/2011 [10] pro \u00fa\u010dely sledov\u00e1n\u00ed podle R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch [2]. Pouze v\u00a0jednom mal\u00e9m \u00fatvaru podzemn\u00edch vod o\u00a0rozloze 43 km2<\/sup> (Krystalinikum v\u00a0povod\u00ed Svratky-Svitava po soutok s\u00a0tokem Punkva, ID 65602) nebyl dosud nalezen \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd objekt vhodn\u00fd pro vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod. Po\u010det sledovan\u00fdch objekt\u016f se z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edch 481 v\u00a0roce 1992 zvedl na 675 v\u00a0roce 2016 (obr. 5<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"Kodes-6\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a06. Rozlo\u017een\u00ed monitorovac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b v\u00a0letech 1985, 1992, 2009 a\u00a02016
\nFig. 6. Monitoring network layout in 1985, 1992, 2009 and 2016<\/h6>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina objekt\u016f v\u00a0s\u00edti je v\u00a0dobr\u00e9m technick\u00e9m stavu, existuj\u00ed ov\u0161em objekty, kter\u00e9 byly prozat\u00edm v\u00a0s\u00edti ponech\u00e1ny i\u00a0p\u0159es \u0161patn\u00fd technick\u00fd stav s\u00a0ohledem na zachov\u00e1n\u00ed kontinuity \u010dasov\u00fdch \u0159ad, jeliko\u017e chyb\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky na opravu nebo n\u00e1hradu objekt\u016f, a\u00a0v\u00a0dan\u00e9m vodn\u00edm \u00fatvaru neexistuje monitorovac\u00ed objekt, kter\u00fd by mohl st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed nahradit. Hustota a\u00a0rozlo\u017een\u00ed monitorovac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b se v\u00fdznamn\u011b zm\u011bnily zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0letech 1985, 1992 a\u00a02009 (obr. 6<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Sledovan\u00e9 ukazatele<\/h3>\n

Rozsah sledovan\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f (obr. 7<\/em>) se v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu zvy\u0161oval tak, jak se vyv\u00edjela analytick\u00e1 technika a\u00a0jak se m\u011bnila legislativa platn\u00e1 pro oblast jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod. A\u017e do roku 2011 neexistovala v\u00a0\u010cR z\u00e1vazn\u00e1 legislativa pro hodnocen\u00ed jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod, jedin\u00fdm pou\u017eiteln\u00fdm legislativn\u00edm p\u0159edpisem byla vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka \u010d.\u00a0252\/2004 [11] a\u00a0p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edpisy platn\u00e9 pro pitnou vodu. Implementac\u00ed sm\u011brnice 2006\/118\/ES [12] do legislativy \u010cR vyhl\u00e1\u0161kou \u010d.\u00a05\/2011 [10] byl tento nedostatek v\u00a0roce 2011 napraven. V\u00a0roce 2002 prob\u011bhl prvn\u00ed screening nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek [13], na jeho\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b byl v\u00a0roce 2005 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en rozsah stanovovan\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f, zejm\u00e9na pesticid\u016f. V\u00a0roce 2007 byl monitoring poprv\u00e9 realizov\u00e1n v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0po\u017eadavky R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch, a\u00a0to programem situa\u010dn\u00edho monitoringu, kdy byl logicky stanovov\u00e1n \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed rozsah ukazatel\u016f ne\u017e v\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edch letech. K\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmu v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed sledovan\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (op\u011bt zejm\u00e9na pesticid\u016f a\u00a0jejich metabolit\u016f v\u00a0r\u00e1mci screeningu) do\u0161lo v\u00a0roce 2009 a\u00a0pot\u00e9 v\u00a0roce 2013 (pesticidy a\u00a0jejich metabolity, prioritn\u00ed l\u00e1tky v\u00a0r\u00e1mci situa\u010dn\u00edho monitoringu). Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed pesticid\u016f, jejich metabolit\u016f i\u00a0prioritn\u00edch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch v\u00a0tak \u0161irok\u00e9m rozsahu zaji\u0161\u0165uje v\u00a0\u010cR pouze \u010cHM\u00da. Na druhou stranu monitoring \u010cHM\u00da nezahrnuje a\u00a0ani nikdy nezahrnoval sledov\u00e1n\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed podzemn\u00edch vod.<\/p>\n\"Kodes-7\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a07. Po\u010det sledovan\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f
\nFig. 7. Number of monitored determinants<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuse<\/h2>\n

Za celou dobu pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed bylo do informa\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu \u010cHM\u00da ulo\u017eeno 3\u00a0589\u00a0619 hodnot z\u00a0celkem 34 758 vzork\u016f, za posledn\u00edch 25 let od roku 1991 bylo ulo\u017eeno 3\u00a0315\u00a0859 hodnot (92 % ve\u0161ker\u00fdch hodnot) z\u00a027 617 vzork\u016f (79 % v\u0161ech vzork\u016f). V\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b do datab\u00e1ze p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1 zhruba 250\u00a0000 a\u017e 350\u00a0000 hodnot v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na rozsahu sledovan\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f. Nejproblemati\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00a0cel\u00e9ho spektra v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti sledovan\u00fdch l\u00e1tek z\u00a0hlediska p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed limit\u016f pro podzemn\u00ed vody jsou dus\u00edkat\u00e9 l\u00e1tky [14] (obr. 8<\/em>) a\u00a0metabolity pesticid\u016f [14, 15] (obr. 9<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"Kodes-8\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a08. P\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed limit\u016f pro dus\u00edkat\u00e9 l\u00e1tky v\u00a0roce 2014 [14]
\nFig. 8. Groundwater standard exceedance for nitrogen compounds in 2014 [14]<\/h6>\n

Za posledn\u00edch 25 let se monitoring jakosti podzemn\u00edch vod vzhledem k\u00a0v\u00fdvoji dostupn\u00fdch analytick\u00fdch metod a\u00a0nekompromisn\u00edm po\u017eadavk\u016fm \u010cHM\u00da na kvalitu vzorkovac\u00edch a\u00a0analytick\u00fdch prac\u00ed posunul na \u00farove\u0148 zcela srovnatelnou s\u00a0nejvysp\u011blej\u0161\u00edmi st\u00e1ty. N\u00e1klady obecn\u011b odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fstu po\u010dtu monitorovac\u00edch objekt\u016f a\u00a0sledovan\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f a\u00a0reflektuj\u00ed i\u00a0po\u010det odebran\u00fdch vzork\u016f a\u00a0typ programu monitoringu v\u00a0dan\u00e9m roce (obr. 10<\/em>). N\u00e1klady na monitoring samoz\u0159ejm\u011b vzrostly, ale p\u0159i zohledn\u011bn\u00ed zm\u011bny cenov\u00fdch hladin v\u00a0\u010cR a\u00a0kupn\u00ed s\u00edly b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch 25 let k\u00a0\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu dramatick\u00e9mu n\u00e1r\u016fstu n\u00e1klad\u016f p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b nedo\u0161lo. D\u00e1 se \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee dne\u0161n\u00ed nastaven\u00ed monitoringu je velmi efektivn\u00ed, jako indik\u00e1tor lze pou\u017e\u00edt n\u00e1klady na z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed jedn\u00e9 hodnoty, kdy se n\u00e1klady na jeden v\u00fdsledek (\u010d\u00edslo, koncentraci) postupn\u011b sni\u017eovaly z\u00a0cca 90 K\u010d v\u00a0roce 1993 na 50 K\u010d v\u00a0roce 2015 (obr. 11<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"Kodes-9\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a09. P\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed limitu pro pesticidy v\u00a0roce 2014 [14]
\nFig. 9. Groundwater standard exceedance for pesticides in 2014 [14]<\/h6>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

V\u00fdsledky monitoringu jsou dnes vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny nejen pro \u00fa\u010dely sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed vodn\u00ed bilance, hodnocen\u00ed stavu vod, hodnocen\u00ed stavu vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f a\u00a0pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti vod podle z\u00e1kona \u010d.\u00a0254\/2011 [16], ale i\u00a0v\u00a0r\u00e1mci jin\u00fdch aktivit vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch z\u00a0ostatn\u00edch z\u00e1vazk\u016f \u010cR, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad reporting pro Evropskou agenturu pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed (EEA) v\u00a0r\u00e1mci s\u00edt\u011b EIONET [17], implementace sm\u011brnice 91\/676\/EHS [18] a\u00a0vymezen\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdch oblast\u00ed podle t\u00e9to sm\u011brnice, implementace sm\u011brnice 2009\/128\/ES [19] prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm N\u00e1rodn\u00edho ak\u010dn\u00edho pl\u00e1nu ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pesticid\u016f v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice [20] a\u00a0ve spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0\u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm kontroln\u00edm a\u00a0zku\u0161ebn\u00edm \u00fastavem zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm i\u00a0jako n\u00e1stroj pro regulaci a\u00a0povolov\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u0159edk\u016f na ochranu rostlin na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR.<\/p>\n\"Kodes-10\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a010. N\u00e1klady na monitoring
\nFig. 10. Cost of the monitoring<\/h6>\n

Z\u00a0dosavadn\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed se ukazuje, \u017ee nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed komplikac\u00ed pro zd\u00e1rnou realizaci tohoto monitoringu je chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed syst\u00e9m dlouhodob\u00e9ho financov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tento celost\u00e1tn\u00ed monitoring by m\u011bl zcela logicky pat\u0159it mezi strategick\u00e9 a\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9 aktivity \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Zp\u016fsob zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jeho financov\u00e1n\u00ed tomu ale zdaleka neodpov\u00edd\u00e1. P\u0159esto se da\u0159\u00ed tento monitoring realizovat, ba co v\u00edce, zvy\u0161ovat jeho kvalitu, na kterou m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u010cesk\u00e1 republika opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b hrd\u00e1.<\/p>\n\"Kodes-11\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a011. Po\u010det nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch hodnot a\u00a0indik\u00e1tor efektivity monitoringu (n\u00e1klad na po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed 1 koncentra\u010dn\u00ed hodnoty)
\nFig. 11. Number of acquired values and a\u00a0monitoring effectivity indicator (cost of one concentration value)<\/h6>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Auto\u0159i d\u011bkuj\u00ed RNDr.\u00a0Petru Kohoutovi za po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed fotodokumentace.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Many professionals deal with water quality monitoring in the Czech Republic with various goals and various quality of gathered information. The Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI) has built and developed a unified longterm monitoring system providing comparable high quality data at a nation-\u2028al scale.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":1704,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86,87],"tags":[308,301],"coauthors":[324,325,326],"class_list":["post-1818","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","category-hydrochemistry-radioecology-microbiology","tag-groundwater","tag-water-quality"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1818","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1818"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1818\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30322,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1818\/revisions\/30322"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1704"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1818"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1818"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1818"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1818"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}