{"id":13463,"date":"2021-12-10T18:21:07","date_gmt":"2021-12-10T17:21:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=13463"},"modified":"2024-07-17T12:05:39","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T11:05:39","slug":"study-of-the-effectiveness-of-the-small-municipal-sourcess-sewage-sludge-extensive-stabilization-for-their-use-as-a-fertilizer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2021\/12\/study-of-the-effectiveness-of-the-small-municipal-sourcess-sewage-sludge-extensive-stabilization-for-their-use-as-a-fertilizer\/","title":{"rendered":"Study of the effectiveness of the small municipal sourcess sewage sludge extensive stabilization for their use as a fertilizer"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek je v\u011bnov\u00e1n prezentaci d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f studie zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na stanoven\u00ed potenci\u00e1lu vyu\u017eit\u00ed extenzivn\u00ed technologie odvodn\u011bn\u00ed kalu pro mal\u00e9 komun\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dist\u00edrny odpadn\u00edch vod (\u010cOV, do 1 000 EO) v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cR. Studie prok\u00e1zala, \u017ee vyu\u017eit\u00ed technologie zalo\u017een\u00e9 na extenzivn\u00edm odvodn\u011bn\u00ed kal\u016f a\u00a0jejich stabilizaci v\u00a0kalov\u00fdch pol\u00edch s\u00a0vhodnou mok\u0159adn\u00ed vegetac\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edstavovat alternativu k\u00a0jin\u00fdm technologi\u00edm, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00fdmi \u010cOV, kter\u00e9 se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed produkc\u00ed kalu. Podm\u00ednkou je dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e1 plocha pozemk\u016f, co\u017e je \u010dasto p\u0159\u00edklad mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed, je\u017e ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010cOV vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Popsan\u00e1 technologie odvodn\u011bn\u00ed \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt prvn\u00edm stupn\u011bm zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159i zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 vhodn\u00e9 \u00fapravy a\u00a0standardizace substr\u00e1t\u016f (p\u0159\u00eddavkem dal\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed, n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm do peletek apod.) otev\u00edr\u00e1 cestu pro racion\u00e1ln\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed kal\u016f pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed kvality orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me, \u017ee aplikace organominer\u00e1ln\u00edch hnojiv do p\u016fdy bude m\u00edt vysoce pozitivn\u00ed vliv nejen pro tvorbu stabiln\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed struktury, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 eliminuje riziko spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0vyplavov\u00e1n\u00edm dus\u00edku (N) a\u00a0fosforu (P) do vod.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b celosv\u011btov\u011b nar\u016fst\u00e1 probl\u00e9m s\u00a0likvidac\u00ed odpad\u016f. Jejich druhotn\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed je proto v\u00edc ne\u017e \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed. Pal\u010div\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed vybudovat nebo rekonstruovat \u010cOV, je uplatn\u011bn\u00ed upraven\u00e9ho kalu na obecn\u00ed, pop\u0159. zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b. Nen\u00ed v\u00fdjimkou, \u017ee mal\u00fdm komun\u00e1ln\u00edm \u010cOV chyb\u00ed tzv. kalov\u00e1 koncovka. \u010cist\u00edrensk\u00fd kal je tak \u010dasto s\u00a0vysok\u00fdmi n\u00e1klady od\u010derp\u00e1v\u00e1n a\u00a0p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017een do velk\u00e9 \u010cOV. Obecn\u011b p\u0159itom plat\u00ed, \u017ee vhodn\u00fd zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd podnik, pro kter\u00fd by upraven\u00fd a\u00a0stabilizovan\u00fd kal z\u00a0\u010cOV mohl b\u00fdt hodnotn\u00fdm zdrojem organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a\u00a0\u017eivin, tak nem\u00e1 mo\u017enost tento materi\u00e1l vyu\u017e\u00edt. V\u00a0praxi se tud\u00ed\u017e st\u00e1le neda\u0159\u00ed zhodnotit materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 zdroje p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b jejich vzniku a\u00a0z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska takto prosazovat z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy n\u00edzkouhl\u00edkov\u00e9 ekonomiky. Hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem pro re\u00e1ln\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed kal\u016f z\u00a0\u010cOV je v\u00a0budoucnu zabr\u00e1nit po\u0161kozen\u00ed p\u016fd, rostlin, zdrav\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159at i\u00a0lid\u00ed. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu, s\u00a0ohledem na l\u00e1tky p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 nyn\u00ed v\u00a0kalech (nap\u0159. organick\u00e9 mikropolutanty), je vhodn\u00e9 kaly dostate\u010dn\u011b p\u0159edupravit, nejen hygienizovat z\u00a0d\u016fvodu eliminace nadlimitn\u00edho mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed kal\u016f je pro p\u016fdu velmi podstatn\u00e9, nebo\u0165 upraven\u00fd kal je bohat\u00fdm zdrojem organick\u00e9 hmoty, z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u017eivin (dus\u00edk, fosfor, drasl\u00edk, v\u00e1pn\u00edk aj.) i\u00a0stopov\u00fdch prvk\u016f. P\u0159i spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 aplikaci kalu do p\u016fdy m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bt ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdch i\u00a0biologick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed p\u016fdy [1]. P\u0159i vhodn\u00e9m pom\u011bru C\/N doch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b k\u00a0biotransformaci prim\u00e1rn\u00edch zdroj\u016f organick\u00e9 hmoty na humus [2]. Formov\u00e1n\u00ed hum\u00f3zn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic vede k\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed stabiln\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed struktury a\u00a0k\u00a0pos\u00edlen\u00ed reten\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0infiltra\u010dn\u00edch schopnost\u00ed p\u016fdy, d\u00e1le ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rizika eroze a\u00a0vylep\u0161en\u00ed vl\u00e1hov\u00e9 bilance na pozemku apod. [3].<\/p>\n

C\u00edlem studie, jej\u00ed\u017e v\u00fdsledky p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed tento \u010dl\u00e1nek, bylo posoudit mo\u017enost zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed postup\u016f \u00fapravy a\u00a0stabilizace \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f z\u00a0mal\u00fdch komun\u00e1ln\u00edch zdroj\u016f zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (\u010cOV do 1 000 EO) v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b jejich vzniku a\u00a0jejich n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Toto zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed je zalo\u017eeno na vyu\u017eit\u00ed extenzivn\u00edho zp\u016fsobu odvodn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0stabilizace kal\u016f, a\u00a0to se zohledn\u011bn\u00edm ekonomick\u00e9 efektivnosti. Syst\u00e9m je navr\u017een pro pot\u0159eby mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod realizovan\u00e9 kalov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, a\u00a0musej\u00ed tak jin\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby \u0159e\u0161it nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0\u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdmi kaly a\u00a0organick\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem vznikl\u00fdm p\u0159i \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod. Jde o\u00a0technologii tzv. r\u00e1kosov\u00fdch kalov\u00fdch pol\u00ed, naz\u00fdvanou tak\u00e9 reed bed (RB) technologie \u010di reed bed jednotky [4, 5].<\/p>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci studie byla tato technologie testov\u00e1na v\u00a0poloprovozu jak pro mechanicko-biologick\u00e9 (aktiva\u010dn\u00ed) \u010cOV do 1 000 EO (d\u00e1le jako MB\u010cOV), tak pro tzv. ko\u0159enovou \u010cOV (K\u010cOV) stejn\u00e9 velikostn\u00ed kategorie. V\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku je detailn\u011b rozebr\u00e1na varianta s\u00a0K\u010cOV, je\u017e je v\u00a0podstat\u011b tak\u00e9 zalo\u017eena na extenzivn\u00edch \u010dist\u00edc\u00edch procesech, kter\u00e9 prob\u00edhaj\u00ed ve vodn\u00edm a\u00a0mok\u0159adn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. P\u0159i prok\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 uva\u017eovat o\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00ed t\u00e9to energeticky m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 kombinace \u010cOV + \u00faprava kal\u016f pro vhodn\u00e1 mal\u00e1 s\u00eddla.<\/p>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

Technologie RB jednotek je ur\u010dena k pasivn\u00edmu odvod\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f, a to p\u0159\u00edmo v m\u00edst\u011b jejich vzniku. Principem technologie je postupn\u00e9 d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed surov\u00e9ho \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00e9ho kalu poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho z aktiva\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed mechanicko-biologick\u00fdch \u010cOV, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b z objekt\u016f mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod (lap\u00e1ky p\u00edsku, septiky, usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f) nebo ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010cOV, a jeho pozvoln\u00e9 odvod\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b filtrace skrze dren\u00e1\u017en\u00ed vrstvu a evapotranspirac\u00ed s pomoc\u00ed vys\u00e1zen\u00fdch mok\u0159adn\u00edch rostlin. Kal je d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n v ur\u010dit\u00fdch period\u00e1ch, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v obdob\u00ed mezi d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00edm doch\u00e1z\u00ed jak ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vlhkosti kalu, tak k jeho pozvoln\u00e9 mineralizaci. Po napln\u011bn\u00ed kalov\u00e9ho pole na provozn\u00ed maximum je syst\u00e9m odstaven a nast\u00e1v\u00e1 f\u00e1ze mineralizace matrice a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed objemu kalu, aby mohl b\u00fdt op\u011btovn\u011b d\u00e1vkov\u00e1n \u201e\u010derstv\u00fd\u201c kal. Takto se postupn\u011b dos\u00e1hne maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed provozn\u00ed kapacity kalov\u00e9ho pole, kter\u00e9 je nutno odstavit. Kone\u010dnou f\u00e1z\u00ed je stabilizace a do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry i hygienizace sm\u011bsi kalu a rozlo\u017eiteln\u00e9 biomasy mok\u0159adn\u00edch rostlin, po jej\u00edm\u017e ukon\u010den\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 sm\u011bs odt\u011b\u017eit k vyu\u017eit\u00ed. \u010casov\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnost cel\u00e9ho cyklu pln\u011bn\u00ed je n\u011bkolik let, dle zku\u0161enost\u00ed [4] nejv\u00fd\u0161e v\u0161ak deset, v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na projektovan\u00e9m objemu. Takto upraven\u00e1 kalov\u00e1 pole jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na prakticky celosv\u011btov\u011b [6\u20138]. Celkov\u00fd p\u0159ehled k\u00a0t\u00e9to technologii publikovali auto\u0159i studie v\u011bnovan\u00e9 shrnut\u00ed konstruk\u010dn\u00edch z\u00e1sad, n\u00e1vrhov\u00fdch parametr\u016f a\u00a0zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed o\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnosti odvodn\u011bn\u00ed kal\u016f a\u00a0jejich stabilizaci [9].<\/p>\n

Vlastn\u00ed studii p\u0159edch\u00e1zel dvoulet\u00fd monitoring slo\u017een\u00ed kal\u016f (2017 a\u00a02018), kter\u00fd prob\u00edhal na dvou pilotn\u00edch lokalit\u00e1ch, a\u00a0to na K\u010cOV pro malou obec v\u00a0okrese Vy\u0161kov (cca 900 obyvatel) a\u00a0MB\u010cOV v\u00a0mal\u00e9 obci v\u00a0okrese B\u0159eclav (cca 1 000 obyvatel). Ob\u011b lokality byly vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny i\u00a0pro experimenty spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0kompostov\u00e1n\u00edm, \u00fapravami vlastnost\u00ed kal\u016f a\u00a0odvodn\u011bn\u00edm kal\u016f RB jednotkami. Rozd\u00edl mezi \u010dist\u00edrnami nep\u0159edstavuje jen technologie \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, ale i\u00a0kanaliza\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165. K\u010cOV je napojena na jednotnou kanaliza\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 obce, MB\u010cOV na odd\u00edlnou spla\u0161kovou kanalizaci. To se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed i\u00a0ve slo\u017een\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod a\u00a0kal\u016f.<\/p>\n

Vzorky kal\u016f a\u00a0odvodn\u011bn\u00fdch kalov\u00fdch sm\u011bs\u00ed byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny \u010dasov\u011b jako bodov\u00e9, ale prostorov\u011b sm\u011bsn\u00e9. Pokud jde o\u00a0MB\u010cOV, zdrojem byla kalov\u00e1 sekce, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b sb\u011brn\u00e1 mobiln\u00ed vana pro ulo\u017een\u00ed odvodn\u011bn\u00e9ho kalu, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b K\u010cOV pak sekce mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (vyhn\u00edvac\u00ed prostor \u0161t\u011brbinov\u00e9 usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee). Ka\u017ed\u00fd vzorek byl um\u00edst\u011bn do samostatn\u00e9 vzorkovnice z\u00a0HDPE a\u00a0v\u00a0chladnu p\u0159epraven do laborato\u0159e. V\u00a0laborato\u0159i byly vzorky homogenizov\u00e1ny, lyofilizov\u00e1ny a\u00a0d\u00e1le zpracov\u00e1ny k\u00a0anal\u00fdz\u00e1m\u00a0\u2013 stanoven\u00ed su\u0161iny, ztr\u00e1ty \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm, nutrient\u016f, rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f \u010di ukazatel\u016f mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (fek\u00e1ln\u00ed koliformn\u00ed bakterie, E. coli<\/em>, salmonely a\u00a0enterokoky). Anal\u00fdzy byly prov\u00e1d\u011bny podle b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch akreditovan\u00fdch postup\u016f vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z\u00a0\u0159ady p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch \u010cSN. Obdobn\u011b byly odebr\u00e1ny, uchov\u00e1ny a\u00a0zpracov\u00e1ny vzorky pro stanoven\u00ed organick\u00fdch mikropolutant\u016f, a\u00a0to v\u00a0extern\u00ed laborato\u0159i metodou LC-MS\/MS.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuze<\/h2>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed f\u00e1z\u00ed studie byl dvoulet\u00fd pr\u016fzkum slo\u017een\u00ed kal\u016f a\u00a0jejich kontaminace, kter\u00fd byl proveden na dvou \u010cOV mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed do 2\u00a0000 EO. Vybr\u00e1ny byly \u010cOV zastupuj\u00edc\u00ed ob\u011b hlavn\u00ed technologick\u00e9 skupiny, a\u00a0to mechanicko-biologick\u00e9 (aktiva\u010dn\u00ed) a\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010cOV.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky monitoringu v\u00a0letech 2017 a\u00a02018 byly zohledn\u011bny v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1zi studie, kdy byla navr\u017eena extenzivn\u00ed odvod\u0148ovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na platform\u011b RB jednotek, v\u00a0poloprovozn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. Pro koncept objemu, zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kalem a\u00a0zp\u016fsobu provozu (interval napou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, napou\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 d\u00e1vky, f\u00e1ze odvodn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0mineralizace, kone\u010dn\u00e1 f\u00e1ze zr\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0stabilizace kal\u016f) byly vyu\u017eity \u00fadaje o\u00a0zm\u011bn\u00e1ch su\u0161iny v\u00a0kalu, obsahu organick\u00e9ho pod\u00edlu a\u00a0mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace. Anal\u00fdza p\u0159\u00edtomnosti rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f byla nezbytn\u00e1 pro posouzen\u00ed rizikovosti a\u00a0toxicity kal\u016f vzhledem k\u00a0jejich mo\u017en\u00e9mu dal\u0161\u00edmu uplatn\u011bn\u00ed jako sou\u010d\u00e1sti hnojiv\u00fdch sm\u011bs\u00ed. Naopak anal\u00fdza mno\u017estv\u00ed \u017eivin byla d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 pro vyhodnocen\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch dopl\u0148kov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed hnojiv\u00fdch sm\u011bs\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem jejich standardizace, co se obsahu p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdch \u017eivin t\u00fd\u010de. Na obr.\u00a01<\/em> a\u00a02<\/em> jsou zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny obsahy vybran\u00fdch hygienicky v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch bakteri\u00ed a\u00a0rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f v\u00a0kalech obou pilotn\u00edch \u010dist\u00edren. Koncentrace enterokok\u016f v\u00a0kalech obou \u010dist\u00edren m\u011bla zna\u010dn\u00fd rozptyl, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b K\u010cOV op\u011bt v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed kalu. Fek\u00e1ln\u00ed koliformn\u00ed bakterie naopak vykazovaly vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rozptyl u\u00a0MB\u010cOV.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a01. Obsah enterokok\u016f v\u00a0kalech
\nFig.\u00a01. Enterococci content in the sludges<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a02. Obsah fek\u00e1ln\u00edch koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed v\u00a0kalech
\nFig.\u00a02. Faecal coliform bacteria content in the sludges<\/h6>\n

U\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161iny rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f (zde vybr\u00e1ny \u010dty\u0159i\u00a0\u2013 Cd, Cr, Hg a\u00a0Ni) byly zji\u0161t\u011bny vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed obsahy v\u00a0kalech ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny (obr.\u00a03 <\/em>a\u017e 6<\/em>). Vysv\u011btlujeme si to i\u00a0vlivem napojen\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch vod, smyv\u016f ze zpevn\u011bn\u00fdch povrch\u016f, smyv\u016f prachu z\u00a0atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdch depozic apod. do jednotn\u00e9 kanaliza\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b ani tyto kaly nejsou zat\u00ed\u017eeny sledovan\u00fdmi prvky nad limit vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky [10] o\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00ed kal\u016f v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, platn\u00e9 v\u00a0\u010dase proveden\u00ed studie. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti stanovuje prakticky stejn\u00e9 limity vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka \u010d.\u00a0273\/2021 Sb., o\u00a0podrobnostech nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0odpady, platn\u00e1 od \u010dervence 2021.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a03. Obsah kadmia v\u00a0kalech
\nFig.\u00a03. Cadmium content in the sludges<\/h6>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a04. Obsah chromu v\u00a0kalech
\nFig.\u00a04. Chromium content in the sludges<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a05. Obsah rtuti v\u00a0kalech
\nFig.\u00a05. Mercury content in the sludges<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a06. Obsah niklu v\u00a0kalech
\nFig.\u00a06. Nickel content in the sludges<\/h6>\n

Na obr.\u00a07 <\/em>a\u017e 11<\/em> jsou zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny pod\u00edly su\u0161iny, obsahy organick\u00e9 slo\u017eky a\u00a0vybran\u00fdch nutrient\u016f. Su\u0161ina odebran\u00fdch vzork\u016f kal\u016f odpov\u00eddala stavu jejich zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b aktiva\u010dn\u00ed \u010cOV byl kal odvodn\u011bn odst\u0159edivkou (su\u0161ina okolo 20\u00a0%). V\u00fdkyvy v\u00a0su\u0161in\u011b byly zp\u016fsobeny poruchami v\u00a0technologii b\u011bhem sledovan\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed. Su\u0161ina kalu ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010cOV z\u00e1visela na st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed kalu. U\u00a0t\u00e9to \u010cOV je kal vyv\u00e1\u017een z\u00a0anaerobn\u00edho vyhn\u00edvac\u00edho prostoru \u0161t\u011brbinov\u00e9 usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee, jako\u017e i\u00a0z\u00a0usazovac\u00edho prostoru t\u00e9to n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0z\u00a0lap\u00e1ku p\u00edsku cca 1\u00d7 za 3\u00a0m\u011bs\u00edce. Su\u0161ina tak kol\u00edsala od \u0159\u00eddk\u00e9 sm\u011bsi pod 10\u00a0% a\u017e po hodnoty okolo 25 a\u017e 30\u00a0%. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty souvis\u00ed s\u00a0d\u00e9lkou ulo\u017een\u00ed kalu ve vyhn\u00edvac\u00edm prostoru. S\u00a0p\u0159ib\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dasem od vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed obvykle doch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti vyhn\u00edvac\u00edho prostoru k\u00a0tvorb\u011b siln\u00e9, pom\u011brn\u011b such\u00e9 krusty. Ztr\u00e1ta \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm a\u00a0obsah organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek byly po celou dobu ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed u\u00a0kalu ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny v\u00a0d\u016fsledku jeho anaerobn\u00edho vyhn\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a07. Pod\u00edl su\u0161iny v\u00a0kalech
\nFig.\u00a07. Dry matter ratio of the sludges<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a08. Ztr\u00e1ta \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00a0kalech
\nFig.\u00a08. Organic matter content in the sludges<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a09. Obsah fosforu v\u00a0kalech
\nFig.\u00a09. Phosphorus content in the sludges<\/h6>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a010. Obsah v\u00e1pn\u00edku v\u00a0kalech
\nFig.\u00a010. Calcium content in the sludges<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a011. Obsah drasl\u00edku v\u00a0kalech
\nFig.\u00a011. Potassium content in the sludges<\/h6>\n

Obsah fosforu v\u00a0kalu byl cca 5\u00d7 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b MB\u010cOV. U\u00a0t\u00e9to \u010dist\u00edrny jeho obsah v\u00a0kalu tak\u00e9 zna\u010dn\u011b kol\u00edsal. Naopak v\u00a0kalu ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010cOV byl obsah fosforu po celou dobu sledov\u00e1n\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b stabiln\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 okolo 5 000 mg\/kg su\u0161iny kalu. Obsah drasl\u00edku byl t\u00e9\u017e v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0kalu MB\u010cOV, a\u00a0to s\u00a0velk\u00fdm rozptylem. Naopak v\u00a0kalu K\u010cOV byl jeho obsah pom\u011brn\u011b stabiln\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 okolo 2\u00a0000 mg\/kg su\u0161iny kalu. Obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b vysv\u011btliteln\u00fd byl pozorovan\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst obsahu v\u00e1pn\u00edku v\u00a0kalu K\u010cOV. Patrn\u011b op\u011bt souvisel s\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u00edmi vlastnostmi a\u00a0st\u00e1\u0159\u00edm kalu, proto\u017ee koreluje sp\u00ed\u0161e s\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi hodnotami su\u0161iny kalu v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru roku 2018.<\/p>\n

S ohledem na v\u00fdsledky dvoulet\u00e9ho monitoringu, kter\u00fd odhalil pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 ukazatele podstatn\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi kalem vybran\u00fdch typ\u016f \u010cOV, a s ohledem na produkci kalu t\u011bmito \u010cOV, kdy K\u010cOV se vyzna\u010dovala v\u00fdznamn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed produkc\u00ed, bylo rozhodnuto, \u017ee v r\u00e1mci studie m\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed perspektivu propojen\u00ed RB jednotky k odvodn\u011bn\u00ed a stabilizaci kalu s K\u010cOV. I kdy\u017e byly i nad\u00e1le prov\u00e1d\u011bny poloprovozn\u00ed experimenty s vyu\u017eit\u00edm RB jednotek pro MB\u010cOV, pozornost byla soust\u0159ed\u011bna na kombinaci K\u010cOV + poloprovozn\u00ed RB jednotky v kombinaci se zakryt\u00edm a bez zakryt\u00ed sklen\u00edkem [5]. D\u00e1le v \u010dl\u00e1nku jsou tedy detailn\u011b rozvedeny v\u00fdsledky t\u00e9to kombinace. Pou\u017eit\u00ed RB jednotky k\u00a0odvodn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0stabilizaci kalu MB\u010cOV vy\u017eaduje zcela odli\u0161n\u00fd re\u017eim provozu a\u00a0napou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 povedou k\u00a0obdobn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e stabilizace kalu [5].<\/p>\n

Tab.\u00a01<\/em> zobrazuje zm\u011bny obsahu rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f\u00a0\u2013 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b kov\u016f, mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace a\u00a0obsahu vybran\u00fdch nutrient\u016f, stejn\u011b jako su\u0161iny a\u00a0ztr\u00e1ty \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm (obsahu organick\u00e9ho pod\u00edlu) b\u011bhem proces\u016f nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se vstupn\u00edm surov\u00fdm kalem K\u010cOV. A\u00a0to p\u0159es odvodn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0hygienizaci pozvoln\u00fdm samostatn\u011b b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00edm procesem biologick\u00e9 stabilizace b\u011bhem ulo\u017een\u00ed v\u00a0RB jednotce, navazuj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00edtov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 sm\u011bsi z\u00a0RB jednotky p\u0159es s\u00edto 4 mm a\u017e po fin\u00e1ln\u00ed produkty\u00a0\u2013 hnojiv\u00e9 sm\u011bsi.<\/p>\n

Tab.\u00a01. Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0kontaminace vstupn\u00edho kalu, fin\u00e1ln\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f z\u00a0RB jednotek a\u00a0hnojiv\u00fdch produkt\u016f
\n<\/em>Tab.\u00a01. Comparison of composition and contamination of input sludge, final materials from RB units and fertilizer products<\/em><\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Patrn\u00fd je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed \u00fabytek mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace b\u011bhem procesu odvodn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0stabilizace. Mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace zcela vymiz\u00ed d\u00edky tepeln\u00e9 \u00faprav\u011b p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b hnojiv\u00fdch sm\u011bs\u00ed. Sou\u010dasn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke zhruba polovi\u010dn\u00edmu \u00fabytku organick\u00e9ho pod\u00edlu (pokles ztr\u00e1ty \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm). Jak na vstupu, tak i\u00a0v\u00a0kone\u010dn\u00fdch produktech nebyly zji\u0161t\u011bny nadlimitn\u00ed koncentrace sledovan\u00fdch t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f a\u00a0rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f, i\u00a0kdy\u017e odvodn\u011bn\u00edm a\u00a0stabilizac\u00ed v\u00a0RB jednotce doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00e9mu stupni zakoncentrov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jak bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e, hodnocen\u00ed obsahu rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f a\u00a0mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace kal\u016f a\u00a0materi\u00e1l\u016f bylo v\u00a0\u010dase prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed studie zpracov\u00e1no s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0437\/2016 Sb. [10], kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak byla s\u00a0novelizac\u00ed legislativy k\u00a0nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0odpady zru\u0161ena, a\u00a0to k\u00a01. lednu 2021. N\u00e1hradou by m\u011bla b\u00fdt vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka \u010d.\u00a0273\/2021 Sb., o\u00a0podrobnostech nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0odpady. Ta definuje prakticky toto\u017en\u00e9 limitn\u00ed hodnoty. V\u0161echny v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly spl\u0148ovaly stanoven\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na obsah rizikov\u00fdch l\u00e1tek.<\/p>\n

Uveden\u00e9 \u00fadaje o\u00a0zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch koncentrac\u00edch rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f a\u00a0mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edm zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed lze porovnat s\u00a0v\u00fdsledky rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu mal\u00fdch \u010cOV r\u016fzn\u00fdch technologi\u00ed [11]. V\u00fdsledky pro vstupn\u00ed kalovou sm\u011bs jsou srovnateln\u00e9. Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 koncentrace v\u00a0odvodn\u011bn\u00e9 sm\u011bsi odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016fm publikovan\u00fdm v\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed, nap\u0159. v\u00a0r\u00e1mci studie Uggetti a\u00a0kol. [9].<\/p>\n

Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed studie bylo tak\u00e9 proveden\u00ed anal\u00fdz na obsah rizikov\u00fdch l\u00e1tek ze skupiny organick\u00fdch mikropolutant\u016f, zejm\u00e9na l\u00e9\u010div. Tab.\u00a02<\/em> a\u00a03<\/em> prezentuj\u00ed v\u00fdsledky jednor\u00e1zov\u011b proveden\u00fdch anal\u00fdz jak ve vzorc\u00edch vstupn\u00edch kalov\u00fdch sm\u011bs\u00ed, tak ve v\u00fdsledn\u00fdch odvodn\u011bn\u00fdch sm\u011bs\u00edch kalu a\u00a0vegetace r\u00e1kosu obecn\u00e9ho nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch se b\u011bhem provozu na povrchu RB jednotek za sezonu 2018 a\u00a02019. Jde o\u00a0lokalitu K\u010cOV.<\/p>\n

Tab.\u00a02. V\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdz vybran\u00fdch organick\u00fdch mikropolutant\u016f v\u00a0materi\u00e1lech za rok 2018
\n<\/em>Tab.\u00a02. Results of analyzes of selected organic micropollutants in materials in 2018<\/em><\/h5>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Tab.\u00a03. V\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdz vybran\u00fdch organick\u00fdch mikropolutant\u016f v\u00a0materi\u00e1lech za rok 2019
\n<\/em>Tab.\u00a03. Results of analyzes of selected organic micropollutants in materials in 2019<\/em><\/h5>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Ve dvou sm\u011bsn\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch, reprezentuj\u00edc\u00edch vstupn\u00ed kal a\u00a0v\u00fdslednou odvodn\u011bnou a\u00a0stabilizovanou sm\u011bs kalu a\u00a0biomasy ze sezony 2018, bylo analyzov\u00e1no 44 vybran\u00fdch organick\u00fdch mikropolutant\u016f. Z\u00a0toho 22 nebylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no ani ve vstupn\u00edm kalu (50\u00a0% l\u00e1tek). U\u00a010 l\u00e1tek do\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 eliminaci, proto\u017ee nebyly zvolenou analytickou metodou ve v\u00fdstupn\u00ed sm\u011bsi detekov\u00e1ny. U\u00a0sedmi dal\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tek byl zji\u0161t\u011bn \u00fabytek nad 75\u00a0%, u\u00a0dvou l\u00e1tek \u00fabytek nad 70\u00a0% a\u00a0u\u00a0jedn\u00e9 nad 50\u00a0%. \u00dabytek definujeme jako rozd\u00edl mezi zm\u011b\u0159enou vstupn\u00ed (ve vstupn\u00edm kalu) a\u00a0v\u00fdstupn\u00ed (kalov\u00e1 sm\u011bs po skon\u010den\u00ed procesu odvodn\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0stabilizace) koncentrac\u00ed. U\u00a0triclocarbanu byla nam\u011b\u0159ena vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace ve v\u00fdstupn\u00ed sm\u011bsi. Tato l\u00e1tka b\u00fdv\u00e1, spolu s\u00a0triclosanem (l\u00e1tka s\u00a0\u00fabytkem cca 51\u00a0%), p\u0159\u00edtomna v\u00a0m\u00fddlech, zubn\u00edch past\u00e1ch, deodorantech apod.<\/p>\n

Ve vzorc\u00edch za sezonu 2019 ji\u017e bylo analyzov\u00e1no 67 l\u00e1tek. Z\u00a0toho 44 nebylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no ani ve vstupn\u00edm kalu (66\u00a0% l\u00e1tek). U\u00a013 l\u00e1tek do\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 eliminaci, proto\u017ee nebyly zvolenou analytickou metodou ve v\u00fdstupn\u00ed sm\u011bsi detekov\u00e1ny. U\u00a0\u0161esti dal\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tek byl zji\u0161t\u011bn \u00fabytek nad 75\u00a0%, u\u00a0dvou nad 50\u00a0%. U\u00a0triclocarbanu (antimikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0antifung\u00e1ln\u00ed slou\u010denina) byla op\u011bt zji\u0161t\u011bna vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace ve v\u00fdstupn\u00ed sm\u011bsi. Z\u00a0nov\u011b analyzovan\u00fdch l\u00e1tek byla nam\u011b\u0159ena vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace ve v\u00fdstupn\u00ed sm\u011bsi u\u00a0l\u00e1tky celiprotol (z\u00e1klad l\u00e9ku pro l\u00e9\u010dbu vysok\u00e9ho krevn\u00edho tlaku). Nepatrn\u00fd rozd\u00edl v\u00a0koncentraci byl u\u00a0l\u00e1tky irbesartan (z\u00e1klad l\u00e9ku pro l\u00e9\u010dbu vysok\u00e9ho tlaku a\u00a0diabetick\u00fdch chorob ledvin).<\/p>\n

Anal\u00fdza zm\u011bn obsahu su\u0161iny a\u00a0organick\u00e9ho pod\u00edlu b\u011bhem provozu RB jednotek v\u00a0n\u00e1vaznosti na napou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed surov\u00e9 kalov\u00e9 sm\u011bsi uskute\u010dn\u011bn\u00e1 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 studie je podrobn\u011b pops\u00e1na v\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku [5]. RB jednotky byly pln\u011bny tekut\u00fdm kalem se su\u0161inou mezi 2 a\u017e 13\u00a0%, v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na p\u016fvodu kalu a\u00a0s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm r\u016fzn\u00fdch sch\u00e9mat nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pro studovan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed 2017\u20132019. RB jednotky prok\u00e1zaly velmi slibn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky, pokud jde o\u00a0odvodn\u011bn\u00ed kalu. Na konci ka\u017ed\u00e9 kampan\u011b odvodn\u011bn\u00ed bylo dosahov\u00e1no 30\u201340\u00a0% su\u0161iny kalu. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jednotky RB zakryt\u00e9 sklen\u00edkem dos\u00e1hlo odvod\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed kalu hodnot su\u0161iny mezi 51\u00a0% a\u00a080\u00a0% v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na ro\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed a\u00a0klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Vliv vstupn\u00edch charakteristik kal\u016f a\u00a0posouzen\u00ed vlivu volby p\u0159\u00edtokov\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed se v\u011bnuje \u010dl\u00e1nek Vincenta a\u00a0kol. [12]. N\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0zp\u016fsob provozu n\u00e1mi vyu\u017eit\u00fdch poloprovozn\u00edch RB jednotek [5] odpov\u00edd\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00edm \u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 publikace.<\/p>\n

Jak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno v\u00a0\u00favodu, s\u00a0ohledem na p\u0159\u00edtomnost \u0159ady b\u011b\u017en\u011b nesledovan\u00fdch polutant\u016f v\u00a0\u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kalech, viz nap\u0159. uveden\u00e9 organick\u00e9 mikropolutanty, praxe sm\u011b\u0159uje k\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1vazn\u00fdch technologi\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed kal\u016f p\u0159ed jejich mo\u017en\u00fdm n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm vyu\u017eit\u00edm. Dal\u0161\u00edm krokem vedouc\u00edm k\u00a0uplatn\u011bn\u00ed upraven\u00fdch a\u00a0stabilizovan\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed je tedy volba vhodn\u00e9 technologie dosou\u0161en\u00ed kalu a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpravy organominer\u00e1ln\u00edch hnojiv. Jak obstoj\u00ed na trhu, bude z\u00e1viset p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed kvality a\u00a0ceny t\u011bchto materi\u00e1l\u016f oproti standardn\u00edm d\u00e1vk\u00e1m hnojiv typu NPK. Za t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem je vhodn\u00e9 standardizovat obsah pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch \u017eivin v\u00a0dostupn\u00e9 form\u011b pro vegetaci, a\u00a0to nap\u0159. p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm dal\u0161\u00edch slo\u017eek b\u011bhem zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed na kone\u010dn\u00fd produkt.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0r\u00e1mci na\u0161\u00ed studie padla volba na zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odvodn\u011bn\u00fdch a\u00a0stabilizovan\u00fdch sm\u011bs\u00ed kompostov\u00e1n\u00edm a\u00a0peletkov\u00e1n\u00edm. V\u00a0\u010dl\u00e1nku je d\u00e1le prezentov\u00e1na \u010d\u00e1st v\u011bnovan\u00e1 peletkov\u00e1n\u00ed. C\u00edlem bylo p\u0159ipravit a\u00a0odzkou\u0161et dv\u011b r\u016fzn\u00e9 varianty hnojiva ve form\u011b organominer\u00e1ln\u00ed peletky:<\/p>\n

Peletovan\u00e9 hnojivo typ start\u00e9r (\u201eStart\u00e9r S1\u201c v\u00a0tab.\u00a04<\/em>) v\u00a0sob\u011b kombinuje vlastnosti organick\u00e9 hmoty (\u010dist\u00edrensk\u00e9ho kalu) k\u00a0stabilizaci miner\u00e1ln\u00ed formy \u017eivin ve snaze zabr\u00e1nit jejich rozplaven\u00ed. Slo\u017een\u00ed hnojiva typu start\u00e9r vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0doporu\u010den\u00e9 d\u00e1vky makroprvk\u016f podle publikace Hlu\u0161ka a\u00a0Richtera [13], p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pom\u011br jednotliv\u00fdch prvk\u016f v\u00a0nov\u00e9m hnojivu byl nastaven podle pravidel vyu\u017eitelnosti makro a\u00a0mikroprvk\u016f v\u00a0kompetici s\u00a0dus\u00edkem podle publikace Szabla [14]. D\u00e1vkov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9ho hnojiva se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed pravidly agronormativu podle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky 377\/2013 Sb. [15], vydan\u00e9 Ministerstvem zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed (MZe) v\u00a0platn\u00e9m zn\u011bn\u00ed. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f se poda\u0159ilo p\u0159ipravit nov\u00e9, relativn\u011b stabiln\u00ed hnojivo s\u00a0kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm polo\u010dasem uvoln\u011bn\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch \u017eivin ve prosp\u011bch rostlin, kter\u00e9 se dob\u0159e d\u00e1vkuje do p\u016fdy b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdmi stroji.<\/p>\n

Peletovan\u00e9 hnojivo typ fertiliz\u00e9r (\u201eFertiliz\u00e9r F1\u201c v\u00a0tab.\u00a04<\/em>) v\u00a0sob\u011b kombinuje vlastnosti organick\u00e9 hmoty (\u010dist\u00edrensk\u00e9ho kalu) a\u00a0v\u00e1pnit\u00e9ho prekurzoru. Kombinace t\u011bchto dvou slo\u017eek je v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed ji\u017e \u0159adu let odzkou\u0161ena. V\u00fdhodn\u00fdm zdrojem v\u00e1pnit\u00e9ho prekurzoru se uk\u00e1zalo b\u00fdt vyu\u017eit\u00ed satura\u010dn\u00edho kalu z\u00a0v\u00fdroby cukru (neboli tzv. \u0161\u00e1my). \u0160\u00e1ma obsahuje krom\u011b sra\u017een\u00e9ho CaCO3<\/sub> (75 a\u017e 77\u00a0% hmotnosti v\u00a0su\u0161in\u011b) i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed vysr\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 soli, hlavn\u011b MgO (a\u017e 4\u00a0% hmotnosti), a\u00a0zejm\u00e9na vysokomolekul\u00e1rn\u00ed koagulovan\u00e9 necukry (1,1 a\u017e 1,7\u00a0% hmotnosti v\u00a0su\u0161in\u011b) [16]. \u0160\u00e1ma je zdrojem sachar\u00f3zy (a\u017e 4\u00a0% hmotnosti v\u00a0su\u0161in\u011b), co\u017e pozitivn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00ed na rozvoj mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eky p\u016fd [18]. Aplikace \u0161\u00e1my vzhledem k\u00a0vysok\u00e9mu pod\u00edlu necukr\u016f m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u011b pozitivn\u00ed vliv na rozvoj p\u016fdn\u00edho mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho spole\u010denstva, co\u017e vede nejen k\u00a0pos\u00edlen\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed struktury, ale i\u00a0k\u00a0rozvoji p\u016fdn\u00edch mikroorganism\u016f, a\u00a0t\u00edm k\u00a0zlep\u0161en\u00ed \u201ezdrav\u00ed p\u016fdy\u201c.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdhoda zvolen\u00e9 technologie spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0nastaven\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00edho slo\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0vlhkosti vstupuj\u00edc\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f k\u00a0efektivn\u00ed v\u00fdrob\u011b pelet o\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru 8\u00a0mm, uzp\u016fsoben\u00fdch k\u00a0aplikaci do z\u00f3ny r\u016fstu plodin.<\/p>\n

Tab.\u00a04<\/em> ukazuje v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 prvkov\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed obou p\u0159ipraven\u00fdch matric. Prvkov\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0vybran\u00e9 charakteristiky, nap\u0159. hodnoty pH, jsou uvedeny jako pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 hodnoty z\u00a0v\u00edce opakov\u00e1n\u00ed. D\u00e1le je uvedena hodnota sm\u011brodatn\u00e9 odchylky datov\u00e9ho souboru pro ka\u017ed\u00fd parametr a\u00a0prvek. Z\u00a0pohledu hnojiv\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku matrice typu start\u00e9r obsahuje t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovinu obsahu dus\u00edku v\u00a0amonn\u00e9 form\u011b (N-NH4<\/sub>+<\/sup>), co\u017e je pro v\u00fd\u017eivu rostlin pozitivn\u00ed. Obsah amonn\u00e9 a\u00a0nitr\u00e1tov\u00e9 formy dus\u00edku (5,45\u00a0%) se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed teoretick\u00e9 hladin\u011b 6\u00a0% dus\u00edku (N). Odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed je i\u00a0obsah p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9ho fosforu (P) 2,08\u00a0% (teoreticky 2,5\u00a0%), p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9ho drasl\u00edku (K) 2,85\u00a0% (teoreticky 3,3\u00a0%) a\u00a0ho\u0159\u010d\u00edku (Mg) 0,66\u00a0% (teoreticky 0,6\u00a0%).<\/p>\n

V\u00a0matrici typu fertiliz\u00e9r u\u017e tolik nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm prvkov\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed, zde jsou podstatn\u00e9 vlastnosti popisuj\u00edc\u00ed kvalitu p\u016fdn\u00ed organick\u00e9 hmoty, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm obsah humusu, jen\u017e tvo\u0159\u00ed 18\u00a0%, d\u00e1le kvalitu huminov\u00fdch slo\u017eek Q4\/6, kter\u00e1 je vysoce nad hranic\u00ed 4 (hodnota barevn\u00e9ho kvocientu), charakterizuj\u00edc\u00ed kvalitn\u00ed huminov\u00e9 slo\u017eky, a\u00a0zejm\u00e9na vysok\u00fd obsah snadno rozlo\u017eiteln\u00fdch C slo\u017eek (C-hws). Obsah p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9ho v\u00e1pn\u00edku (Ca) v\u00a0matrici se pohybuje kolem 4\u00a0%.<\/p>\n

Rozsah chemick\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed obou hnojiv m\u016f\u017ee v\u00a0r\u00e1mci p\u0159\u00edpravy zna\u010dn\u011b kol\u00edsat. D\u016fvodem je:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. variabiln\u00ed prvkov\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00e9ho kalu, jak ukazuje publikace \u010cern\u00e9ho [17]<\/li>\n
  2. rozsah vstupn\u00edch parametr\u016f z cukrovarnick\u00e9ho kalu (\u0161\u00e1my), jak ukazuje\u00a0\u00a0 publikace \u0160\u00e1rky [16]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Nov\u00e1 peletovan\u00e1 hnojiva na b\u00e1zi \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f z RB technologie jsou vyr\u00e1b\u011bna ve form\u011b pelet o pr\u016fm\u011bru 8 mm. Pro p\u0159\u00edpravu pelet je nutn\u00e9 p\u0159ipravit materi\u00e1l o su\u0161in\u011b 75 a\u017e 80 % hm. Pr\u00e1v\u011b peletovan\u00e1 forma hnojiva umo\u017en\u00ed jeho snadnou skladovatelnost a aplikovatelnost pomoc\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 mechanizace p\u0159\u00edmo do z\u00f3ny r\u016fstu konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch plodin.<\/p>\n

    Tab.\u00a04. \u017divinov\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed p\u0159ipraven\u00fdch hnojiv
    \n<\/em>Tab.\u00a04. Nutrient composition of prepared fertilizers<\/em><\/h5>\n    \"\"<\/a>\n

     <\/p>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    <\/h2>\n

    Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

    Studie prok\u00e1zala, \u017ee vyu\u017eit\u00ed technologie zalo\u017een\u00e9 na extenzivn\u00edm odvodn\u011bn\u00ed kal\u016f a\u00a0jejich stabilizaci v\u00a0kalov\u00fdch pol\u00edch s\u00a0vhodnou mok\u0159adn\u00ed vegetac\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm ochrany proti \u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed vysou\u0161en\u00e9 sm\u011bsi sr\u00e1\u017ekami (sklen\u00edk, st\u0159\u00ed\u0161ka), m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159edstavovat alternativu k\u00a0jin\u00fdm technologi\u00edm, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0K\u010cOV. Podm\u00ednkou je dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e1 plocha pozemk\u016f, co\u017e je \u010dasto p\u0159\u00edklad mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 K\u010cOV vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Procesy prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed v RB jednotk\u00e1ch s napu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdmi kaly a s vegetac\u00ed mok\u0159adn\u00edch rostlin popisuje \u0159ada zahrani\u010dn\u00edch publikac\u00ed [8, 9]. Hlavn\u00ed provozn\u00ed z\u00e1sady, chyby p\u0159i n\u00e1vrz\u00edch a provozu i doporu\u010den\u00ed pro dal\u0161\u00ed nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s odvodn\u011bnou hmotou shrnuje pr\u00e1ce Brixe [4]. P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu RB jednotek pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 v z\u00e1vislosti na klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch hledat optim\u00e1ln\u00ed interval a\u00a0d\u00e9lku periody napou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0vysou\u0161en\u00ed. Extenzivn\u00ed \u010dist\u00edrny (ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny, um\u011bl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady apod.) maj\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed produkci kalu spojenou s\u00a0provozem objekt\u016f mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy usazovac\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed nebo v\u00edcekomorov\u00fdch septik\u016f), zpravidla s\u00a0vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00edm n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t ro\u010dn\u011b. Dosa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee i\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na co nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed eliminaci organick\u00fdch mikropolutant\u016f bude nutn\u00e9 ponech\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1lu v\u00a0jednotce po ukon\u010den\u00ed napou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0vysou\u0161en\u00ed po\u00a0doporu\u010dovanou dobu jedn\u00e9 sezony (letn\u00ed \u010di zimn\u00ed) [1, 3], co\u017e umo\u017en\u00ed mineralizaci materi\u00e1lu, jeho hygienizaci a\u00a0stabilizaci. V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 hmota by m\u011bla dos\u00e1hnout vlastnost\u00ed a\u00a0slo\u017een\u00ed srovnateln\u00e9ho s\u00a0kone\u010dn\u00fdmi produkty kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed kal\u016f s\u00a0biologick\u00fdmi slo\u017ekami [2], jak ukazuj\u00ed v\u00fdsledky rozboru materi\u00e1l\u016f z\u00a0pokusn\u00fdch RB jednotek po jejich odstaven\u00ed na dobu n\u011bkolika m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f.<\/p>\n

    Popsan\u00e1 technologie odvodn\u011bn\u00ed \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt prvn\u00edm stupn\u011bm \u00fapravy, kter\u00fd p\u0159i zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch vhodn\u00fdch krok\u016f, nap\u0159. standardizace substr\u00e1t\u016f (p\u0159\u00eddavkem dal\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed, zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm do peletek apod.) otev\u00edr\u00e1 cestu pro racion\u00e1ln\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed kal\u016f na orn\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b. V\u00a0na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bylo upraven\u00e9ho a\u00a0vysu\u0161en\u00e9ho kalu z\u00a0RB jednotek vyu\u017eito k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b organominer\u00e1ln\u00edch hnojiv. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me, \u017ee aplikace organominer\u00e1ln\u00edch hnojiv do p\u016fdy bude m\u00edt vysoce pozitivn\u00ed vliv nejen pro tvorbu stabiln\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed struktury, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 eliminuje riziko spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0vyplavov\u00e1n\u00edm dus\u00edku a\u00a0fosforu do povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod. P\u0159i uplatn\u011bn\u00ed kompostovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu na p\u016fdu se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00fd kryc\u00ed efekt, kdy kompost aplikovan\u00fd na povrch p\u016fdy p\u016fsob\u00ed jako mul\u010d a\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u011b sni\u017euje riziko vzniku vodn\u00ed eroze.<\/p>\n

    Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/h3>\n

    P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek byl zpracov\u00e1n za finan\u010dn\u00ed\u00a0podpory projektu SS02030008 \u201eCentrum environment\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu: Odpadov\u00e9 a\u00a0ob\u011bhov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a\u00a0environment\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost\u201c a\u00a0s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016f projektu TH02030532 \u201eNov\u00e9 postupy \u00fapravy a\u00a0stabilizace \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f z\u00a0mal\u00fdch komun\u00e1ln\u00edch zdroj\u016f\u201c v\u00a0r\u00e1mci jeho implementace.<\/em><\/p>\n

    P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek pro\u0161el lektorsk\u00fdm \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The article is devoted to the presentation of partial results of a study aimed at determining the potential use of extensive sludge dewatering technology for small municipal WWTPs (up to 1000 PE) in the conditions of the Czech Republic. The study has shown that the use of technology based on extensive sludge dewatering and their stabilization in sludge dewatering reed beds with suitable wetland vegetation can be an alternative to other technologies. Especially in combination with constructed wetland (CW) based WWTPs, which are characterized by lower sludge production. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":13497,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,90,89],"tags":[1625,2629,2628,2624,2625,2626,2627],"coauthors":[1806,187,188,2592,2593],"class_list":["post-13463","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","category-waste-management","category-water-technology-water-supply-waste-water-treatment","tag-composting","tag-fertilization-substrate","tag-organic-matter","tag-sewage-sludge","tag-sludge-dewatering","tag-sludge-stabilization","tag-soil-quality"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13463","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13463"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13463\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30639,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13463\/revisions\/30639"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13497"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13463"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13463"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13463"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=13463"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}