Ob\u011bhov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed ve m\u011bstech a\u00a0regionech znamen\u00e1 syst\u00e9mov\u00fd posun, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m jsou poskytov\u00e1ny\u00a0slu\u017eby, efektivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje prim\u00e1rn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f a\u00a0optimalizov\u00e1no jejich op\u011btovn\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Pro dosa\u017een\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 efektivity jsou \u010dinnosti\u00a0 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1ny a\u00a0prov\u00e1d\u011bny tak, aby\u00a0uzav\u00edraly, zpomalovaly\u00a0a\u00a0zu\u017eovaly\u00a0smy\u010dky nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d hodnotov\u00fdmi \u0159et\u011bzci. Infrastruktura\u00a0je navr\u017eena a\u00a0vybudov\u00e1na tak, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo line\u00e1rn\u00edmu blokov\u00e1n\u00ed, a\u00a0t\u00edm pl\u00fdtv\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1lem.<\/p>\n
O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee ob\u011bhov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed bude m\u00edt pozitivn\u00ed dopady na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed d\u00edky sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pod\u00edlu obnoviteln\u00e9 energie a\u00a0recyklovateln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f a\u00a0omezen\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed surovin, vody, p\u016fdy a\u00a0energie.\u00a0St\u00e1le je t\u0159eba uvolnit potenci\u00e1l cirkul\u00e1rn\u00ed ekonomiky na podporu udr\u017eiteln\u00fdch m\u011bst, region\u016f a\u00a0zem\u00ed.\u00a0K\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed tohoto c\u00edle je nutn\u00e9 j\u00edt nad r\u00e1mec \u010dist\u011b technick\u00fdch aspekt\u016f.\u00a0Vy\u017eaduje to nastaven\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a\u00a0mez\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.\u00a0R\u00e1mec 3P (\u201elid\u00e9\u201c, \u201epolitiky\u201c a\u00a0\u201em\u00edsta\u201c) znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ob\u011bhov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed zahrnuje udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby v\u00fdroby a\u00a0spot\u0159eby, ale i\u00a0nov\u00e9 modely podnik\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0spr\u00e1vy (lid\u00e9<\/em>). Vy\u017eaduje tak\u00e9 holistick\u00fd a\u00a0syst\u00e9mov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed omezen\u00ed sektorov\u00e9\u00a0politiky<\/em>, a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 funk\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup, kter\u00fd p\u0159es\u00e1hne administrativn\u00ed hranice m\u011bst a\u00a0povede k\u00a0jejich propojen\u00ed s\u00a0jejich centry a\u00a0venkovem, a\u00a0t\u00edm k\u00a0uzav\u0159en\u00ed, z\u00fa\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0zpomalen\u00ed cykl\u016f ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku (m\u00edsta<\/em>) [2].<\/p>\n Touto my\u0161lenkou se nechal inspirovat i\u00a0t\u00fdm Ing. V\u00e1clava Vachu\u0161ky v\u00a0Dobrovoln\u00e9m svazku obc\u00ed Hora\u017e\u010fovicko, kter\u00fd hled\u00e1 zp\u016fsoby prevence vzniku odpad\u016f a\u00a0maximalizace vyu\u017eit\u00ed odpad\u016f p\u0159\u00edmo na \u00fazem\u00ed obsluhovan\u00fdch obc\u00ed. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti \u0159e\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed dvou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch tok\u016f komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpad\u016f\u00a0\u2013 stavebn\u00edho a\u00a0demoli\u010dn\u00edho odpadu a\u00a0popela z\u00a0MTZ.<\/p>\n Vzhledem ke geografick\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m \u010cR a\u00a0rozsahu plynofikace venkova je pevn\u00e9 palivo jedin\u00fdm vstupem pro MTZ. Velkou tradici m\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00ed, jak \u010dern\u00e9ho, tak hn\u011bd\u00e9ho. Dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm palivem je d\u0159evo \u0161t\u00edpan\u00e9 nebo ve form\u011b \u0161t\u011bpky, pelet a\u00a0briket. S\u00a0rostouc\u00ed cenou zemn\u00edho plynu a\u00a0elekt\u0159iny pak logicky doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0op\u011btovn\u00e9mu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00ed, d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch pelet \u010di kusov\u00e9ho d\u0159eva.<\/p>\n V\u00fdsledkem spalov\u00e1n\u00ed je popel. Jeho mno\u017estv\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na mnoha faktorech, na druhu a\u00a0kvalit\u011b uhl\u00ed\/d\u0159eva, podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch ho\u0159en\u00ed atd. Pro pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely obvykle slou\u017e\u00ed kotle vybaven\u00e9 drti\u010di, kde se uhl\u00ed drt\u00ed najemno, aby se optimalizovala rychlost spalov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnost v\u00fdroby tepla. Produkty p\u00e1len\u00ed uhl\u00ed v\u00a0pr\u016fmyslu jsou \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny jako pomocn\u00fd stavebn\u00ed materi\u00e1l p\u0159i budov\u00e1n\u00ed silnic nebo p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b beton\u016f [3]. Pro \u00fa\u010dely vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed se v\u0161ak pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mnohem v\u00fdh\u0159evn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed druh uhl\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u00fdsledn\u00fd popel nem\u00e1 v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti prakticky \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed z\u00a0d\u016fvodu ni\u017e\u0161\u00edho produkovan\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed a\u00a0potenci\u00e1ln\u011b vysok\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f na jeho sb\u011br.<\/p>\n P\u0159i zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed bli\u017e\u0161\u00edch informac\u00ed o\u00a0slo\u017een\u00ed pospalinov\u00fdch zbytk\u016f se v\u0161echny zdroje zab\u00fdvaly emisemi do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, zat\u00edmco slo\u017een\u00ed popel\u016f bylo \u0159e\u0161eno p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b jen u\u00a0velk\u00fdch producent\u016f, jako jsou elektr\u00e1rny a\u00a0tepl\u00e1rny.<\/p>\n Popel vznikl\u00fd v\u00a0MTZ spalov\u00e1n\u00edm \u010dist\u00e9 biomasy je prezentov\u00e1n jako nez\u00e1vadn\u00fd, vhodn\u00fd pro \u0161irok\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed na zahrad\u00e1ch a\u00a0v\u00a0dom\u00e1cnostech [4\u20136]. Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak n\u00e1zory [7, 8], podlo\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky laboratorn\u00edch anal\u00fdz, \u017ee stromy mohou absorbovat a\u00a0hromadit l\u00e1tky ze vzduchu a\u00a0p\u016fdy. Proto d\u0159evo \u010dasto obsahuje zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky ve form\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f, jejich\u017e koncentrace se li\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na druhu stromu a\u00a0lokalit\u011b jeho r\u016fstu. P\u0159i nedokonal\u00e9m spalov\u00e1n\u00ed tak vznikaj\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9 i\u00a0organick\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky. Tyto a\u00a0v\u0161echny neho\u0159lav\u00e9 slo\u017eky d\u0159eva z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed po spalov\u00e1n\u00ed koncentrov\u00e1ny v\u00a0popelu. Krom\u011b miner\u00e1l\u016f, jako jsou drasl\u00edk nebo fosfor, jsou to rovn\u011b\u017e t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy (arsen, olovo, kadmium, chrom, m\u011b\u010f atd.) a\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9 organick\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky (polycyklick\u00e9 aromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky, dioxiny nebo furany), z\u00a0nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 jsou toxick\u00e9 a\/nebo karcinogenn\u00ed. Pou\u017eit\u00ed d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9ho popela v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed nebo na zahrad\u011b je tedy problematick\u00e9 a\u00a0m\u016f\u017ee po\u0161kodit p\u016fdu i\u00a0vodu.<\/p>\n Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdz popela ze samotn\u00e9ho spalov\u00e1n\u00ed biomasy v\u00a0MTZ jsou v\u00a0tab.\u00a01<\/em>. Pro porovn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipojujeme limitn\u00ed hodnoty rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f obsa\u017een\u00fdch v\u00a0popelu ze spalov\u00e1n\u00ed biomasy, kter\u00e9 dle p\u0159\u00edlohy \u010d.\u00a01 vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0474\/2000\u00a0Sb., lze pou\u017e\u00edt jako hnojivo na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy nebo do kompostu (od 1. \u0159\u00edjna 2021 byly limity nav\u00fd\u0161eny, viz P\u0159\u00edloha \u010d.\u00a01 k\u00a0vyhl\u00e1\u0161ce \u010d.\u00a0312\/2021\u00a0Sb.). Pou\u017eit\u00ed popela z\u00a0biomasy p\u0159i kultivaci zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed z\u00e1konem \u010d.\u00a0156\/1998\u00a0Sb.1<\/sup>, o\u00a0hnojivech, ve zn\u011bn\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee popel podl\u00e9h\u00e1 registraci jako hnojivo a\u00a0mus\u00ed spl\u0148ovat po\u017eadavky P\u0159\u00edlohy \u010d.\u00a01 k\u00a0vyhl\u00e1\u0161ce \u010d.\u00a0474\/2000 Sb., respektive \u010d.\u00a0312\/2021 Sb., o\u00a0stanoven\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016f na hnojiva, ve zn\u011bn\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f.<\/p>\n Obsahy rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f uv\u00e1d\u00ed pr\u00e1ce v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f Vysok\u00e9 \u0161koly b\u00e1\u0148sk\u00e9\u00a0\u2013 Technick\u00e9 univerzity Ostrava [9], kter\u00e1 popisuje v\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdz popel\u016f vznikl\u00fdch spalov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00a0MTZ t\u0159\u00ed druh\u016f hn\u011bd\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Dokument uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina sledovan\u00fdch prvk\u016f (Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb) se hromadila v\u00a0lo\u017eov\u00e9m popelu; Se a\u00a0Pb byly dominantn\u011b zastoupeny v\u00a0\u00faletov\u00e9m popelu, zat\u00edmco v\u00a0plynn\u00fdch emis\u00edch se nach\u00e1zely S, Cl, Br a\u00a0Hg. P\u0159i porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0distribuc\u00ed prvk\u016f vznikl\u00fdch spalov\u00e1n\u00edm uhl\u00ed ve velk\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech byl nalezen rozd\u00edl hlavn\u011b u\u00a0As a\u00a0Zn, kter\u00fd pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b souvisel s\u00a0relativn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdmi teplotami v\u00a0topeni\u0161ti i\u00a0teplotami odch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch spalin. Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky jsou uvedeny v\u00a0tab.\u00a02<\/em>.<\/p>\n Polsk\u00e1 studie [10] porovnala spalov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed v\u00a0MTZ s\u00a0tepl\u00e1rnami. Ve vzorc\u00edch z\u00a0MTZ bylo v\u00fdznamn\u011b v\u00edce stopov\u00fdch prvk\u016f (Cd, Tl, Pb, As, Ba a\u00a0Ni) ne\u017e ve vzorc\u00edch tepl\u00e1rensk\u00fdch lo\u017eov\u00fdch popel\u016f. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd obsah t\u011bchto prvk\u016f byl 1,5 a\u017e 3,5kr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ve vzorc\u00edch tepl\u00e1rensk\u00fdch lo\u017eov\u00fdch popel\u016f. Obsahy stopov\u00fdch prvk\u016f v\u00a0popelech \u010dern\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed sp\u00e1len\u00e9ho v\u00a0MTZ jsou pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e uvedeny v\u00a0tab.\u00a02<\/em>.<\/p>\n Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd obsah s\u00edran\u016f ve v\u00fdluz\u00edch byl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b d\u016fvodem i\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty konduktivity vodn\u00fdch v\u00fdluh\u016f lo\u017eov\u00fdch popel\u016f a\u00a0splnil pouze t\u0159\u00eddu IIa P\u0159\u00edlohy \u010d.\u00a010 k\u00a0vyhl\u00e1\u0161ce \u010d.\u00a0273\/2021 Sb., o\u00a0podrobnostech nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0odpady.<\/p>\n Z\u00e1kon \u010d.\u00a0201\/2012\u00a0Sb., o\u00a0ochran\u011b ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, ve zn\u011bn\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f, v\u00a0odstavci 6 \u00a7 16 uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee:\u00a0\u201eOdpad podle jin\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho p\u0159edpisu [z\u00e1kona o\u00a0odpadech] s\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou odpadu uveden\u00e9ho v\u00a0prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00edm pr\u00e1vn\u00edm p\u0159edpisu, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tepeln\u011b zpracov\u00e1n jen ve stacion\u00e1rn\u00edm zdroji, ve kter\u00e9m je tepeln\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadu povoleno podle \u00a7\u00a011 odst.\u00a02 p\u00edsm.\u00a0d). Tepeln\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadu je mo\u017en\u00e9 pouze pod dohledem osoby autorizovan\u00e9 podle \u00a7\u00a032 odst.\u00a01 p\u00edsm.\u00a0c).\u201c\u00a0V\u00a0\u00a7\u00a017 odstavci\u00a01 je tak\u00e9 uvedeno, \u017ee:\u00a0\u201eProvozovatel stacion\u00e1rn\u00edho zdroje je povinen spalovat ve stacion\u00e1rn\u00edm zdroji pouze paliva, kter\u00e1 spl\u0148uj\u00ed po\u017eadavky na kvalitu paliv stanoven\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00edm pr\u00e1vn\u00edm p\u0159edpisem, a\u00a0jsou ur\u010dena v\u00fdrobcem stacion\u00e1rn\u00edho zdroje nebo paliva uveden\u00e1 v\u00a0povolen\u00ed provozu.\u201c\u00a0 To tedy znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00a0MTZ je spalov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n Ke\u00a0zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee dom\u00e1cnost takto nez\u00e1konn\u011b nakl\u00e1d\u00e1 s\u00a0odpadem, lze doj\u00edt dv\u011bma zp\u016fsoby. Prvn\u00edm, pon\u011bkud obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b prokazateln\u00fdm, je sledov\u00e1n\u00ed barvy a\u00a0intenzity kou\u0159e z\u00a0MTZ, druh\u00fdm, p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, tzv. metoda SEMAFOR [11].<\/p>\n Je to metoda, kter\u00e1 byla vytvo\u0159ena za \u00fa\u010delem posouzen\u00ed popel\u016f z\u00a0pohledu spalov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f v\u00a0MTZ. C\u00edlem t\u00e9to metody je po vyhodnocen\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f ozna\u010dit popel jako \u010derven\u00fd (prok\u00e1z\u00e1no spalov\u00e1n\u00ed kontaminovan\u00e9ho paliva), oran\u017eov\u00fd (spalov\u00e1n\u00ed kontaminovan\u00e9ho paliva nelze prok\u00e1zat ani vylou\u010dit), nebo zelen\u00fd (neprok\u00e1z\u00e1no spalov\u00e1n\u00ed kontaminovan\u00e9ho paliva). Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed metodiky [11] je i\u00a0katalog popel\u016f.<\/p>\n Anal\u00fdzy popel\u016f vznikl\u00fdch spalov\u00e1n\u00edm uhl\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0komun\u00e1ln\u00edm odpadem p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek Kicinsk\u00e9 [12]. Studie prezentuje v\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdzy pop\u00edlku, kter\u00fd je v\u00fdsledkem spalov\u00e1n\u00ed tuh\u00fdch paliv sm\u00edchan\u00fdch s\u00a0komun\u00e1ln\u00edm odpadem, a\u00a0hodnot\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0zdravotn\u00ed riziko spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0infiltrac\u00ed vybran\u00fdch kov\u016f do \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. F\u00e1zov\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed nazna\u010duje, \u017ee materi\u00e1l je extr\u00e9mn\u011b sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd a\u00a0r\u016fznorod\u00fd. N\u00edzkoteplotn\u00ed slo\u017eky byly sm\u00edch\u00e1ny s\u00a0l\u00e1tkami vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00fdmi p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch. Variabiln\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed odpadu z\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch dom\u00e1c\u00edch pec\u00ed s\u00a0vysok\u00fdm obsahem amorfn\u00ed f\u00e1ze (je\u017e se ve vod\u011b rozpou\u0161t\u00ed snadn\u011bji ne\u017e jej\u00ed krystalick\u00e9 ekvivalenty) m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u0161kodliv\u00e9 pro lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed i\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n Jako dominantn\u00ed prvky byly zji\u0161t\u011bny k\u0159emi\u010ditany a\u00a0hlinitok\u0159emi\u010ditany\u00a0\u2013 k\u0159emen, \u017eivec a\u00a0plagioklas (albit). Hojn\u011b se zde vyskytovaly tak\u00e9 hlin\u011bn\u00e9 miner\u00e1ly (kaolinit a\u00a0mullit), uhli\u010ditany (kalcit), oxidy\/oxidhydroxidy \u017eeleza a\u00a0s\u00edranov\u00e9 miner\u00e1ly (s\u00e1dra a\u00a0anhydrit). Hlavn\u00edmi slo\u017ekami \u010d\u00e1stic byly oxidy Si, Al, Ca a\u00a0Fe (85,5\u00a0%), zat\u00edmco oxidy S, Mg, Na, K\u00a0a\u00a0Ti p\u0159edstavovaly 12,6\u00a0% z\u00a0celkov\u00e9ho obsahu.<\/p>\n Kodex hodnocen\u00ed rizika navrhl:<\/p>\n V\u00daV TGM v\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu CZ.07.1.02\/0.0\/0.0\/16_040\/0000379 \u201eOdpady a\u00a0p\u0159edch\u00e1zen\u00ed jejich vzniku\u00a0\u2013 praktick\u00e9 postupy a\u00a0\u010dinnosti p\u0159i realizaci z\u00e1vazk\u016f krajsk\u00e9ho Pl\u00e1nu odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Prahy\u201c<\/em> [13] a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch zak\u00e1zek prov\u00e1d\u00ed rozbory sm\u011bsn\u00e9ho komun\u00e1ln\u00edho odpadu v\u00a0s\u00eddli\u0161tn\u00ed, venkovsk\u00e9 i\u00a0centr\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1stavb\u011b hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Prahy. D\u00edky centr\u00e1ln\u00edmu vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0plynofikaci se popel ve\u00a0sm\u011bsn\u00e9m komun\u00e1ln\u00edm odpadu t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nevyskytuje. Dle \u010cS\u00da [14] se procento dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch pevn\u00e1 paliva v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch kraj\u00edch pohybuje v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed od 0,4\u00a0% (hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Praha) a\u017e pro 22,6\u00a0% (St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00fd kraj).<\/p>\n Pro ob\u010dany, respektive dom\u00e1cnosti v\u00a0mal\u00fdch obc\u00edch, vlastn\u00edc\u00ed MTZ je popel z\u00e1sadn\u00ed slo\u017ekou obsahu sm\u011bsn\u00e9ho komun\u00e1ln\u00edho odpadu (SKO). P\u0159i p\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e9m monitoringu produkce popel\u016f v\u00a0pilotn\u00ed oblasti Hora\u017e\u010fovicko bylo Ing.\u00a0Vachu\u0161kou zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee v\u00a0obc\u00edch Dobrovoln\u00e9ho svazku obc\u00ed (DSO) Hora\u017e\u010fovicko vznik\u00e1 520 tun popel\u016f ro\u010dn\u011b. Jedn\u00e1 se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b o\u00a0popel ze spalov\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jeden ob\u010dan ro\u010dn\u011b vyprodukuje v\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru 46 kg popela. V\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch obc\u00edch DSO se ro\u010dn\u00ed produkce popel\u016f pohybuje v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 30\u201380 kg na obyvatele (viz tab.\u00a04<\/em>).<\/p>\n Takov\u00e9to mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje i\u00a0vzhledem k\u00a0avizovan\u00fdm vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00edm cen\u00e1m za ulo\u017een\u00ed odpadu na skl\u00e1dky (podle nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona o\u00a0odpadech \u010d.\u00a0541\/2020\u00a0Sb., [15] bude cena za tunu vyu\u017eiteln\u00e9ho odpadu postupn\u011b navy\u0161ov\u00e1na a\u017e na \u010d\u00e1stku 1 850 K\u010d v\u00a0roce 2030) velmi citeln\u00fdm n\u00e1kladem jak pro obce, tak n\u00e1sledn\u011b pro samotn\u00e9ho ob\u010dana. Sou\u010dasn\u011b takov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed zt\u00ed\u017e\u00ed pln\u011bn\u00ed recykla\u010dn\u00edch povinnost\u00ed, ke kter\u00fdm se \u010cR zav\u00e1zala (do roku 2035 dos\u00e1hnout 65\u00a0% op\u011btovn\u011b vyu\u017eit\u00e9ho nebo recyklovan\u00e9ho komun\u00e1ln\u00edho odpadu z\u00a0celkov\u00e9 hmotnosti komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpad\u016f vyprodukovan\u00fdch na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR [15]).<\/p>\n V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je popel z\u00a0MTZ odkl\u00e1d\u00e1n do popelnic a\u00a0s\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm sm\u011bsn\u00fdm komun\u00e1ln\u00edm odpadem odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm na skl\u00e1dky, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b spalov\u00e1n ve spalovn\u00e1ch. Pokud je soust\u0159e\u010fov\u00e1n odd\u011blen\u011b, m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u011b jin\u00e9 vlastnosti ne\u017e sm\u011bsn\u00fd komun\u00e1ln\u00ed odpad. Nap\u0159\u00edklad nedosahuje v\u00fdh\u0159evnosti 6,5 MJ\/kg v\u00a0su\u0161in\u011b a\u00a0je biologicky stabiln\u00ed. Od 1. ledna 2024 bude mo\u017en\u00e9 separovan\u00fd popel z\u00a0MTZ za\u0159adit jako poddruh sm\u011bsn\u00e9ho komun\u00e1ln\u00edho odpadu s\u00a0katalogov\u00fdm ozna\u010den\u00edm 20 03 01 01\u00a0\u2013 Odd\u011blen\u011b soust\u0159e\u010fovan\u00fd popel z\u00a0dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed. Tento poddruh odpadu dle P\u0159\u00edlohy \u010d.\u00a052 k\u00a0vyhl\u00e1\u0161ce \u010d.\u00a0273\/2021 Sb., o\u00a0nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0odpady pat\u0159\u00ed mezi technologick\u00e9 odpady, a\u00a0je proto zahrnut do d\u00edl\u010d\u00edho poplatku za ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed technologick\u00fdch odpad\u016f na skl\u00e1dku. Sazba za tunu vyt\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00e9ho skl\u00e1dkovan\u00e9ho popela \u010din\u00ed 45 K\u010d.\u00a0Popel lze p\u0159i odd\u011blen\u00e9m sb\u011bru v\u00a0obc\u00edch kumulovat ji\u017e nyn\u00ed na vybran\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b v\u00a0regionu a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm z\u00a0n\u011bj vyrobit posypov\u00e9 kamenivo pro zimn\u00ed \u00fadr\u017ebu komunikac\u00ed nebo podsypov\u00fd a\u00a0z\u00e1sypov\u00fd materi\u00e1l liniov\u00fdch staveb. Obec tak spln\u00ed recykla\u010dn\u00ed povinnosti a\u00a0u\u0161et\u0159\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed neobnoviteln\u00e9 zdroje.<\/p>\n Posypov\u00e9\/um\u011bl\u00e9 kamenivo je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyrobit speci\u00e1ln\u00ed technologi\u00ed z\u00a0popela, p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed, pojiv a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edsad, kter\u00e9 jsou dostupn\u00e9. V\u00fdroba posypov\u00e9ho\/um\u011bl\u00e9ho kameniva ji\u017e byla laboratorn\u011b a\u00a0poloprovozn\u011b ov\u011b\u0159ena. V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je mo\u017en\u00e9 zaveden\u00ed tohoto zp\u016fsobu recyklace popela z\u00a0MTZ realizov\u00e1no prvn\u00ed etapou, tedy pod\u00e1n\u00edm \u017e\u00e1dosti o\u00a0podporu projektu \u201ePotenci\u00e1l materi\u00e1lov\u00e9ho vy<\/em>u\u017eit\u00ed popela v\u00a0r\u00e1mci cirkul\u00e1rn\u00ed ekonomiky obc\u00ed\u201c<\/em> pro 5. ve\u0159ejnou sout\u011b\u017e programu Prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro \u017eivot vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9ho Technologickou agenturou \u010cR (TA \u010cR). Dal\u0161\u00edmi etapami recyklace popela z\u00a0MTZ bude podpora zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0organizace jeho odd\u011blen\u00e9ho sb\u011bru v\u00a0obc\u00edch a\u00a0po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed technologie na jeho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n Podle poznatk\u016f Ing. Vachu\u0161ky je v\u00fdhodou posypov\u00e9ho\/um\u011bl\u00e9ho kameniva z\u00a0popela MTZ mo\u017enost \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jeho vybran\u00fdch mechanicko-fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed a\u00a0\u017eivotnosti. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed popela z\u00a0MTZ je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159edem nastavit vlastnosti posypov\u00e9ho\/um\u011bl\u00e9ho kameniva, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad pevnost, nas\u00e1kavost a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed, pro environment\u00e1ln\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 vlastnosti.<\/p>\n Technologick\u00fd odpad, mezi kter\u00fd pat\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0161kv\u00e1ry, strusky, shrabky z\u00a0\u010desl\u00ed i\u00a0odd\u011blen\u011b soust\u0159e\u010fovan\u00fd popel z\u00a0dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed, je za\u0159azen do skupiny odpad\u016f, je\u017e se Ministerstvo \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed sna\u017e\u00ed odstranit na skl\u00e1dky. Chce t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem vy\u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9m nadm\u011brn\u00e9ho vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto minim\u00e1ln\u011b upraven\u00fdch odpad\u016f na povrchu ter\u00e9nu, a\u00a0zabr\u00e1nit tak mo\u017en\u00e9 kontaminaci \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. V\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fd zp\u016fsob t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0recyklace popel\u016f z\u00a0MTZ zajist\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u00fd materi\u00e1l s\u00a0\u0161irok\u00fdm vyu\u017eit\u00edm a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bje ke spln\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f obc\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci z\u00e1sad ob\u011bhov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek byl podpo\u0159en z\u00a0institucion\u00e1ln\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f na rozvoj v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 organizace\u00a0\u2013 V\u00daV TGM v\u00a0r\u00e1mci intern\u00edho grantu \u010d.\u00a0U4802\/2021.<\/em><\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek pro\u0161el lektorsk\u00fdm \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ash from small heat sources is produced by burning solid fuels such as wood and coal. Based on a survey conducted by the article authors, ash from small heat sources can be considered the most significant waste stream in smaller municipalities in the Czech Republic. This material has considerable potential for reducing waste production, landfilling and consumption of primary raw materials.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":13393,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[90,93],"tags":[2630,1624,1788,385,1623],"coauthors":[334,2602,1586,595,2603,2604],"class_list":["post-13469","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-waste-management","category-two-articles","tag-ash","tag-circular-economy","tag-municipal-waste","tag-waste","tag-waste-management"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13469","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13469"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13469\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30638,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13469\/revisions\/30638"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13393"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13469"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13469"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13469"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=13469"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Popel z\u00a0mal\u00fdch tepeln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f<\/h2>\n
Tab.\u00a01. Obsah \u0161kodlivin v\u00a0popelu ze spalov\u00e1n\u00ed biomasy v\u00a0MTZ [8]
\n<\/em>Tab.\u00a01. Content of pollutants in ash from biomass combustion in small heat sources [8]<\/em><\/h5>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/VOLOSINOVA-tabulka-1.jpg\")
<\/a>\nTab.\u00a02. Obsahy prvk\u016f v\u00a0lo\u017eov\u00fdch popelech hn\u011bd\u00e9ho a\u00a0\u010dern\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed z\u00a0MTZ [9, 10]
\n<\/em>Tab.\u00a02. Contents of elements in bed ashes of brown and black coal from small heat sources [9, 10]<\/em><\/h5>\n<\/a>\nTab.\u00a03. V\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdz v\u00fdluh\u016f lo\u017eov\u00fdch popel\u016f ze spalov\u00e1n\u00ed hn\u011bd\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed v\u00a0MTZ
\n<\/em>Tab.\u00a03. Results of analyzes of leachate ash extracts from brown coal combustion in small heat resources<\/em><\/h5>\n<\/a><\/em><\/p>\nTab.\u00a04. Produkce popel\u016f a\u00a0odhad indikativn\u00ed produkce sm\u011bsn\u00e9ho odpadu v\u00a0obc\u00edch DSO
\n<\/em>Tab.\u00a04. Ash production and indicative output estimation of mixed waste in DSO municipalities<\/em><\/h5>\n<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n
<\/a>\nObr.\u00a01. Druhy popel\u016f z\u00a0MTZ (z\u00a0biomasy vlevo a\u00a0uheln\u00fd vpravo)
\nFig.\u00a01. Types of ashes from small heat sources (from biomass on the left and coal on the right)<\/h6>\nAnal\u00fdza slo\u017een\u00ed odpad\u016f<\/h2>\n
Zp\u016fsob \u00fapravy a\u00a0zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
Tab.\u00a05. Produkce odpad\u016f v\u00a0obc\u00edch DSO Hora\u017e\u010fovicko v\u00a0letech 2016\u20132019 [kg\/ob]
\n<\/em>Tab.\u00a05. Waste production in DSO Hora\u017e\u010fovicko municipalities in the years 2016 \u20132019 [kg\/citizen]<\/em><\/h5>\n<\/a>\nPod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n
Pozn\u00e1mky<\/h3>\n
\n