{"id":1583,"date":"2016-02-09T07:21:07","date_gmt":"2016-02-09T07:21:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=1583"},"modified":"2024-07-16T10:37:25","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T09:37:25","slug":"assessment-of-the-relationship-between-water-quality-and-functions-of-small-water-reservoirs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2016\/02\/assessment-of-the-relationship-between-water-quality-and-functions-of-small-water-reservoirs\/","title":{"rendered":"Assessment of the relationship between water quality and functions of small water reservoirs"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee (MVN) jsou ve st\u0159edoevropsk\u00e9m prostoru jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch element\u016f zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajiny. V\u00a0letech 2013 a\u017e 2015 bylo pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bno sledov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed vybran\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed (MVN) v\u00a0oblastech ji\u017en\u00ed a\u00a0st\u0159edn\u00ed Moravy a\u00a0Vyso\u010diny. Z\u00e1m\u011brem je v\u011bnovat pozornost vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9mu ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed jakosti povrchov\u00fdch tekouc\u00edch vod a\u00a0jakosti vody rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0MVN p\u0159i zohledn\u011bn\u00ed jejich hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed, prov\u00e9st ter\u00e9nn\u00ed \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed situace na vybran\u00fdch vzorkov\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch a\u00a0monitorovat stav jejich vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edch vliv\u016f. Ekosyst\u00e9my sledovan\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u011b redukovaly siln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtoky, jak dokladuj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdsledky z\u00a0MVN \u017dele\u010d. Sledovan\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee m\u011bly pozitivn\u00ed dopad na zadr\u017een\u00ed dus\u00edku a\u00a0fosforu p\u016fvodem ze zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch povrchov\u00fdch vod a\u00a0na\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod produkovan\u00fdch os\u00eddlen\u00edmi v\u00a0povod\u00ed. V\u00fdznamn\u00e1 byla tak\u00e9 redukce mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody. V\u00fdsledky z\u00edskan\u00e9 z\u00a0lokalit ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee je nutn\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u011b stanovit prim\u00e1rn\u00ed \u00fa\u010del a\u00a0formulovat i\u00a0konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00e9 funkce n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed (rybn\u00edk\u016f i\u00a0ostatn\u00edch mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed). S\u00a0t\u011bmito c\u00edli je t\u0159eba stanovit z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy managementu jednotliv\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0MVN.\"rozkosny-1\"<\/p>\n

Obr. 1. MVN \u017dele\u010d
\nFig. 1. Small water reservoir (SWR) \u017dele\u010d<\/h6>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee jsou ve st\u0159edoevropsk\u00e9m prostoru jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch element\u016f zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajiny [1]. P\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jednu z\u00a0nejhodnotn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00fdch slo\u017eek kulturn\u00ed krajiny, jinak zcela transformovan\u00e9 intenzivn\u00ed lidskou \u010dinnost\u00ed [2]. Rybn\u00edky, jako jeden z\u00a0typ\u016f mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, jsou v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm typem biotop\u016f vybudovan\u00fdm jako um\u011bl\u00e9 stavby v\u00a0m\u00edstech s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edznivou konfigurac\u00ed ter\u00e9nu. Postupem doby se staly organickou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed krajiny a\u00a0nahradily tak jezera, kter\u00e1 se u\u00a0n\u00e1s prakticky nevyskytuj\u00ed. Os\u00eddleny byly pestr\u00fdm spole\u010denstvem vodn\u00edch a\u00a0ba\u017einn\u00fdch organism\u016f. Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee kvalita vody se v\u00a0rybn\u00edc\u00edch \u010dasto z\u00e1sadn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed, podle m\u00edry zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0kvalit\u011b vody ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m, a\u00a0to bu\u010f pozitivn\u00edm, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b siln\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtoku\u00a0\u2013 nap\u0159.\u00a0[3\u20136], nebo negativn\u00edm, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nezne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edtoku\u00a0\u2013 nap\u0159.\u00a0[7]. V\u00a0d\u016fsledku p\u0159\u00edsunu \u017eivin z\u00a0povod\u00ed i\u00a0vstup\u016f ve form\u011b krmiv a\u00a0hnojiv aplikovan\u00fdch v\u00a0r\u00e1mci ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed lze v\u011bt\u0161inu \u010desk\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f pova\u017eovat za eutrofn\u00ed a\u017e hypertrofn\u00ed vodn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my. Tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed typy mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed mohou plnit v\u00edce funkc\u00ed v\u00a0krajin\u011b, v\u010detn\u011b redukce (a\u017e eliminace) zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed transportovan\u00e9ho \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u00ed. Z\u00a0ekologick\u00e9ho hlediska jsou v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm lok\u00e1ln\u00edm biocentrem zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm biodiverzitu v\u00a0krajin\u011b [8]. Vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sky zadr\u017euj\u00ed vodu v\u00a0povod\u00ed a\u00a0ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed jej\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed distribuci, maj\u00ed nezanedbateln\u00fd vliv na hladinu podzemn\u00ed vody a\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00ed vl\u00e1hu, p\u0159i spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 manipulaci s\u00a0reten\u010dn\u00edm prostorem jsou schopn\u00e9 transformovat povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vlny [9, 10]. P\u0159es svoji nezastupitelnost v\u00a0krajin\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee tak\u00e9 jeden z\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f v\u00a0Evrop\u011b, kter\u00fd je pod neust\u00e1l\u00fdm antropogenn\u00edm tlakem. Nejv\u00edce n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 jsou mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti velk\u00fdch s\u00eddel nebo v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsky intenzivn\u011b obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00e9 krajin\u011b. Zde \u010del\u00ed riziku zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod spla\u0161ky, eutrofizace vlivem pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed um\u011bl\u00fdch hnojiv, splach\u016f p\u016fdy ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch ploch, dren\u00e1\u017ee mok\u0159adn\u00edch litor\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00f3n [2]\u00a0atd.<\/p>\n\"rozkosny-2\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a02. MVN Dra\u017eovice
\nFig. 2. SWR Dra\u017eovice<\/h6>\n

Lokality a\u00a0metodika<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0letech 2013 a\u017e 2015 bylo pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bno sledov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed vybran\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed (MVN) v\u00a0oblastech ji\u017en\u00ed a\u00a0st\u0159edn\u00ed Moravy a\u00a0Vyso\u010diny. Z\u00e1m\u011brem je v\u011bnovat pozornost vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9mu ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed jakosti povrchov\u00fdch tekouc\u00edch vod a\u00a0jakosti vody rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0MVN p\u0159i zohledn\u011bn\u00ed jejich hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed, prov\u00e9st ter\u00e9nn\u00ed \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed situace na vybran\u00fdch vzorkov\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch a\u00a0monitorovat stav jejich vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edch vliv\u016f. P\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na datab\u00e1ze v\u00fdsledk\u016f z\u00a0let 2000 a\u017e 2010, z\u00edskan\u00fdch v\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159edchoz\u00edch v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch projekt\u016f, nap\u0159.\u00a0[10, 11]. Nov\u011b byly sledov\u00e1ny n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. MVN\u00a0\u2013 obec Dra\u017eovice\u00a0\u2013 49.1990025N, 16.9417000E \/ hlavn\u00ed funkce\u00a0\u2013 rekrea\u010dn\u00ed rybolov, rekreace (obr.\u00a02<\/em>)<\/li>\n
  2. MVN\u00a0\u2013 obec \u017dele\u010d\u00a0\u2013 49.3472344N, 17.1273514E \/ hlavn\u00ed funkce\u00a0\u2013 retence vody, podpora biodiverzity v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsky obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00e9m povod\u00ed (prakticky 90\u00a0% p\u016fdy vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no jako orn\u00e1 v\u00a0povod\u00ed) (obr.\u00a01<\/em>)<\/li>\n
  3. MVN\u00a0\u2013 obec N\u011bm\u010dice\u00a0\u2013 49.4342464N, 16.7091728E \/ hlavn\u00ed funkce\u00a0\u2013 protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 ochrana, retence vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b, podpora biodiverzity (obr.\u00a03<\/em>)<\/li>\n
  4. MVN\u00a0\u2013 obec Velk\u00fd Rybn\u00edk\u00a0\u2013 49.4860272N, 15.3088683E \/ hlavn\u00ed funkce\u00a0\u2013 protipovod\u0148ov\u00e1 ochrana, retence vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b, podpora biodiverzity (obr.\u00a04<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\"rozkosny-3\"<\/a>\n
    Obr.\u00a03. MVN N\u011bm\u010dice
    \nFig. 3. SWR N\u011bm\u010dice<\/h6>\n

    Hodnocen\u00ed zm\u011bn v\u00a0m\u00ed\u0159e zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed bylo zam\u011b\u0159eno na nutrienty, ukazatele kysl\u00edkov\u00e9ho re\u017eimu a\u00a0biologick\u00e9 ukazatele. Odb\u011bry vzork\u016f vody byly prov\u00e1d\u011bny n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t ro\u010dn\u011b (4\u20136x) v\u00a0typick\u00fdch obdob\u00edch v\u00fdvoje ekosyst\u00e9mu n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, tedy v\u00a0obdob\u00ed brzk\u00e9ho jara, p\u0159elomu jara a\u00a0l\u00e9ta (kv\u011bten), v\u00a0letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed s\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi teplotami prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0vody, p\u0159elom l\u00e9ta a\u00a0podzimu a\u00a0obdob\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot na podzim, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i\u00a0obdob\u00ed se z\u00e1mrzem vodn\u00ed hladiny. V\u00a0ter\u00e9nu byly p\u0159\u00edmo m\u011b\u0159eny fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00e9 parametry vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (teplota vody, rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd kysl\u00edk, nasycen\u00ed kysl\u00edkem, pH, elektrick\u00e1 konduktivita), a\u00a0to p\u0159\u00edstrojem HACH Lange HQ40d. M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed byla prov\u00e1d\u011bna p\u0159i hladin\u011b a\u00a0v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch hloubk\u00e1ch v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0bodov\u011b v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f a\u00a0odtok\u016f. V\u00a0laborato\u0159i byly stanovov\u00e1ny ukazatele jakosti vod reprezentuj\u00edc\u00ed organick\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, jednotliv\u00e9 formy dus\u00edku, fosforu a\u00a0uhl\u00edku, mikrobiologick\u00e9 ukazatele zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod a\u00a0obsah nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch (suspendovan\u00fdch) l\u00e1tek. Hodnocen\u00ed potenci\u00e1lu retence nutrient\u016f na sledovan\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch bylo zalo\u017eeno na metodick\u00fdch doporu\u010den\u00edch komise pro ochranu Dunaje [12, 13]. Tyto metody jsou zalo\u017eeny na srovn\u00e1n\u00ed vstupn\u00edch a\u00a0odtokov\u00fdch hodnot l\u00e1tkov\u00fdch zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed (koncentrac\u00ed) jednotliv\u00fdch ukazatel\u016f kvality vody.<\/p>\n\"rozkosny-4\"<\/a>\n

    Obr.\u00a04. MVN Velk\u00fd Rybn\u00edk
    \nFig. 4. SWR Velk\u00fd Rybn\u00edk<\/h6>\n

    V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuse<\/h2>\n

    N\u00e1dr\u017ee Dra\u017eovice a\u00a0\u017dele\u010d jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny pro rekrea\u010dn\u00ed aktivity, zejm\u00e9na ryba\u0159en\u00ed, a\u00a0vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 pot\u0159eby. Tyto lokality se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00a0povod\u00edch s\u00a0p\u0159evahou orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy. V\u00a0tabulk\u00e1ch 1<\/em> a\u00a03<\/em> jsou uvedena vybran\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed popisuj\u00edc\u00ed vodn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed obou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0jeho v\u00fdvoj v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku 2014. V\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch tabulk\u00e1ch 2<\/em> a\u00a04<\/em> jsou uvedeny pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty parametr\u016f kvality vody analyzovan\u00fdch ze vzork\u016f odebran\u00fdch v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtokov\u00e9m (obvykle nad za\u010d\u00e1tkem vzdut\u00ed do hlavn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edtoku) a\u00a0odtokov\u00e9m (pod odtokov\u00fdm objektem) profilu um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch na reten\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch.<\/p>\n

    V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b lokality Dra\u017eovice byla v\u00fdstavba n\u00e1dr\u017ee dokon\u010dena v\u00a0roce 2012, p\u0159ed za\u010d\u00e1tkem monitoringu, co\u017e je z\u0159ejm\u00e9 i\u00a0z\u00a0jej\u00edho o\u017eiven\u00ed. P\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed voda je odtokem z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee situovan\u00e9 o\u00a0cca\u00a0400\u2008m v\u00fd\u0161e, tud\u00ed\u017e nedoch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0jej\u00ed degradaci zdr\u017een\u00edm v\u00a0akumulaci. Povod\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee je tvo\u0159eno tak\u0159ka v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b poln\u00edmi plochami. Slab\u00e1 vrstva sediment\u016f (4\u2008cm) je tvo\u0159ena p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b jemn\u00fdmi j\u00edlovit\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi. Do n\u00e1dr\u017ee byly na podzim 2013 a\u00a0na ja\u0159e 2014 vysazeny ryby, co\u017e vedlo k\u00a0eliminaci velk\u00fdch perloo\u010dek rodu Daphnia<\/em> (D. magna<\/em>, D. longispina<\/em>).<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 1. Abiotick\u00e9 parametry prost\u0159ed\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Dra\u017eovice zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159i odb\u011brech in situ
    \nTable 1. Abiotic parameters of the SWR Dra\u017eovice environment, determined during monitoring in-situ<\/h5>\n    \"rozkosny-tabulka-1\"<\/a>\n

    Nasycen\u00ed vody kysl\u00edkem b\u011bhem roku 2014 odpov\u00eddalo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm teplotn\u00edm pom\u011br\u016fm v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei a\u00a0nep\u0159edstavovalo probl\u00e9m pro pln\u011bn\u00ed funkc\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee, i\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na jej\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed organick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami na p\u0159\u00edtoku (tabulka 2<\/em>). Pr\u016fhlednost n\u00e1dr\u017ee se postupn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eila v\u00a0d\u016fsledku nasazen\u00ed ryb a\u00a0v\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed sediment\u016f dna, i\u00a0kdy\u017e celkov\u00fd obsah sediment\u016f je n\u00edzk\u00fd (tabulka 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n

    V\u00a0tabulce 2<\/em> jsou v\u00fdsledky monitoringu n\u00e1dr\u017ee Dra\u017eovice rozd\u011bleny na dv\u011b obdob\u00ed, p\u0159ed nasazen\u00edm prvn\u00ed ryb\u00ed obs\u00e1dky (obdob\u00ed A) a\u00a0po nasazen\u00ed ryb\u00ed obs\u00e1dky, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed i\u00a0jej\u00ed dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed (obdob\u00ed B). V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty dlouhodob\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jsou ovlivn\u011bny t\u00edm, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0v\u00fdpo\u010dty z\u00a0pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed. Celkov\u011b je zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed organick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9 (ukazatele BSK5<\/sub>, TOC). To plat\u00ed i\u00a0pro nutrienty (ukazatele celkov\u00fd dus\u00edk\u00a0\u2013 Ncelk<\/sub> a\u00a0celkov\u00fd fosfor\u00a0\u2013 Pcelk<\/sub>). V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b fosforu se \u00fa\u010dinnost zadr\u017een\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017eila v\u00a0obdob\u00ed s\u00a0ryb\u00ed obs\u00e1dkou, co\u017e je ale sp\u00ed\u0161e souvislost s\u00a0v\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm sediment\u016f a\u00a0materi\u00e1lu dna (p\u016fvodn\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed zemina), na n\u011bj\u017e je fosfor v\u00e1z\u00e1n, a\u00a0jeho odnosem. V\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozd\u00edl, dokladovan\u00fd i\u00a0daty v\u00a0prvn\u00ed tabulce<\/em> (pr\u016fhlednost), nastal v\u00a0odtokov\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (NL), ve druh\u00e9m obdob\u00ed B jsou tyto koncentrace vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"rozkosny-5\"<\/a>\n

    Obr.\u00a05. Odlovn\u00e1 past s\u00a0\u00falovkem st\u0159evli\u010dky v\u00fdchodn\u00ed (Pseudorasbora parva<\/em>), naho\u0159e samice, dole samec, N\u011bm\u010dice 27.\u00a05.\u00a02014
    \nFig. 5. Fish catching trap with the draught of Pseudorasbora parva<\/em>, female above, male below; N\u011bm\u010dice 27.\u00a05.\u00a02014<\/h6>\n

    N\u00e1dr\u017e na \u017dele\u010dsk\u00e9m potoce (5,29\u2008ha) slou\u017e\u00ed jako v\u00edce\u00fa\u010delov\u00e1 s\u00a0c\u00edlem \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f v\u00a0povod\u00ed. Sv\u00fdm charakterem p\u0159edstavuje n\u00e1dr\u017e reten\u010dn\u00ed s\u00a0protipovod\u0148ovou funkc\u00ed a\u00a0slou\u017e\u00ed i\u00a0k\u00a0rekreaci. V\u00a0dob\u011b minim\u00e1ln\u00edch pr\u016ftok\u016f zaji\u0161\u0165uje po\u017eadovan\u00fd minim\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016ftok 1\u2008l\/s. Skute\u010dnost\u00ed v\u0161ak je, \u017ee slou\u017e\u00ed v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b jako stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed rybn\u00edk pro eliminaci komun\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z\u00a0obce s\u00a0minim\u00e1ln\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed rekrea\u010dn\u00edho vyu\u017eit\u00ed z\u00a0d\u016fvodu velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9 kvality vody a\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u011b siln\u00e9ho v\u00fdskytu vodn\u00edch kv\u011bt\u016f sinic. Je situov\u00e1na mezi poln\u00edmi plochami v\u00a0otev\u0159en\u00e9 krajin\u011b. Vrstva sediment\u016f na dn\u011b dosahuje u\u00a0hr\u00e1ze setrvale p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10\u2008cm a\u00a0je tvo\u0159ena \u010dern\u00fdm anaerobn\u00edm bahnem. V\u00a0podzimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed bylo registrov\u00e1no razantn\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed mocnosti sediment\u016f na 20\u2008cm. V\u00a0d\u016fsledku anaerobie dna se v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b 2014 nevyskytoval zoobentos, ojedin\u011bl\u00e9 o\u017eiven\u00ed dna bylo registrov\u00e1no a\u017e v\u00a0podzimn\u00edm term\u00ednu (7.\u00a010.\u00a02014), kdy se v\u00a0zoobentosu objevily tolerantn\u00ed larvy pakom\u00e1r\u016f Chironomus plumosus<\/em> (222 ind a\u00a00,44\u2008g na m2<\/sup>).<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 2. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty ukazatel\u016f kvality vody na p\u0159\u00edtoku (In) a\u00a0odtoku (Out) z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee Dra\u017eovice b\u011bhem dvou obdob\u00ed (A, B)
    \nTable 2. Average values of water quality parameters in the inflow (In) and the outflow (Out) of the SWR Dra\u017eovice during two periods (A, B)<\/h5>\n    \"rozkosny-tabulka-2\"<\/a>\n

    Siln\u00e9 organick\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed se projevilo zna\u010dnou rozkol\u00edsanost\u00ed kysl\u00edkov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f na konci jarn\u00edho obdob\u00ed, kdy bylo na hladin\u011b nam\u011b\u0159eno stoprocentn\u00ed nasycen\u00ed (9,90\u2008mg\/l O2<\/sub> a\u00a0102,6% nasycen\u00ed), zat\u00edmco u\u00a0dna v\u00a0hloubce pouh\u00fdch 140\u2008cm byla registrov\u00e1na hlubok\u00e1 hypoxie (v\u00a0podstat\u011b anoxie 0,16\u2008mg\/l O2<\/sub> a\u00a01,9% nasycen\u00ed).<\/p>\n

    Expozice n\u00e1dr\u017ee p\u016fsoben\u00ed v\u011btr\u016f v\u00a0otev\u0159en\u00e9 krajin\u011b vede \u010dasto k\u00a0prom\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed vrstev vody a\u00a0jej\u00ed intenzivn\u00ed aeraci, tak\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad za v\u011btrn\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed v\u00a0srpnu 2014 byly rozd\u00edly mezi hladinou a\u00a0dnem v\u00fdrazn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0obdob\u00ed stratifikace (hladina 10,07\u2008mg\/l O2<\/sub>, resp. 116,4\u00a0% a\u00a0dno 5,39\u2008mg\/l O2<\/sub>, resp. 62,1\u00a0%). V\u00a0obdob\u00ed podzimn\u00ed cirkulace pak byla stratifikace zcela eliminov\u00e1na a\u00a0kysl\u00edku bylo v\u00a0cel\u00e9m vodn\u00edm sloupci dostatek (7.\u00a010.\u00a02014, hladina 14,51\u2008mg\/l O2<\/sub>, resp. 145,3\u00a0% a\u00a0dno 15,70\u2008mg\/l O2<\/sub>, resp. 152,0\u00a0%). Podobn\u011b teplota vody u\u00a0dna byla v\u00a0t\u011bchto obdob\u00edch prakticky shodn\u00e1 s\u00a0teplotou u\u00a0hladiny (tabulka 3<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"rozkosny-6\"<\/a>\n

    Obr.\u00a06. Koncentrace celkov\u00e9ho fosforu a\u00a0fosfore\u010dnanov\u00e9ho fosforu v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoku a\u00a0odtoku z\u00a0MVN \u017dele\u010d
    \nFig. 6. Total phosphorus and phosphate phosphorus concentrations in the inflow and the outflow profiles of the SWR \u017dele\u010d<\/h6>\n

    V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b monitoringu n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u017dele\u010d je nutn\u00e9 zohlednit vliv zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159it\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00edho kanaliza\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem obce \u017dele\u010d. V\u00a0obci je \u017dele\u010dsk\u00fd potok zatrubn\u011bn a\u00a0na profilu v\u00fdusti je voda pom\u011brn\u011b zna\u010dn\u011b zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1. Bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpov\u00edd\u00e1 5. t\u0159\u00edd\u011b \u010distoty vod, organick\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed 3. a\u017e 5. t\u0159\u00edd\u011b, koncentrace amoniak\u00e1ln\u00edho dus\u00edku 4. a\u017e 5. t\u0159\u00edd\u011b, nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky 2. a\u017e 3. t\u0159\u00edd\u011b a\u00a0celkov\u00fd fosfor 4. a\u017e 5. t\u0159\u00edd\u011b. Vzd\u00e1lenost od tohoto profilu do konce vzdut\u00ed reten\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1\u2009300\u2008m. D\u00e9lka reten\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 650\u2008m, z\u00a0toho p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b polovinu d\u00e9lky prot\u00e9k\u00e1 voda rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdm litor\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u00e1smem r\u00e1kosin (p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina porostu je tvo\u0159ena r\u00e1kosem obecn\u00fdm Phragmites australis<\/em>). Na konci vzdut\u00ed MVN, tedy na p\u0159\u00edtoku do litor\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00f3ny, je m\u00edra zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed potoka ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 3. Abiotick\u00e9 parametry prost\u0159ed\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u017dele\u010d zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159i odb\u011brech in situ
    \nTable 3. Abiotic parameters of the SWR \u017dele\u010d environment, determined during monitoring in-situ<\/h5>\n    \"rozkosny-tabulka-3\"<\/a>\n

    \u00da\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed MVN \u017dele\u010d je vysok\u00e1 pro ukazatele mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (enterokoky a\u00a0fek\u00e1ln\u00ed koliformn\u00ed bakterie\u00a0\u2013 indik\u00e1tory pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pro hodnocen\u00ed tzv.\u00a0koupac\u00edch lokalit), formy dus\u00edku a\u00a0celkov\u00fd fosfor (tabulka 4<\/em>). Podobn\u011b jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017ee Dra\u017eovice, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti odstran\u011bn\u00ed pro BSK, TOC a\u00a0nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky byly negativn\u00ed, co\u017e je ovlivn\u011bno biologick\u00fdmi procesy prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edmi ve vodn\u00edm \u00fatvaru v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu vegeta\u010dn\u00edch obdob\u00ed. Organick\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0kanaliza\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu obce \u017dele\u010d je vysoce redukov\u00e1no, av\u0161ak s\u00a0v\u00fdsledkem n\u00e1r\u016fstu prim\u00e1rn\u00ed produkce fytoplanktonu ukazatel\u016f, kter\u00e1 vede a\u017e ke vzniku siln\u00fdch vodn\u00edch kv\u011bt\u016f s\u00a0p\u0159evahou sinic rodu Microcystis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    Druhou skupinu hodnocen\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed MVN N\u011bm\u010dice a\u00a0Velk\u00fd Rybn\u00edk. Hlavn\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem jejich v\u00fdstavby bylo zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed protipovod\u0148ov\u00e9 ochrany \u00fazem\u00ed le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed pod nimi, retence vody a\u00a0podpora biodiverzity. K\u00a0druh\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010delu slou\u017e\u00ed realizovan\u00e9 litor\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00f3ny, mok\u0159ady v\u00a0z\u00e1top\u011b a\u00a0doprovodn\u00e9 v\u00fdsadby. V\u00a0tabulk\u00e1ch 5<\/em> a\u00a07<\/em> jsou uvedena vybran\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed popisuj\u00edc\u00ed vodn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed obou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0jeho v\u00fdvoj v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku 2014.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 4. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty ukazatel\u016f kvality vody na p\u0159\u00edtoku (In) a\u00a0odtoku (Out) z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee na \u017dele\u010dsk\u00e9m potoce
    \nTable 4. Average values of water quality parameters in the inflow (In) and the outflow (Out) of the SWR \u017dele\u010d<\/h5>\n    \"rozkosny-tabulka-4\"<\/a>\n

    N\u00e1dr\u017e N\u011bm\u010dice je situov\u00e1na v\u00a0poln\u00ed a\u00a0lu\u010dn\u00ed krajin\u011b a\u00a0je dotov\u00e1na \u017eivinami z\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e polo\u017een\u00e9 obce a\u00a0poln\u00edch ploch v\u00a0povod\u00ed. Eutrofizace n\u00e1dr\u017ee se proto projevuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve v\u00fdvoji kysl\u00edkov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f, jejich\u017e hodnoty v\u00a0obdob\u00edch jarn\u00ed a\u00a0podzimn\u00ed cirkulace podpo\u0159en\u00e9 proud\u011bn\u00edm vzduchu v\u00a0otev\u0159en\u00e9 krajin\u011b jsou vyrovnan\u00e9 v\u00a0cel\u00e9m vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm profilu. To potvrzuj\u00ed i\u00a0minim\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u00edly v\u00a0teplot\u011b vody u\u00a0hladiny a\u00a0u\u00a0dna v\u00a0t\u011bchto term\u00ednech. Od pozdn\u00edho jara doch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159es cel\u00e9 letn\u00ed obdob\u00ed k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 stagnaci, kter\u00e1 vede k\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00edm rozd\u00edl\u016fm v\u00a0koncentraci kysl\u00edku mezi hladinovou vrstvou (22,27\u2008mg\/l) a\u00a0dnem v\u00a0hloubce pouze 1\u2008m (4,80\u2008mg\/l). Pr\u016fhlednost kles\u00e1 v\u00a0d\u016fsledku rozvoje fytoplanktonu i\u00a0z\u00e1kalu zp\u016fsoben\u00e9ho v\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm sediment\u016f divok\u00fdmi kachnami a\u00a0ryb\u00ed obs\u00e1dkou z\u00a0jarn\u00edch vysok\u00fdch hodnot (110\u2008cm) a\u017e na 11\u2008cm v\u00a0srpnu (tabulka 5<\/em>). Vrstva sediment\u016f na dn\u011b se v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0rokem 2013 (14\u2008cm) nijak v\u00fdznamn\u011b nezm\u011bnila (10\u201313\u2008cm). Stejn\u011b tak i\u00a0dno bylo i\u00a0nad\u00e1le mozaikovit\u011b zarostl\u00e9 porosty rdestu (Potamogeton pectinatus<\/em>) s\u00a0vyno\u0159en\u00fdmi ostr\u016fvky rdesna oboj\u017eiveln\u00e9ho (Persicaria amphibia<\/em>) a\u00a0hojn\u011b shluky \u0161roubatky (Spirogyra sp.<\/em>) p\u0159i b\u0159ez\u00edch.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 5. Abiotick\u00e9 parametry prost\u0159ed\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee N\u011bm\u010dice zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159i odb\u011brech in situ
    \nTable 5. Abiotic parameters of the SWR N\u011bm\u010dice environment, determined during monitoring in-situ<\/h5>\n    \"rozkosny-tabulka-5\"<\/a>\n

    Zoobentos n\u00e1dr\u017ee je v\u00a0d\u016fsledku nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch podm\u00ednek prost\u0159ed\u00ed velmi chud\u00fd a\u00a0jeho abundance a\u00a0biomasa v\u00a0roce 2014 \u010dinila pouze maxim\u00e1ln\u011b stovky jedinc\u016f a\u00a0desetiny gramu na m2<\/sup>. V\u00fdjimkou byl pouze po\u010detn\u00fd v\u00fdskyt nit\u011bnek Tubifex tubifex<\/em> v\u00a0kv\u011btnu, pozd\u011bji v\u0161ak vymizely (pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b predace rybami) a\u00a0v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b byla n\u00e1dr\u017e zcela bez zoobentosu.<\/p>\n\"rozkosny-7\"<\/a>\n

    Obr.\u00a07. Koncentrace celkov\u00e9ho fosforu a\u00a0fosfore\u010dnanov\u00e9ho fosforu v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoku a\u00a0odtoku z\u00a0MVN N\u011bm\u010dice
    \nFig. 7. Total phosphorus and phosphate phosphorus concentrations in the inflow and the outflow profiles of the SWR N\u011bm\u010dice<\/h6>\n

    Na n\u00e1dr\u017ei p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed probl\u00e9my zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 po\u010detnou populac\u00ed invazn\u00ed kaprovit\u00e9 ryby st\u0159evli\u010dky v\u00fdchodn\u00ed (Pseudorasbora parva<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 obr.\u00a05<\/em>). Jej\u00ed abundance sice v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku klesla z\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 CPUE 1 hod. (n = 3) 93 \u00b1 21\u2008ks (356 \u00b1 89\u2008g) v\u00a0b\u0159eznu na 29 \u00b1 17\u2008ks (49 \u00b1 27\u2008g) srpnu a\u00a063 \u00b1 5\u2008ks (200 \u00b1 3\u2008g) v\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnu.<\/p>\n

    Hloubka vody na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b plochy n\u00e1dr\u017ee N\u011bm\u010dice nep\u0159esahuje 30\u2008cm a\u00a0m\u00edsto s\u00a0hloubkou okolo 1\u2008m je situov\u00e1no pouze u\u00a0betonov\u00e9ho (v\u00fdpustn\u00edho) objektu na plo\u0161e pouze n\u011bkolika des\u00edtek m2<\/sup>. Ekosyst\u00e9m poldru je tak v\u00a0d\u016fsledku mal\u00e9ho objemu vody a\u00a0dlouh\u00e9 dob\u011b retence velmi zraniteln\u00fd i\u00a0relativn\u011b nev\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi z\u00e1sahy, jako je nap\u0159.\u00a0podpora v\u00fdskytu divok\u00fdch kachen, kter\u00e9 nepochybn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed ke zhor\u0161en\u00ed podm\u00ednek prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    \u00da\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0odtokov\u00e9 koncentrace MVN N\u011bm\u010dice (tabulka 7<\/em>) jsou ovlivn\u011bny tak\u00e9 t\u00edm, \u017ee v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech roku je mno\u017estv\u00ed vody v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei minim\u00e1ln\u00ed, souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0jej\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00ed funkc\u00ed, a\u00a0to je retence vody p\u0159i povodn\u00edch. Je ot\u00e1zkou, zda by \u00fa\u010dinnost \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0celkov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky nebyly lep\u0161\u00ed, kdyby v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch s\u00a0touto funkc\u00ed byla z\u00e1topa p\u0159edstavov\u00e1na pouze mok\u0159adem, bez trval\u00e9 vodn\u00ed hladiny, nebo by pom\u011br mok\u0159ad\u00a0\u2013 voda byl v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ve prosp\u011bch mok\u0159adu.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 6. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty ukazatel\u016f kvality vody na p\u0159\u00edtoku (In) a\u00a0odtoku (Out) z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee N\u011bm\u010dice
    \nTable 6. Average values of water quality parameters in the inflow (In) and the outflow (Out) of the SWR N\u011bm\u010dice<\/h5>\n    \"rozkosny-tabulka-6\"<\/a>\n

    N\u00e1dr\u017e nad obc\u00ed Velk\u00fd Rybn\u00edk, vybudovan\u00e1 v\u00a0roce 2012, je nap\u00e1jena Kopaninsk\u00fdm potokem, jeho\u017e povod\u00ed je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b rovnom\u011brn\u011b tvo\u0159eno lesn\u00edmi, lu\u010dn\u00edmi a\u00a0poln\u00edmi plochami. Vrstva sediment\u016f, kter\u00e1 dosahovala na podzim 2013 pouze 2\u2008cm, se zv\u00fd\u0161ila v\u00a0jarn\u00edm obdob\u00ed a\u017e na 14\u2008cm (tabulka 6<\/em>). V\u00a0obdob\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00edch letn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch epizod do\u0161lo k\u00a0odplaven\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti sediment\u016f na v\u00fd\u0161ku 5\u20136\u2008cm. N\u00e1dr\u017e je chladn\u00e1 s\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u00edmi letn\u00edmi teplotami do 18\u2008\u00b0C a\u00a0pln\u00ed funkci eliminace povod\u0148ov\u00fdch pr\u016ftok\u016f a\u00a0ochrany n\u00ed\u017ee polo\u017een\u00e9 obce p\u0159ed povod\u0148ov\u00fdmi jevy. Kvalita vody a\u00a0s\u00a0n\u00ed souvisej\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016fhlednost se udr\u017euje na velmi dobr\u00e9 \u00farovni a\u00a0v\u00a0jej\u00edm d\u016fsledku je velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st plochy dna pokryta porosty \u0161roubatky (Spirogyra sp.<\/em>) a\u00a0vl\u00e1knit\u00fdch sinic rodu Oscillatoria<\/em>, co\u017e vede k\u00a0disproporc\u00edm v\u00a0koncentrac\u00edch a\u00a0nasycen\u00ed vody kysl\u00edkem, kter\u00e9 bylo v\u00a0jarn\u00edm obdob\u00ed paradoxn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed u\u00a0dna ne\u017e u\u00a0hladiny. Submerzn\u00ed makrovegetace se zde nevyskytuje. \u00da\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jsou uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0tabulce 8<\/em>.<\/p>\n\"rozkosny-8\"<\/a>\n

    Obr.\u00a08. Koncentrace celkov\u00e9ho fosforu a\u00a0fosfore\u010dnanov\u00e9ho fosforu v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoku a\u00a0odtoku z\u00a0MVN Dra\u017eovice
    \nFig. 8. Total phosphorus and phosphate phosphorus concentrations in the inflow and the outflow profiles of the SWR Dra\u017eovice<\/h6>\n

    Makrozoobentos n\u00e1dr\u017ee byl stejn\u011b jako v\u00a0p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00e9m roce sledov\u00e1n\u00ed rozvinut pom\u011brn\u011b bohat\u011b (2\u2009356 ind.m-2<\/sup>) s\u00a0v\u00fdraznou p\u0159evahou larev pakom\u00e1r\u016f (Chironomid<\/em>ae), mezi nimi\u017e dominovaly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm rody Einfeldia<\/em>, Procladius<\/em> (Holotanypus<\/em>), Chironomus<\/em> a\u00a0Orthocladius<\/em>, jejich\u017e rozvoj souvis\u00ed s\u00a0porosty \u0161roubatky na dn\u011b. Od kv\u011btna se po\u010detn\u011bji vyskytovaly rovn\u011b\u017e nit\u011bnky rodu Limnodrilus<\/em>. V\u00a0zoobentosu byl zji\u0161t\u011bn i\u00a0v\u00fdskyt fytofiln\u00edch larev jepic Cloeon dipterum<\/em>, kter\u00fd souvis\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e s\u00a0bohat\u00fdmi porosty \u0161roubatky.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 7. Abiotick\u00e9 parametry prost\u0159ed\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee Velk\u00fd Rybn\u00edk zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159i odb\u011brech in situ
    \nTable 7. Abiotic parameters of the SWR Velk\u00fd Rybn\u00edk environment, determined during monitoring in-situ<\/h5>\n    \"rozkosny-tabulka-7\"<\/a>\n

    V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b MVN Velk\u00fd Rybn\u00edk je kvalita vody velmi dobr\u00e1 jak v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoku, tak i\u00a0v\u00a0odtoku. S\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00fdmi koncentracemi souvis\u00ed i\u00a0to, \u017ee \u00fa\u010dinnost odstran\u011bn\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edtan\u00e1 z\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch hodnot je prakticky u\u00a0v\u0161ech ukazatel\u016f z\u00e1porn\u00e1. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty jsou si velmi bl\u00edzk\u00e9. U\u00a0mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nebyly \u00fa\u010dinnosti zva\u017eov\u00e1ny, proto\u017ee nebylo v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoku ani odtoku detekov\u00e1no.<\/p>\n

    Specifickou problematiku kvality vody ve vztahu k\u00a0mal\u00fdm vodn\u00edm n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edm a\u00a0rybn\u00edk\u016fm p\u0159edstavuje eutrofizace vod a\u00a0bilance fosforu, v\u010detn\u011b posouzen\u00ed v\u00fdskytu jeho forem. \u00da\u010dinnosti eliminace fosforu obsa\u017een\u00e9ho v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoku do jednotliv\u00fdch sledovan\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00ed tabulky 2, 4, 6<\/em> a\u00a08<\/em>. Na obr\u00e1zc\u00edch 6<\/em> a\u017e 9<\/em> jsou prezentov\u00e1ny koncentrace celkov\u00e9ho fosforu a\u00a0fosfore\u010dnanov\u00e9ho fosforu zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 b\u011bhem jednotliv\u00fdch vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed na v\u0161ech \u010dty\u0159ech n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00edch.<\/p>\n

    V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed \u017dele\u010d a\u00a0N\u011bm\u010dice musel b\u00fdt zvolen pro prezentaci zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed interval hodnot (0 a\u017e 2,5\u2008mg\/l). I\u00a0z\u00a0toho je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee prost\u0159ed\u00ed obou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed je zat\u011b\u017eov\u00e1no fosforem v\u00edce ne\u017e v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zbyl\u00fdch dvou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Zdrojem fosforu jsou hlavn\u011b obce v\u00a0povod\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou pom\u011brn\u011b bl\u00edzko vtokov\u00fdm \u010d\u00e1stem a\u00a0jejich\u017e komun\u00e1ln\u00ed vody v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9m stupni \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed se do nich dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 8. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty ukazatel\u016f kvality vody na p\u0159\u00edtoku (In) a\u00a0odtoku (Out) z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee Velk\u00fd Rybn\u00edk
    \nTable 8. Average values of water quality parameters in the inflow (In) and the outflow (Out) of the SWR Velk\u00fd Rybn\u00edk<\/h5>\n    \"rozkosny-tabulka-8\"<\/a>\n

    U\u00a0v\u0161ech n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byla zachycena obdob\u00ed, kdy koncentrace celkov\u00e9ho fosforu v\u00a0odtoku byla vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e na p\u0159\u00edtoku. Sou\u010dasn\u011b v\u0161ak byly zji\u0161t\u011bny i\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty z\u00e1kalu vody, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed obsah celkov\u00fdch i\u00a0spaliteln\u00fdch (organick\u00fdch) nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, co\u017e souviselo z\u0159ejm\u011b s\u00a0rozvojem biomasy fytoplanktonu, nebo s\u00a0v\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm sediment\u016f rybami.<\/p>\n\"rozkosny-9\"<\/a>\n

    Obr.\u00a09. Koncentrace celkov\u00e9ho fosforu a\u00a0fosfore\u010dnanov\u00e9ho fosforu v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtoku a\u00a0odtoku z\u00a0MVN Velk\u00fd Rybn\u00edk
    \nFig. 9. Total phosphorus and phosphate phosphorus concentrations in the inflow and the outflow profiles of the SWR Velk\u00fd Rybn\u00edk<\/h6>\n

    Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

    Extenzivn\u00ed a\u00a0polointenzivn\u00ed hospoda\u0159en\u00ed, typick\u00e9 pro \u010desk\u00e9 rybni\u010dn\u00ed akvakultury, zahrnuje komplexn\u00ed produk\u010dn\u00ed metody s\u00a0mnoha v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi vazbami v\u00a0r\u00e1mci prost\u0159ed\u00ed rybn\u00edku samotn\u00e9ho, s\u00a0vazbami na jin\u00e9 rybn\u00edky v\u00a0soustav\u011b a\u00a0na okoln\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my [8]. Mal\u00e1 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e m\u016f\u017ee podstatn\u011b zm\u011bnit hydrologick\u00fd re\u017eim a\u00a0ekologickou kvalitu recipient\u016f, op\u011bt s\u00a0potenci\u00e1ln\u011b pozitivn\u00edmi nebo negativn\u00edmi dopady na fungov\u00e1n\u00ed povod\u00ed [14]. Hlavn\u00edmi prvky kontaminuj\u00edc\u00edmi vodn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed jsou fosfor (P) a\u00a0dus\u00edk (N). V\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy je zachycen\u00ed a\u00a0ulo\u017een\u00ed P a\u00a0N pova\u017eov\u00e1no za d\u016fle\u017eitou funkci rybn\u00edk\u016f [8, 14]. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty P byly obvykle nalezeny v\u00a0deponovan\u00fdch sedimentech, a\u00a0to 100\u20131 000x vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ve vod\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

    Uveden\u00e9 sledovan\u00e9 mal\u00e9 vodn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee jsou p\u0159\u00edklady n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed budovan\u00fdch po roce 1989 v\u00a0krajin\u011b \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. C\u00edlem jejich sledov\u00e1n\u00ed bylo dopln\u011bn\u00ed podklad\u016f pro metodick\u00e9 a\u00a0rozhodovac\u00ed v\u00fdstupy zpracov\u00e1van\u00e9 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu QJ1220233, je\u017e maj\u00ed b\u00fdt n\u00e1stroji pro rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o\u00a0vhodnosti obnovy \u010di budov\u00e1n\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0obecn\u011b mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Kvalita vody a\u00a0mo\u017enosti jej\u00edho zlep\u0161en\u00ed, nebo naopak zhor\u0161en\u00ed v\u00a0d\u016fsledku realizace MVN jsou jedn\u00edm z\u00a0kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch parametr\u016f pro tato rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, a\u00a0to s\u00a0c\u00edlem pln\u011bn\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016f R\u00e1mcov\u00e9 sm\u011brnice o\u00a0vod\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

    Ekosyst\u00e9my sledovan\u00fdch lokalit v\u00fdznamn\u011b redukovaly i\u00a0siln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtoky, jak tomu bylo v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u017dele\u010d. V\u00fdrazn\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos je patrn\u00fd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro eliminaci mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0zadr\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00ed nutrient\u016f, av\u0161ak zde je ji\u017e riziko vysok\u00e9 prim\u00e1rn\u00ed produkce a\u00a0rozvoje sinic v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed. Ot\u00e1zkou je tak\u00e9 spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 a\u00a0optim\u00e1ln\u00ed nastaven\u00ed a\u00a0slo\u017een\u00ed ryb\u00edch obs\u00e1dek n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Z\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f z\u00edskan\u00fdch na sledovan\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch je mo\u017en\u00e9 konstatovat, \u017ee je nezbytn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vn\u011b stanovit prim\u00e1rn\u00ed funkci jejich \u00fa\u010delu a\u00a0provozu a\u00a0tomu p\u0159izp\u016fsobit dal\u0161\u00ed funkce v\u00a0krajin\u011b a\u00a0vodn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na pokud se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 zapojen\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0mal\u00fdch vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed do protipovod\u0148ov\u00e9 ochrany \u00fazem\u00ed. Na druhou stranu, pokud je jedn\u00edm z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch \u00fa\u010del\u016f n\u00e1dr\u017ee podpora biodiverzity nebo zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed samo\u010dist\u00edc\u00ed schopnosti syst\u00e9mu povrchov\u00fdch vod v\u00a0povod\u00ed, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se realizace funk\u010dn\u00edch litor\u00e1ln\u00edch porost\u016f a\u00a0\u00fapravy opevn\u011bn\u00ed tak, aby byl umo\u017en\u011bn rozvoj t\u011bchto porost\u016f. S\u00a0t\u00edm souvis\u00ed i\u00a0ot\u00e1zka proud\u011bn\u00ed vody syst\u00e9mem. Zejm\u00e9na pro podporu samo\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je nutn\u00e9, aby litor\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00f3ny byly v\u00a0maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m kontaktu s\u00a0prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed vodou.<\/p>\n

    Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

    V\u00fdsledky byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny za finan\u010dn\u00ed podpory projektu NAZV KUS QJ1220233 Hodnocen\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed na b\u00fdval\u00fdch rybni\u010dn\u00edch soustav\u00e1ch (vodn\u00edch ploch\u00e1ch) s\u00a0c\u00edlem pos\u00edlen\u00ed udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0vodn\u00edmi a\u00a0p\u016fdn\u00edmi zdroji v\u00a0\u010cR. \u010c\u00e1st pr\u00e1ce Fakulty ryb\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a\u00a0ochrany vod J\u010cU v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00fdch Bud\u011bjovic\u00edch byla podpo\u0159ena projekty M\u0160MT projektu CENAKVA (CZ.1.05\/2.\u00a01.\u00a000\/01.0024) a\u00a0projektu CENAKVA II (LO215 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu NPU I).<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Small water reservoirs are one of the principal elements of agricultural landscape in the Central European context. The monitoring of the quality of aquatic environment of selected ponds and small reservoirs (SWR) in areas of southern and central Moravia and the Vyso\u010dina Region was carried out in 2013 to 2015.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":1469,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[91,87],"tags":[304,305,303,302,301],"coauthors":[187,232,188,233,234,235,236],"class_list":["post-1583","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-applied-ecology","category-hydrochemistry-radioecology-microbiology","tag-abandoned-ponds","tag-land-use","tag-ponds","tag-small-water-reservoirs","tag-water-quality"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1583","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1583"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1583\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30309,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1583\/revisions\/30309"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1469"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1583"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1583"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1583"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1583"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}