{"id":13458,"date":"2021-12-10T18:21:44","date_gmt":"2021-12-10T17:21:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=13458"},"modified":"2024-07-17T12:06:19","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T11:06:19","slug":"investigation-of-hyporheic-biofilms-of-the-vltava-river-in-sumava-national-park-with-regard-to-juvenile-pearl-mussels-their-feeding-requirements-and-sufficient-oxygen-saturation-of-interstitial-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2021\/12\/investigation-of-hyporheic-biofilms-of-the-vltava-river-in-sumava-national-park-with-regard-to-juvenile-pearl-mussels-their-feeding-requirements-and-sufficient-oxygen-saturation-of-interstitial-water\/","title":{"rendered":"Investigation of hyporheic biofilms of the Vltava river in \u0160umava national park with regard to juvenile rearl mussels, their feeding requirements and sufficient oxygen saturation of interstitial water"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

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SOUHRN<\/h2>\n

V\u00fdzkum biofilm\u016f prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu \u201ePos\u00edlen\u00ed a\u00a0ochrana populace perlorodky \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed v\u00a0NP \u0160umava\u201c<\/em> ji\u017e od roku 2018, kdy byly hled\u00e1ny a\u00a0testov\u00e1ny vhodn\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 metody a\u00a0postupy studia v\u00fdvoje biofilm\u016f na hyporheick\u00fdch sedimentech (nap\u0159. inkubace sklen\u011bn\u00fdch kuli\u010dek versus inkubace \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho sedimentu, granulometrick\u00fd pr\u016fzkum sediment\u016f dna) a\u00a0vybr\u00e1ny nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed lokality pro um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. V\u00a0roce 2019 byl proveden na t\u0159ech vybran\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch testovac\u00ed t\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum hyporheick\u00fdch biofilm\u016f v\u00a0toku Vltavy v\u00a0NP \u0160umava s\u00a0ohledem na juveniln\u00ed perlorodky, jejich potravn\u00ed n\u00e1roky a\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u00e9 nasycen\u00ed interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody kysl\u00edkem. C\u00edlem tohoto v\u00fdzkumu bylo jak ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed zvolen\u00fdch metod a\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnosti experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoje a\u00a0kvantifikaci hyporheick\u00e9ho biofilmu nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00edho na inkubovan\u00e9m \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm sedimentu za ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das, tak i\u00a0sledov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu a\u00a0koncentrace kysl\u00edku rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho v\u00a0interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vod\u011b a\u00a0jeho zm\u011bny ve vztahu k\u00a0nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed biomase hyporheick\u00e9ho biofilmu.<\/p>\n

Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek se v\u011bnuje v\u00fdzkumu hyporheick\u00fdch biofilm\u016f \u0159eky Vltavy v\u00a0NP \u0160umava, kter\u00fd v\u00a0n\u00e1vaznosti na zku\u0161ebn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum v\u00a0roce 2019 prob\u00edhal na stejn\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch od dubna do listopadu roku 2020. V\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdz a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed poskytuj\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed hodnoty kysl\u00edku, teploty i\u00a0biomasy biofilmu typick\u00e9 pro podhorsk\u00fd tok oligotrofn\u00edho charakteru v\u00a0chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Nasycen\u00ed interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody kysl\u00edkem je po v\u011bt\u0161inu roku pro perlorodku \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed, v\u00fdjimku tvo\u0159\u00ed letn\u00ed obdob\u00ed, kdy na sledovan\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch do\u0161lo k\u00a0n\u00e1hl\u00fdm pokles\u016fm koncentrace, pro kter\u00e9 zat\u00edm nem\u00e1me uspokojiv\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed. Detekce polysacharid\u016f jako\u017eto proxy pro mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed biofilm spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdmi hodnotami celkov\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edku (TOC) na inkubovan\u00e9m sedimentu nazna\u010duj\u00ed dostate\u010dnou potravn\u00ed z\u00e1kladnu pro juveniln\u00ed perlorodky ob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed hyporheick\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed Vltavy.<\/p>\n

Kompletn\u00ed vyhodnocen\u00ed na\u0161eho sledov\u00e1n\u00ed bude provedeno po ukon\u010den\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu, kter\u00fd prob\u00edh\u00e1 i\u00a0v\u00a0leto\u0161n\u00edm roce 2021, a\u00a0poskytne n\u00e1m mo\u017enost porovnat data mezi sebou v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu dvou let.<\/p>\n

\u00daVOD<\/h2>\n

Perlorodka \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed (Margaritifera margaritifera<\/em>) je kriticky ohro\u017een\u00fdm druhem ml\u017ee s\u00a0velmi slo\u017eit\u00fdm \u017eivotn\u00edm cyklem. Po larv\u00e1ln\u00ed parazitick\u00e9 f\u00e1zi na \u017e\u00e1br\u00e1ch ryb\u00edho hostitele a\u00a0po procesu metamorf\u00f3zy n\u00e1sleduje v\u00fdvoj juveniln\u00ed perlorodky v\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch sedimentech toku (tzv. hyporheick\u00e1 z\u00f3na). Toto obdob\u00ed je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za jednu z\u00a0nejkriti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch f\u00e1z\u00ed jej\u00edho \u017eivota [3], p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0d\u016fsledku degradace t\u011bchto stanovi\u0161\u0165 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm a\u00a0n\u00e1slednou kolmatac\u00ed [2], ale tak\u00e9 v\u00a0d\u016fsledku v\u00fdvoje filtra\u010dn\u00edho apar\u00e1tu u\u00a0t\u011bchto mlad\u00fdch perlorodek [3]. Mlad\u00e9 perlorodky zahraban\u00e9 v\u00a0hyporheick\u00e9m sedimentu po dobu 5 a\u017e 10 let se tak mohou pot\u00fdkat s\u00a0nedostate\u010dn\u00fdm nasycen\u00edm interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody kysl\u00edkem, ale i\u00a0s\u00a0nevhodnou skladbou potravy\u00a0\u2013 detritu [1]. U\u00a0perlorodky \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed b\u011bhem prvn\u00edch 44\u00a0m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f \u017eivota k\u00a0\u017eabern\u00ed ontogenezi, kter\u00e1 se odv\u00edj\u00ed v\u00edce od velikosti jedince ne\u017e od jeho st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. A\u017e od velikosti 4\u20135 mm doch\u00e1z\u00ed u\u00a0juveniln\u00ed perlorodky ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu \u017eabern\u00edch oblouk\u016f natolik, \u017ee je schopna efektivn\u00ed filtrace. U\u00a0jedinc\u016f men\u0161\u00edch sice doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0postupn\u00e9 p\u0159estavb\u011b a\u00a0v\u00fdvoji \u017eabern\u00edch oblouk\u016f, ale ty je\u0161t\u011b nejsou schopny filtrovat potravn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice z\u00a0vody tak jako u\u00a0dosp\u011bl\u00fdch jedinc\u016f (cilie nemaj\u00ed pat\u0159i\u010dnou hustotu). Mlad\u00e9 perlorodky (do 4\u20135 mm) si tak z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed potravu sb\u011brem \u010d\u00e1stic pomoc\u00ed svalnat\u00e9 nohy porostl\u00e9 ciliemi [2, 3]. Z\u00a0tohoto hlediska je pro mlad\u00e9 jedince, hledaj\u00edc\u00ed si potravu st\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm hyporheick\u00fdch sediment\u016f, velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 permeabilita dnov\u00fdch sediment\u016f [1, 4]. Jako jedna z\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed potravy pro juveniln\u00ed perlorodky vyv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch sedimentech se jev\u00ed hyporheick\u00fd biofilm [5].<\/p>\n

Hyporhe\u00e1l je druh habitatu, kter\u00fd je shora ohrani\u010den vodou povrchovou a\u00a0ze spodn\u00ed strany vodou podzemn\u00ed [9]. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00ed dnov\u00fdch sediment\u016f, kter\u00e9 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm p\u00f3r\u016f umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed komunikaci vody \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed s\u00a0vodou podzemn\u00ed [6]. K\u00a0t\u00e9to komunikaci doch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0d\u016fsledku rozd\u00edln\u00fdch tlakov\u00fdch z\u00f3n, kdy se povrchov\u00e1 voda zano\u0159uje do hyporhe\u00e1lu a\u00a0my hovo\u0159\u00edme o\u00a0tzv. downwel-\u2028ling z\u00f3n\u011b. Tam, kde je z\u00a0hloubky interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed voda vytla\u010dov\u00e1na sm\u011brem k\u00a0povrchu, hovo\u0159\u00edme o\u00a0upwelling z\u00f3n\u011b [9]. Hyporheick\u00e1 z\u00f3na slou\u017e\u00ed nejen jako refugium pro \u0159adu vodn\u00edch organism\u016f [6], ale hraje tak\u00e9 velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou roli v\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm metabolismu a\u00a0kolob\u011bhu \u017eivin, je\u017e jsou prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm hyporheick\u00e9ho spole\u010denstva mikroorganism\u016f zp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bny dal\u0161\u00edm konzument\u016fm [6, 7]. Jednotliv\u00e1 zrna hyporheick\u00e9ho sedimentu jsou, stejn\u011b jako mrtv\u00e1 rostlinn\u00e1 a\u00a0\u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e1 hmota, pokryta biofilmem\u00a0\u2013 spole\u010denstvem bakteri\u00ed, arche\u00ed a\u00a0hub spojen\u00fdch extracelul\u00e1rn\u00ed polymern\u00ed matric\u00ed [8, 9]. Hyporheick\u00e9 biofilmy pokr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed sedimenty \u0159ek jsou ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny jako \u201emikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee\u201c [8], kter\u00e1 svou adsorpc\u00ed, retenc\u00ed a\u00a0transformac\u00ed \u017eivin a\u00a0l\u00e1tek v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje biogeochemick\u00e9 toky \u017eivin. Mezi nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed procesy, kter\u00fdch se \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed biofilmy \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed, pat\u0159\u00ed kolob\u011bh uhl\u00edku prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm degradace a\u00a0transformace organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu (OM) [7, 8]. \u0158\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed biofilmy slou\u017e\u00ed jako \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edku (DOC) a\u00a0jejich \u010dinnost v\u00a0p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu (DOM) na partikulovan\u00fd organick\u00fd materi\u00e1l (POM) je mimo jin\u00e9 jedn\u00edm z\u00a0hlavn\u00edch proces\u016f v\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edm samo\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed [10].<\/p>\n

St\u011b\u017eejn\u00edm c\u00edlem tohoto v\u00fdzkumu je prok\u00e1zat p\u0159\u00edtomnost mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edch biofilm\u016f na inkubovan\u00fdch sedimentech. Jako indik\u00e1tor p\u0159\u00edtomnosti biofilmu (tzv. proxy) byly zvoleny polysacharidy, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed strukturn\u00ed jednotky tzv. extracelul\u00e1rn\u00ed polysacharidov\u00e9 matrice biofilm\u016f. Dal\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0c\u00edl\u016f pak bylo zjistit, zda rozvoj biofilm\u016f a\u00a0akumulace organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0interstici\u00e1ln\u00edch sedimentech mohou n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ovlivnit hodnoty rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku v\u00a0interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vod\u011b sediment\u016f, jeho\u017e koncentrace je kritick\u00e1 pro p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed juveniln\u00edch perlorodek.<\/p>\n

Materi\u00e1l a\u00a0metodika<\/h2>\n

Lokality<\/h3>\n

Pro um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byly z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b vybr\u00e1ny t\u0159i odli\u0161n\u00e9 lokality \u0159eky Vltavy v\u00a0NP \u0160umava (obr.\u00a01<\/em>). V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 m\u00edsto nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se na\u00a0Tepl\u00e9 Vltav\u011b, charakteristick\u00e9 standardn\u00edm \u0161t\u011brkop\u00edskov\u00fdm dnem je pro na\u0161e \u00fa\u010dely ozna\u010deno jako Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b (48.8805625N, 13.8686922E). Ovesn\u00e1 (48.8258247N, 13.9356317E) le\u017e\u00ed pod soutokem Tepl\u00e9 a\u00a0Studen\u00e9 Vltavy a\u00a0je typick\u00e1 \u0161t\u011brkop\u00edskov\u00fdm dnem, ve kter\u00e9m je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed p\u00edsku. Posledn\u00ed m\u00edsto pro v\u00fdzkum bylo zvoleno na Studen\u00e9 Vltav\u011b (48.8632139N, 13.8630597E). Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0pravostrann\u00fd p\u0159\u00edtok Tepl\u00e9 Vltavy, jeho\u017e charakter dna odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u0161t\u011brkop\u00edsku s\u00a0velk\u00fdmi kameny. V\u0161echny toky le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 700 m n. m.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Obr.\u00a01. Charakter sediment\u016f dna na lokalit\u00e1ch Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 a\u00a0Studen\u00e1 Vltava (zleva)
\nFig.\u00a01. Character of bottom sediments at Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 a\u00a0Studen\u00e1 Vltava (from left)<\/h6>\n

Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Krabice<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u016fvodn\u00ed model experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed krabice byl vytvo\u0159en Puschem pro v\u00fdzkum respirace spole\u010denstva hyporheick\u00fdch sediment\u016f, prostorov\u00e9 distribuce heterotrofn\u00ed aktivity v\u00a0sedimentech (krabice umo\u017e\u0148ovala v\u00fdzkum biomasy biofilmu a\u017e do hloubky 40\u00a0cm) a\u00a0jej\u00edho propojen\u00ed s\u00a0hydraulick\u00fdmi vlastnostmi toku [11]. Krabice velmi dob\u0159e spl\u0148uje po\u017eadavky pro r\u016fst biofilmu \u010di akumulaci l\u00e1tek v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch hloubk\u00e1ch hyporheick\u00e9 z\u00f3ny. Pro n\u00e1\u0161 v\u00fdzkum byly dle p\u016fvodn\u00edho modelu, ve spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0Martinem Rul\u00edkem, vyrobeny t\u0159i krabice polovi\u010dn\u00ed velikosti. Uvnit\u0159 krabic jsou ve stojanu, horizont\u00e1ln\u011b v\u00a0hloubk\u00e1ch 10 a\u00a020\u00a0cm, um\u00edst\u011bny dva v\u00e1lce o\u00a0objemu 500 ml, jejich\u017e konce jsou uzav\u0159eny v\u00ed\u010dky se s\u00ed\u0165ovinou o\u00a0velikosti ok 1 mm. V\u00e1lce umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed v\u00fdzkum biomasy biofilmu ve vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm profilu dna \u0159eky. Samotn\u00e1 krabice exponovan\u00e1 ve dn\u011b je stabiln\u00ed a\u00a0umo\u017e\u0148uje snadn\u00e9 vyjmut\u00ed (\u010di navr\u00e1cen\u00ed) vnit\u0159n\u00edho stojanu s\u00a0v\u00e1lci se zachov\u00e1n\u00edm polohy krabice ve dn\u011b (obr.\u00a02<\/em>). Po vyjmut\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00e1lce napojit na oxymetr a\u00a0p\u0159ed dal\u0161\u00edmi anal\u00fdzami zm\u011b\u0159it respiraci intaktn\u00edho biofilmu in situ<\/em>.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a02. Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed krabice
\nFig.\u00a02. Experimental box<\/h6>\n

V\u00e1le\u010dky <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Pro zachycen\u00ed variability v\u00a0plo\u0161n\u00e9m n\u00e1r\u016fstu biomasy hyporheick\u00e9ho biofilmu a\u00a0zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed jeho vlivu na obsah kysl\u00edku v\u00a0interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vod\u011b v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f t\u011bsn\u011b pod povrchem dna (z\u00a0d\u016fvodu dostate\u010dn\u00e9ho nasycen\u00ed interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody kysl\u00edkem je dle Simona [1] pova\u017eov\u00e1na za maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed mo\u017enou hloubku v\u00fdskytu juvenil\u016f v\u00a0hyporhe\u00e1lu hloubka 10\u00a0cm) byly vyrobeny experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dky z\u00a0nerezov\u00e9 s\u00ed\u0165oviny o\u00a0d\u00e9lce 10\u00a0cm (obr.\u00a03<\/em>). Dovnit\u0159 v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f je zavedena silikonov\u00e1 hadi\u010dka k\u00a0j\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed kysl\u00edku in situ<\/em> b\u011bhem inkubace v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f 3\u20135\u00a0cm pod povrchem dna. Voda je za pomoci injek\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159\u00edka\u010dky nas\u00e1v\u00e1na nad hladinu \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed vody z\u00a0metr dlouh\u00e9 silikonov\u00e9 hadi\u010dky \u00fast\u00edc\u00ed dovnit\u0159 v\u00e1le\u010dku. Tato hadi\u010dka byla na doln\u00edm konci ve v\u00e1le\u010dku zakon\u010dena dv\u011bma vrstvami tkaniny uhelon o\u00a0velikosti ok 40 \u00b5m (vnit\u0159n\u00ed vrstva) a\u00a0100 \u00b5m (vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vrstva), aby do n\u00ed nebyl nas\u00e1t p\u00edsek z\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dku. Druh\u00fd konec hadi\u010dky, vyveden\u00fd z\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dku do \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed vody, byl opat\u0159en gumovou z\u00e1tkou. Prvn\u00edch 10 ml vody (objem hadi\u010dky) bylo p\u0159ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm v\u017edy nas\u00e1to a\u00a0vylito, aby byl syst\u00e9m zbaven vody, kter\u00e1 v\u00a0n\u011bm st\u00e1la, a\u00a0propl\u00e1chnut. V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch 5 ml vody nas\u00e1t\u00e9 z\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dku byl p\u0159enosn\u00fdm membr\u00e1nov\u00fdm oxymetrem (WTW Multi 3320) s\u00a0automatickou teplotn\u00ed korekc\u00ed zm\u011b\u0159en, bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po odb\u011bru, obsah rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku. M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed obsahu kysl\u00edku z\u00a0interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f bylo opakov\u00e1no ka\u017ed\u00fdch 14 dn\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty a\u00a0obsahu kysl\u00edku v\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed vod\u011b.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Obr.\u00a03. Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dky (foto vlevo: I. Ibrahimovi\u010d)
\nFig.\u00a03. Experimental rollers (left photo: I. Ibrahimovi\u010d)<\/h6>\n

P\u0159i tvorb\u011b t\u011bchto v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f jsme se inspirovali od v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f Capoulada a\u00a0Pasca na konferenci v\u00a0Bretani v\u00a0roce 2014 [1]. Metoda j\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody z\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f za pomoci silikonov\u00e9 hadi\u010dky je podobn\u00e1 metod\u011b pou\u017eit\u00ed minipiezometr\u016f, kde je velmi \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed zaveden\u00ed odb\u011brov\u00e9ho t\u011blesa do pod\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho dna hned na po\u010d\u00e1tku v\u00fdzkumu, aby nedoch\u00e1zelo ke kontaminaci vzorku interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody vodou povrchovou z\u00a0d\u016fvodu opakovan\u00e9ho rozru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed sediment\u016f dna [12\u201316]. Ve sv\u00e9 studii zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na metodu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed kysl\u00edku v\u00a0\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch sedimentech za pomoci trubek z\u00a0nerezov\u00e9 oceli, zaveden\u00fdch po celou dobu v\u00fdzkumu do hyporhe\u00e1lu, auto\u0159i zjistili, \u017ee kontaminace zbytkovou vodou \u010di zkreslen\u00ed obsahu kysl\u00edku v\u00a0d\u016fsledku extrakce interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody pod tlakem jsou zanedbateln\u00e9 [17].<\/p>\n

Substr\u00e1t<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Substr\u00e1tem pro v\u00fdvoj biofilmu ve v\u00e1lc\u00edch v\u00a0experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch krabic\u00edch i\u00a0v\u00a0experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch byl p\u00edsek o\u00a0velikosti 1\u20132 mm odebran\u00fd z\u00a0Vltavy (obr.\u00a04<\/em>). Je to nejmen\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e1 frakce substr\u00e1tu z\u00a0hlediska velikosti ok s\u00ed\u0165oviny v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f a\u00a0v\u00e1lc\u016f i\u00a0z\u00a0hlediska v\u00fdzkumu mno\u017estv\u00ed jemn\u00e9ho naplaven\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu (FPOM). Nejmen\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enou velikost zrn p\u00edsku jsme zvolili i\u00a0z\u00a0d\u016fvodu nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdskytu partikulovan\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu (POM) na zrnech sedimentu o\u00a0frakci < 1 mm [18]. Dle Leichtfriedov\u00e9 [19] je hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem os\u00eddlen\u00ed t\u00e9to velikostn\u00ed frakce zrn sedimentu v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed plocha k\u00a0os\u00eddlen\u00ed pro mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010denstvo. Obdobn\u00e1 velikostn\u00ed frakce je optim\u00e1ln\u00ed pro chov juveniln\u00edch perlorodek [1]. Odebran\u00fd \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edsek byl p\u0159ed pou\u017eit\u00edm p\u0159es\u00edtov\u00e1n a\u00a0vy\u017e\u00edh\u00e1n pro sterilizaci.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a04. Odb\u011br a\u00a0zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00edsku o\u00a0velikosti 1\u20132 mm z\u00a0lokality Ovesn\u00e1, kter\u00fd je n\u00e1sledn\u011b inkubov\u00e1n ve v\u00e1lc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch
\nFig.\u00a04. Collection and processing of sand 1\u20132 mm in size from the Ovesn\u00e1 site, which is subsequently incubated in cylinders and rollers<\/h6>\n

Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Na Dobr\u00e9 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e9 i\u00a0Studen\u00e9 Vltav\u011b z\u016fstaly z\u00a0podzimu 2019 um\u00edst\u011bny ve dn\u011b experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed krabice, do nich\u017e byly 23. dubna 2020 vsunuty stojany s\u00a0nov\u011b p\u0159ipraven\u00fdmi v\u00e1lci s\u00a0vy\u017e\u00edhan\u00fdm p\u00edskem. Do t\u0159\u00ed m\u00edst ve vzd\u00e1lenosti 5\u00a0cm od krabice bylo um\u00edst\u011bno vodorovn\u011b 6 mal\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f s\u00a0hadi\u010dkami, v\u017edy po dvojici. Jeden v\u00e1le\u010dek z\u00a0dvojice byl um\u00edst\u011bn do hloubky 20\u00a0cm (stejn\u011b jako nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed v\u00e1lec v\u00a0krabici) a\u00a0druh\u00fd do hloubky 10\u00a0cm (stejn\u011b jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00e1lec v\u00a0krabici) (obr.\u00a06<\/em>). Dv\u011b dvojice v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f byly dopln\u011bny o\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed teplom\u011bry HOBO Pendant\u00ae<\/sup>\u00a0Temperature\/Light 64K Data Logger, kter\u00e9 byly tak\u00e9 zavedeny do hloubky 10 a\u00a020\u00a0cm za pomoci h\u0159eb\u00edku. Teplota byla sn\u00edm\u00e1na ka\u017edou hodinu.<\/p>\n

Kolem krabice byla d\u00e1le vybr\u00e1na t\u0159i m\u00edsta pro um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed sady v\u017edy t\u0159\u00ed kus\u016f mal\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f s\u00a0hadi\u010dkami a\u00a0jednoho velk\u00e9ho v\u00e1lce z\u00a0krabice do hloubky 3\u20135\u00a0cm (obr.\u00a05<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a05. P\u0159\u00edklad um\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f, teplom\u011br\u016f a\u00a0jednoho v\u00e1lce do hloubky 3\u20135\u00a0cm hyporhe\u00e1lu na lokalit\u00e1ch Ovesn\u00e1 a\u00a0Studen\u00e1 Vltava (zleva)
\nFig.\u00a05. Example of placing rollers, thermometers and one cylinder to a\u00a0depth of 3\u20135\u00a0cm in the hyporheal at the Ovesn\u00e1 and Studen\u00e1 Vltava sites (from left)<\/h6>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Obr.\u00a06. P\u0159\u00edklad um\u00eds\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f kolem experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed krabice do hloubky 10\u00a0cm hyporhe\u00e1lu na lokalit\u011b Studen\u00e1 Vltava (z\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00a0hloubce 20\u00a0cm jsou ji\u017e vid\u011bt jen hadi\u010dky)
\nFig.\u00a06. Example of placement of rollers around the experimental box to a\u00a0depth of 10\u00a0cm of the hyporheal at the Studen\u00e1 Vltava site (only the tubes are visible from the hyporheal rollers placed at a\u00a0depth of 20\u00a0cm)<\/h6>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e9 z m\u00edst bylo dopln\u011bno dv\u011bma kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edmi teplom\u011bry um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdmi u\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dku a\u00a0pod n\u00edm. Rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed krabice a\u00a0okoln\u00edch v\u00e1lc\u016f a\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f bylo na v\u0161ech t\u0159ech lokalit\u00e1ch stejn\u00e9. Ze v\u0161ech mal\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f byla ka\u017ed\u00fdch 14 dn\u00ed j\u00edm\u00e1na interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed voda za pomoci metr dlouh\u00e9 silikonov\u00e9 hadi\u010dky a\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en obsah rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho kysl\u00edku. V\u0161echny v\u00e1le\u010dky i\u00a0v\u00e1lce byly ozna\u010deny cedulkami s\u00a0\u010d\u00edsly, charakteristick\u00fdmi pro ka\u017edou z\u00a0lokalit (obr.\u00a07<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Celkov\u011b bylo na ka\u017edou z\u00a0lokalit um\u00edst\u011bno 15 kus\u016f mal\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f s\u00a0hadi\u010dkami, 5 kus\u016f velk\u00fdch v\u00e1lc\u016f, deset HOBO teplom\u011br\u016f do dna a\u00a0jeden HOBO teplom\u011br do \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Obr.\u00a07. N\u00e1kres um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v\u00a0hyporheick\u00fdch sedimentech na jedn\u00e9 z\u00a0lokalit\u00a0\u2013 Ovesn\u00e1. REBIK\u00a0\u2013 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed krabice se dv\u011bma v\u00e1lci v\u00a0hloubce 10\u00a0a\u00a020\u00a0cm, mal\u00e9 obd\u00e9ln\u00edky zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00ed mal\u00e9 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dky a\u00a0velk\u00e9 obd\u00e9ln\u00edky velk\u00e9 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1lce, T\u00a0\u2013 kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed teplom\u011br
\nFig.\u00a07. Drawing of the location of experimental equipment in hyporheic sediments at one of the sites (Ovesn\u00e1). REBIK\u00a0\u2013 experimental box with two cylinders at a\u00a0depth of 10\u00a0and 20\u00a0cm, small rectangles represent small experimental rollers and large rectangles large experimental cylinders, T\u00a0\u2013 continuous thermometer<\/h6>\n

Vyjmut\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Ve\u0161ker\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, v\u00e1le\u010dky i\u00a0teplom\u011bry byly vyjmuty 5. listopadu 2020 a\u00a0ihned prob\u011bhlo jejich zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ve velk\u00fdch v\u00e1lc\u00edch byla v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch in situ<\/em> m\u011b\u0159ena respirace. <\/em>V\u00e1lce byly postupn\u011b napojeny na obvod s membr\u00e1nov\u00fdm oxymet-rem (WTW Multi 3320) a \u010derpadlem, kter\u00fd simuloval proud vody prostupuj\u00edc\u00ed hyporheick\u00fdmi sedimenty (sedimenty ve v\u00e1lci) (obr.\u00a08<\/em>). Cel\u00fd ob\u011bh byl napln\u011bn \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed vodou z\u00a0dan\u00e9 lokality. V\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed bylo v\u00a010minutov\u00fdch intervalech zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1no mno\u017estv\u00ed kysl\u00edku v\u00a0cirkuluj\u00edc\u00ed vod\u011b. Respirace biofilmu byla ve v\u0161ech v\u00e1lc\u00edch m\u011b\u0159ena po stejn\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek (30 minut).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a08. M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed respirace ve v\u00e1lc\u00edch v\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch in situ
\n<\/em>Fig.\u00a08. Measurement of respiration in cylinders under in situ<\/em> conditions<\/h6>\n

Z\u00a0mal\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f byl vyplaven jemn\u00fd organick\u00fd materi\u00e1l (frakce FPOM, tj. men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 1 mm), dekantov\u00e1n a\u00a0zamrazen (obr.\u00a09<\/em>). V\u00e1lce z\u00a0experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch krabic \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd detrit neobsahovaly. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byl substr\u00e1t ka\u017ed\u00e9ho v\u00e1lce i\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dku rozd\u011blen na podvzorky, kter\u00e9 byly zamrazeny.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a09. Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00edsku a\u00a0jemn\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu (FPOM) z\u00a0vyjmut\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f a\u00a0v\u00e1lc\u016f v\u00a0laborato\u0159i (prvn\u00ed foto: J. Hor\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1)
\nFig.\u00a09. Processing of sand and fine organic material (FPOM) from removed rollers and cylinders in the laboratory (first photo: J. Hor\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1)<\/h6>\n

Anal\u00fdzy<\/h3>\n

Po vyjmut\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00e1lc\u016f byla zm\u011b\u0159ena respirace biofilmu in situ<\/em>, kter\u00e1 je jedn\u00edm z\u00a0indik\u00e1tor\u016f p\u0159\u00edtomnosti hyporheick\u00e9ho biofilmu na inkubovan\u00e9m sedimentu [20]. Bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed respirace (aerobn\u00ed) organick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edku na anorganick\u00fd je prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zm\u011bn v\u00a0koncentraci kysl\u00edku velmi dob\u0159e m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdm procesem heterotrofn\u00edho metabolismu. [8, 10].<\/p>\n

Jako hlavn\u00ed proxy parametry v\u00fdvoje hyporheick\u00fdch biofilm\u016f na inkubovan\u00fdch sedimentech jsme zvolili stanoven\u00ed koncentrace polysacharid\u016f dle Duboise a\u00a0d\u00e1le celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed organick\u00e9 hmoty na zrnech sedimentu a\u00a0v\u00a0FPOM, vyjad\u0159ovan\u00e9 jako celkov\u00fd organick\u00fd uhl\u00edk (TOC) [21]. Ob\u011b anal\u00fdzy byly provedeny na P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 fakult\u011b UP v\u00a0Olomouci studentkou Magdalenou Firlovou pod dohledem doc. Martina Rul\u00edka.<\/p>\n

Stanoven\u00ed celkov\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed organick\u00e9 hmoty v\u00a0biofilmu bylo provedeno metodou ztr\u00e1ty \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm (loss of ignition, LOI) dle [22]. Podstatou metody je su\u0161en\u00ed inkubovan\u00e9ho sedimentu \u010di FPOM 24 hodin p\u0159i 100 \u00b0C v\u00a0su\u0161\u00e1rn\u011b a\u00a0jeho n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 vy\u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0peci po dobu 3 hodin p\u0159i teplot\u011b 550 \u00b0C. B\u011bhem procesu je zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1n hmotnostn\u00ed rozd\u00edl sedimentu \u010di FPOM po vysu\u0161en\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b po vy\u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 hodnoty organick\u00e9 hmoty byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u0159epo\u010dteny na hodnoty TOC vyn\u00e1soben\u00edm koeficientem 0,45.<\/p>\n

Stanoven\u00ed koncentrace polysacharid\u016f dle Duboise je pops\u00e1no jako metoda dehydratace cukr\u016f ve vzorku za pomoci kyseliny s\u00edrov\u00e9, n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 kondenzace furfural\u016f a\u00a0vzniku barevn\u00fdch produkt\u016f s\u00a0fenolem, kter\u00e9 lze stanovit za pomoci spektrofotometru [23, 24].<\/p>\n

Ke statistick\u00e9mu vyhodnocen\u00ed dat byl pou\u017eit software R. Vztahy mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi parametry hyporheick\u00e9ho biofilmu byly ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1ny graficky a\u00a0line\u00e1rn\u00ed regres\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00ddSLEDKY<\/h2>\n

M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed kysl\u00edku v\u00a0interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vod\u011b<\/h3>\n

Nasycen\u00ed interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f kysl\u00edkem (obr.\u00a010\u201312<\/em>) vykazovalo na jednotliv\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch b\u011bhem roku 2020 velmi podobn\u00e9 hodnoty i\u00a0trend. Koncentrace kysl\u00edku v\u00a0interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vod\u011b v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f p\u0159esahovala po v\u011bt\u0161inu zkouman\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed hodnotu 65\u00a0% (jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd obsah kysl\u00edku ve vod\u011b tolerovan\u00fd perlorodkou \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed), v\u00fdjimkou bylo letn\u00ed obdob\u00ed, kdy do\u0161lo na v\u0161ech lokalit\u00e1ch k\u00a0n\u00e1padn\u00e9mu poklesu nasycen\u00ed pod tuto hrani\u010dn\u00ed hodnotu.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

 <\/p>\n

Obr.\u00a010. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty nasycen\u00ed interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody kysl\u00edkem (%) ve t\u0159ech experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch na ka\u017ed\u00e9m z\u00a05 m\u00edst (LK, PH, PD 3\u20135\u00a0cm pod povrchem) ve vodn\u00edm\u00a0toku v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 6. kv\u011btna a\u017e 23. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2020 na lokalit\u011b Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b
\nFig.\u00a010. Average values of oxygen saturation in interstitial water (%) of three experimental rollers at each of 5 sites (LK, PH, PD 3\u20135\u00a0cm below the surface) in the stream during the period 6 May\u00a0\u2013 23 September 2020 at the Dobr\u00e1 site in \u0160umava<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a011. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty nasycen\u00ed interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody kysl\u00edkem (%) ve t\u0159ech experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch na ka\u017ed\u00e9m z\u00a05 m\u00edst (LK, PH, PD 3\u20135\u00a0cm pod povrchem) v\u00a0toku v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 6. kv\u011btna a\u017e 23. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2020 na lokalit\u011b Ovesn\u00e1
\nFig.\u00a011. Average values of oxygen saturation in the interstitial water (%) of three experimental rollers at each of the 5 sites (LK, PH, PD 3\u20135\u00a0cm below the surface) in the stream during the period 6 May\u00a0\u2013 23 September 2020 at the Ovesn\u00e1 site<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a012. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty nasycen\u00ed interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody kysl\u00edkem (%) ve t\u0159ech experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch na ka\u017ed\u00e9m z\u00a05 m\u00edst (LK, PH, PD 3\u20135\u00a0cm pod povrchem) v\u00a0toku v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 6. kv\u011btna a\u017e 23. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2020 na lokalit\u011b Studen\u00e1 Vltava
\nFig.\u00a012. Average values of oxygen saturation in interstitial water (%) of three experimental rollers at each of 5 sites (LK, PH, PD 3\u20135\u00a0cm below the surface) in the stream during the period 6 May\u00a0\u2013 23 September 2020 at the Studen\u00e1 Vltava site<\/h6>\n

Teplota vody<\/h3>\n

Na obr.\u00a013<\/em> je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn z\u00e1znam m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed teploty za pomoc\u00ed kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch teplom\u011br\u016f HOBO Pendant\u00ae<\/sup>, kter\u00e9 byly um\u00edst\u011bny v hyporhe\u00e1lu spolu s v\u00e1le\u010dky v hloubk\u00e1ch 3, 10 a 20 cm. Jeden teplom\u011br byl um\u00edst\u011bn do voln\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed vody. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 byla ka\u017ed\u00fdch 14 dn\u00ed p\u0159i m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed koncentrace kysl\u00edku v interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vod\u011b v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f klasick\u00fdm digit\u00e1ln\u00edm teplom\u011brem m\u011b\u0159ena i teplota interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody j\u00edman\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edka\u010dkami. V\u00a0grafu je viditeln\u00fd shodn\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh teplot m\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch ve stejn\u00e9 dny sezony, av\u0161ak odli\u0161n\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edstroji. Teploty nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 ve st\u0159\u00edka\u010dkou odebran\u00e9 interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vod\u011b v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f se od\u00a0teplot nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edmi teplom\u011bry zaveden\u00fdmi v\u00a0hyporhe\u00e1lu li\u0161ily a\u017e o\u00a0zhruba 2 stupn\u011b. Na obr.\u00a014<\/em> je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn velmi podobn\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh teplot sn\u00edman\u00fdch v\u0161emi kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edmi teplom\u011bry na t\u0159ech v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch (Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 a\u00a0Studen\u00e1 Vltava). Nejteplej\u0161\u00ed lokalitou byla Ovesn\u00e1, nejstuden\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Studen\u00e1 Vltava.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a013. Teplota interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody m\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 za pomoci kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch teplom\u011br\u016f HOBO Pendant\u00ae<\/sup>\u00a0um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00a0hyporheick\u00fdch sedimentech spolu s\u00a0experiment\u00e1ln\u00edmi v\u00e1le\u010dky v\u00a0hloubk\u00e1ch 3, 10 a\u00a020\u00a0cm v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0teplotou (\u201einterstici\u00e1ln\u00ed voda\u201c), kter\u00e1 byla m\u011b\u0159ena klasick\u00fdm digit\u00e1ln\u00edm teplom\u011brem v\u00a0interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vod\u011b mal\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed koncentrace kysl\u00edku, tj. od 6. kv\u011btna do 23. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2020 na t\u0159ech lokalit\u00e1ch Vltavy (Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1, Studen\u00e1 Vltava) a\u00a0jej\u00ed\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0teplotou voln\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed vody m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edm teplom\u011brem HOBO Pendant\u00ae<\/sup>
\nFig.\u00a013. Interstitial water temperature measured using HOBO Pendant\u00ae continuous thermometers placed in hyporheic sediments together with experimental rollers at depths of 3, 10 and 20\u00a0cm compared to the temperature (\u201einterstitial water\u201c) measured with a\u00a0conventional digital thermometer in the interstitial water of small rollers at each oxygen concentration measurement, i. e. 6 May\u00a0\u2013 23 September 2020 at three sites on the Vltava (Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1, Studen\u00e1 Vltava) and compared with the temperature of free river water measured with the HOBO Pendant\u00ae thermometer<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a014. Teplota interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody m\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 od 6. kv\u011btna do 23. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2020 na t\u0159ech lokalit\u00e1ch (Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 a\u00a0Studen\u00e1 Vltava) za pomoci kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch teplom\u011br\u016f HOBO Pendant\u00ae<\/sup> um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch ve voln\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed vod\u011b a\u00a0v\u00a0hyporhe\u00e1lu v\u00a0hloubk\u00e1ch 3, 10 a\u00a020\u00a0cm
\nFig.\u00a014. Interstitial water temperature measured from 6 May to 23 September 2020 at three sites (Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 and Studen\u00e1 Vltava) using HOBO Pendant\u00ae continuous thermometers placed in free river water and hyporheal at depths of 3, 10 and 20\u00a0cm<\/h6>\n

Respirace<\/h3>\n

M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed respirace in situ <\/em>ve v\u00e1lc\u00edch z experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch krabic pouk\u00e1zalo \u2013 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed zm\u011bn obsahu kysl\u00edku po dobu 30 minut v ka\u017ed\u00e9m z\u00a0v\u00e1lc\u016f\u00a0\u2013 na p\u0159\u00edtomnost \u017eivotaschopn\u00e9ho mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho spole\u010denstva (obr.\u00a015<\/em>). U\u00a0v\u00e1lc\u016f voln\u011b exponovan\u00fdch v\u00a0hyporheick\u00e9m sedimentu 3\u20135\u00a0cm pod povrchem byly v\u0161ak p\u0159i m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0intervalu 30 minut zaznamen\u00e1ny mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny v\u00a0koncentraci kysl\u00edku v\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m z\u00a0v\u00e1lc\u016f (obr.\u00a016<\/em>). To nazna\u010duje mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed biomasu mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho spole\u010denstva, respektive vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed aktivitu, ne\u017e na sedimentu v\u00e1lc\u016f exponovan\u00fdch v\u00a0krabic\u00edch.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a015. Respirace in situ <\/em>ve v\u00e1lc\u00edch z\u00a0experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch krabic exponovan\u00fdch na t\u0159ech lokalit\u00e1ch (Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 a\u00a0Studen\u00e1 Vltava) od jara do podzimu 2020
\nFig.\u00a015. In situ respiration in cylinders from experimental boxes exposed at three sites (Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 and Studen\u00e1 Vltava) from spring to autumn 2020<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a016. Respirace in situ <\/em>ve v\u00e1lc\u00edch exponovan\u00fdch na t\u0159ech m\u00edstech kolem krabice v\u00a0hloubce 3\u20135\u00a0cm spolu s\u00a0mal\u00fdmi v\u00e1le\u010dky na lokalit\u00e1ch Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 a\u00a0Studen\u00e1 Vltava
\nFig. 16. Respiration in situ in cylinders exposed in three places around the box at a depth of 3\u20135 cm together with small rollers at the sites Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 and Studen\u00e1 Vltava<\/h6>\n

Koncentrace polysacharid\u016f<\/h3>\n

V\u00a0inkubovan\u00fdch hyporheick\u00fdch sedimentech byl Duboisovou metodou stanoven obsah polysacharid\u016f, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00ed stavebn\u00ed prvek biofilm\u016f a\u00a0nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se v\u00a0extracelul\u00e1rn\u00ed polymern\u00ed matrici (EPM). Touto matric\u00ed jsou jednotliv\u00e9 bu\u0148ky biofilmu obaleny a\u00a0p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me, \u017ee je produkov\u00e1na bakteriemi jako ochrann\u00e1 a\u00a0propojuj\u00edc\u00ed vrstva cel\u00e9ho mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho spole\u010denstva\u00a0\u2013 biofilmu [10].<\/p>\n

Na obr.\u00a017<\/em> vid\u00edme, \u017ee nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hodnoty koncentrace polysacharid\u016f byly na lokalit\u00e1ch Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b a\u00a0Studen\u00e1 Vltava nam\u011b\u0159eny u\u00a0v\u00e1lc\u016f, je\u017e byly inkubov\u00e1ny v\u00a0krabici v\u00a0hloubk\u00e1ch sediment\u016f 10 a\u00a020\u00a0cm. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed hodnot koncentrace polysacharid\u016f u\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch voln\u011b v\u00a0hyporheick\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u00a0bl\u00edzk\u00e9m sousedstv\u00ed krabice v\u00a0hloubce 10\u00a0cm. U\u00a0lokality Ovesn\u00e1 m\u016f\u017eeme vid\u011bt, \u017ee u\u00a0t\u011bchto v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f byly analyzov\u00e1ny vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace polysacharid\u016f ne\u017e u\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch t\u011bsn\u011b pod povrchem dna (hloubka 3\u20135\u00a0cm). Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u00e9to koncentrace polysacharid\u016f lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat u\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f inkubovan\u00fdch v\u00a0hloubk\u00e1ch 10 a\u00a020\u00a0cm kolem krabice i\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed celkov\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edku (TOC). Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace polysacharid\u016f v\u00a0biofilmu byly obecn\u011b nam\u011b\u0159eny na lokalit\u011b Ovesn\u00e1 (obr.\u00a018<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a017. Koncentrace polysacharid\u016f v\u00a0biofilmu na p\u00edsku o\u00a0velikosti zrn 1\u20132 mm, inkubovan\u00e9ho ve v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00e1lc\u00edch v\u00a0hloubce 3\u20135\u00a0cm pod povrchem hyporhe\u00e1lu, v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch v\u00a0hloubk\u00e1ch 10 a\u00a020\u00a0cm pod povrchem hyporhe\u00e1lu a\u00a0ve v\u00e1lc\u00edch um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00a0krabici v\u00a0hloubk\u00e1ch 10 a\u00a020\u00a0cm na t\u0159ech lokalit\u00e1ch (Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 a\u00a0Studen\u00e1 Vltava) od jara do podzimu 2020
\nFig.\u00a017. Concentration of biofilm polysaccharides on sand with grain size 1\u20132 mm incubated in rollers and cylinders at depths of 3\u20135\u00a0cm below the hyporheal surface, rollers at depths of 10 and 20\u00a0cm below the hyporheal surface and cylinders placed in a\u00a0box at depths of 10 and 20\u00a0cm at three sites (Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 and Studen\u00e1 Vltava) from spring to autumn 2020<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a018. Koncentrace polysacharid\u016f v\u00a0biofilmu na p\u00edsku o\u00a0velikosti zrn 1\u20132 mm, stanoven\u00e1 ze v\u0161ech experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla na dan\u00e9 lokalit\u011b um\u00edst\u011bna od jara do podzimu 2020\u00a0\u2013 porovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed lokalit
\nFig.\u00a018. Concentration of polysaccharides in biofilm on sand with grain size 1\u20132 mm, determined from all experimental devices deployed at a\u00a0given site from spring to autumn 2020\u00a0\u2013 comparison of all three sites<\/h6>\n

Stanoven\u00ed celkov\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edku na sedimentu<\/h3>\n

Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty procentu\u00e1ln\u00edho zastoupen\u00ed celkov\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edku (TOC) byly zji\u0161t\u011bny ve v\u00e1lc\u00edch exponovan\u00fdch v\u00a0hyporheick\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b v\u00a0hloubce 3\u20135\u00a0cm pod povrchem na lokalit\u011b Ovesn\u00e1 (obr.\u00a019<\/em>). Zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm jsou velmi podobn\u00e9 hodnoty TOC ve v\u00e1lc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch voln\u011b v\u00a0hyporheick\u00fdch sedimentech a\u00a0ve v\u00e1lc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 byly po celou dobu v\u00fdzkumu exponov\u00e1ny v\u00a0krabici na v\u0161ech t\u0159ech zkouman\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch (Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 a\u00a0Studen\u00e1 Vltava). Dle obr.\u00a020<\/em> byla nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi hodnotami TOC (ze v\u0161ech experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed dohromady) charakteristick\u00e1 lokalita Ovesn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a019. Procentu\u00e1ln\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed celkov\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edku (TOC) na p\u00edsku o\u00a0velikosti zrn 1\u20132 mm, inkubovan\u00e9ho ve v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00e1lc\u00edch v\u00a0hloubce 3\u20135\u00a0cm pod povrchem hyporhe\u00e1lu, v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch v\u00a0hloubk\u00e1ch 10 a\u00a020\u00a0cm pod povrchem hyporhe\u00e1lu a\u00a0ve v\u00e1lc\u00edch um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00a0krabici v\u00a0hloubk\u00e1ch 10 a\u00a020\u00a0cm na t\u0159ech lokalit\u00e1ch (Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 a\u00a0Studen\u00e1 Vltava) od jara do podzimu 2020
\nFig.\u00a019. Percentual share of total organic carbon (TOC) in sand with grain size 1\u20132 mm incubated in rollers and cylinders at depths of 3\u20135\u00a0cm below the hyporheal surface, rollers at depths of 10 and 20\u00a0cm below the hyporheal surface and cylinders placed in a\u00a0box at depths of 10 and 20\u00a0cm at three sites (Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 and Studen\u00e1 Vltava) from spring to autumn 2020<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a020. Procentu\u00e1ln\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed celkov\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edku (TOC) na p\u00edsku o\u00a0velikosti zrn 1\u20132 mm, stanoven\u00e9 ze v\u0161ech experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla na dan\u00e9 lokalit\u011b um\u00edst\u011bna od jara do podzimu 2020\u00a0\u2013 porovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed lokalit
\nFig.\u00a020. Percentual share of total organic carbon (TOC) in sand with grain size 1\u20132 mm, determined from all experimental devices deployed at the site from spring to autumn 2020\u00a0\u2013 comparison of all three sites<\/h6>\n

Vztahy mezi parametry<\/h3>\n

P\u0159i zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed vztah\u016f mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi sledovan\u00fdmi parametry je vid\u011bt slab\u00fd p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd line\u00e1rn\u00ed vztah mezi mno\u017estv\u00edm TOC (%) na sedimentech a\u00a0koncentrac\u00ed polysacharid\u016f v\u00a0biofilmu (obr.\u00a021<\/em>). Mezi mno\u017estv\u00edm TOC a\u00a0nasycen\u00edm\u00a0interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody kysl\u00edkem nebyl zji\u0161t\u011bn \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd statisticky signifikantn\u00ed vztah (obr.\u00a022<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a021. Vztah mezi mno\u017estv\u00edm celkov\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edku (TOC\u00a0%) a\u00a0koncentrac\u00ed polysacharid\u016f v\u00a0biofilmu v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f a\u00a0v\u00e1lc\u016f z\u00a0lokalit Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 a\u00a0Studen\u00e1 Vltava, 2020
\nFig.\u00a021. Relationship between the amount of total organic carbon (TOC\u00a0%) and the concentration of polysaccharides in the biofilm of rollers and cylinders from the sites Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 and Studen\u00e1 Vltava, 2020<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a022. Vztah mezi mno\u017estv\u00edm celkov\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edku (TOC\u00a0%) a\u00a0nasycen\u00edm interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f kysl\u00edkem z\u00a0lokalit Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 a\u00a0Studen\u00e1 Vltava, 2020
\nFig.\u00a022. Relationship between total organic carbon (TOC\u00a0%) and oxygen saturation in the interstitial water of rollers from the sites Dobr\u00e1 na \u0160umav\u011b, Ovesn\u00e1 and Studen\u00e1 Vltava, 2020<\/h6>\n

Z\u00c1V\u011aR<\/h2>\n

Detekce polysacharid\u016f jako\u017eto proxy pro p\u0159\u00edtomnost biofilmu na inkubovan\u00e9m sedimentu v\u00a0experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00e1lc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch nazna\u010duje, \u017ee interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed sediment byl v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e kolonizov\u00e1n mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edm biofilmem. Tento z\u00e1v\u011br podporuj\u00ed i\u00a0v\u00fdsledky z\u00a0m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed respirace in situ <\/em>ve velk\u00fdch v\u00e1lc\u00edch ulo\u017een\u00fdch v experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch krabic\u00edch i mimo n\u011b. Krom\u011b vlastn\u00edho biofilmu se na zrnech p\u00edsku nach\u00e1z\u00ed adherovan\u00fd organick\u00fd materi\u00e1l, kter\u00fd spole\u010dn\u011b s vlastn\u00edm biofilmem zahrnujeme pod ozna\u010den\u00ed TOC \u2013 tj. celkov\u00fd organick\u00fd uhl\u00edk. Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty procentu\u00e1ln\u00edho pod\u00edlu TOC i koncentrace polysacharid\u016f byly zji\u0161t\u011bny na sedimentech inkubovan\u00fdch na lokalit\u011b Ovesn\u00e1, kter\u00e1 le\u017e\u00ed pod soutokem Tepl\u00e9 a\u00a0Studen\u00e9 Vltavy a\u00a0je charakterizov\u00e1na obecn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed \u017eivin a\u00a0nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brnou teplotou interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n

Mezi mno\u017estv\u00edm organick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edku (TOC\u00a0%), polysacharid\u016f na inkubovan\u00fdch sedimentech a\u00a0kysl\u00edkem rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm v\u00a0interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vod\u011b nebyl prok\u00e1z\u00e1n \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vztah. Fluktuace obsahu kysl\u00edku v\u00a0interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vod\u011b v\u00a0okol\u00ed inkubovan\u00e9ho sedimentu ve v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch je ovlivn\u011bna sp\u00ed\u0161e kolmatac\u00ed sediment\u016f jemn\u00fdm organick\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem, nikoli rostouc\u00ed biomasou a\u00a0respirac\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho spole\u010denstva (biofilmu). Koncentrace kysl\u00edku v\u00a0interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vod\u011b v\u00e1le\u010dk\u016f p\u0159esahovala po v\u011bt\u0161inu zkouman\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed hodnotu 65\u00a0% (jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd obsah kysl\u00edku ve vod\u011b tolerovan\u00fd perlorodkou \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed [25]), v\u00fdjimkou bylo letn\u00ed obdob\u00ed, kdy byly nam\u011b\u0159eny hodnoty ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. D\u016fvody tohoto n\u00e1hl\u00e9ho poklesu obsahu kysl\u00edku na v\u0161ech studovan\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch v\u0161ak zat\u00edm nejsme schopni exaktn\u011b vysv\u011btlit, p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou by mohlo b\u00fdt prudk\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pr\u016ftok\u016f v\u00a0d\u016fsledku letn\u00edch bou\u0159ek spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0eroz\u00ed p\u016fdy a\u00a0n\u00e1slednou kolmatac\u00ed dna organick\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkum hyporheick\u00fdch biofilm\u016f v\u00a0NP \u0160umava pokra\u010duje i\u00a0v\u00a0leto\u0161n\u00edm roce (2021). Sou\u010dasn\u011b s\u00a0t\u00edmto v\u00fdzkumem prob\u00edhaj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed anal\u00fdzy vzork\u016f z\u00a0roku 2020, nap\u0159. stanoven\u00ed pom\u011bru C : N ve vzorc\u00edch FPOM, zachycen\u00e9ho v\u00a0experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00e1lc\u00edch a\u00a0v\u00e1le\u010dc\u00edch, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m poskytuje informaci o\u00a0dostupnosti a\u00a0kvalit\u011b hyporheick\u00fdch biofilm\u016f jako\u017eto mo\u017en\u00e9 potravy pro juveniln\u00ed perlorodky.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl za podpory projektu \u201ePos\u00edlen\u00ed a\u00a0ochrana populace perlorodky \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed v\u00a0NP \u0160umava: \u010d\u00e1st 1\u00a0\u2013 Odchov, \u010d\u00e1st 2\u00a0\u2013 Anal\u00fdzy\u201c (NPS 04613\/2017) a\u00a0dvou intern\u00edch grant\u016f \u201eV\u00fdzkum hyporheick\u00fdch biofilm\u016f Vltavy v\u00a0NP \u0160umava s\u00a0ohledem na juveniln\u00ed perlorodky, jejich potravn\u00ed n\u00e1roky a\u00a0dostate\u010dn\u00e9 nasycen\u00ed interstici\u00e1ln\u00ed vody kysl\u00edkem\u201c (1645, 3600.52.11\/2020) financovan\u00fdch z\u00a0prost\u0159edk\u016f na podporu rozvoje V\u00daV TGM. D\u011bkuji t\u00e9\u017e Vojt\u011bchu Mr\u00e1zkovi za technickou pomoc po celou dobu v\u00fdzkumu.<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek pro\u0161el lektorsk\u00fdm \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The research on biofilms has been ongoing within the project \u201cStrengthening and protection of the pearl mussel population in \u0160umava NP\u201d since 2018, when suitable research methods and procedures for studying the development of biofilms on hyporheic sediments (e.g. incubation of glass beads versus incubation of river sediment, granulometric survey of bottom sediments) were sought and tested, and the most suitable locations for the placement of experimental facilities were selected.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":13531,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[91,2],"tags":[2587,1238,2623,2621,2622,2588],"coauthors":[2584,1589,2585,2586],"class_list":["post-13458","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-applied-ecology","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","tag-biofilm","tag-oxygen","tag-pearl-mussel","tag-polysaccharides","tag-respiration","tag-toc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13458","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13458"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13458\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30640,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13458\/revisions\/30640"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13531"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13458"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13458"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13458"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=13458"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}