{"id":1321,"date":"2015-12-10T14:57:15","date_gmt":"2015-12-10T14:57:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=1321"},"modified":"2024-07-16T10:14:29","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T09:14:29","slug":"waste-heat-utilization-for-industrial-wastewater-treatment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2015\/12\/waste-heat-utilization-for-industrial-wastewater-treatment\/","title":{"rendered":"Waste heat utilization for industrial wastewater treatment"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

\u010cl\u00e1nek se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm odpadn\u00edho tepla z\u00a0p\u0159idru\u017een\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch proces\u016f. V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice je ro\u010dn\u011b pr\u016fmyslem vyprodukov\u00e1no v\u00edce ne\u017e 280\u2008mil. m3<\/sup> odpadn\u00ed vody a\u00a0je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed vody pr\u016fmysl spot\u0159ebuje. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je toto odv\u011btv\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm konzumentem energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak zpravidla nejsou d\u016fsledn\u011b vyu\u017eity. Ro\u010dn\u011b z\u00a0pr\u016fmyslu odch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 17,5 TWh odpadn\u00edho tepla. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1l k\u00a0redukci odpadn\u00edch vod p\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9m vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e9ho tepla, je odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod. Za\u00a0t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem je mo\u017en\u00e9 uva\u017eovat o\u00a0uplatn\u011bn\u00ed osv\u011bd\u010den\u00fdch technologi\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch p\u0159i odsolov\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vody (MED, MSF), jejich\u017e z\u00e1kladn\u00ed provozn\u00ed parametry jsou v\u00a0textu pops\u00e1ny. Z\u00a0mnoha v\u00fdhod t\u011bchto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed lze jmenovat jednoduchou konstrukci, spolehliv\u00fd chod a\u00a0ekonomiku provozu v\u00fdrazn\u011b podpo\u0159enou dostupn\u00fdm odpadn\u00edm teplem. P\u0159i zamy\u0161len\u00ed nad konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi mo\u017enostmi aplikace uveden\u00fdch metod lze vych\u00e1zet z\u00a0\u010detn\u00fdch studi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se zab\u00fdvaly odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm vody ze \u0161irok\u00e9ho spektra odpadn\u00edch vod. P\u0159edkl\u00e1dan\u00fd text prezentuje v\u00fdsledky ze zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed vod z\u00a0kovod\u011bln\u00e9ho, koks\u00e1rensk\u00e9ho a\u00a0farmaceutick\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu \u010di z\u00a0provoz\u016f na\u00a0zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed biomasy. Potenci\u00e1l k\u00a0\u00faprav\u011b odpadn\u00edch vod zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice je pak sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u00favah a\u00a0v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f v\u00a0posledn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti textu. Z\u00a0v\u00fdsledk\u016f plyne, \u017ee p\u0159i vyu\u017eit\u00ed pouh\u00e9ho zlomku (0,94\u00a0%)\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho odpadn\u00edho tepla lze odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm u\u0161et\u0159it a\u017e 8,5\u2008mil. m3<\/sup> vody ro\u010dn\u011b. Mo\u017enosti zkouman\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu jsou tedy obrovsk\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Ochrana \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed spot\u0159eby p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f jsou v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdmi po\u017eadavky n\u00e1rodn\u00edch i\u00a0mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch politik a\u00a0dokument\u016f. Tento trend m\u00e1 p\u0159isp\u011bt k\u00a0udr\u017eiteln\u00e9mu rozvoji spole\u010dnosti a\u00a0zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch \u017eivotn\u00edch podm\u00ednek pro sou\u010dasn\u00e9 i\u00a0budouc\u00ed generace. Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f p\u0159edstavila ve\u00a0sv\u00e9m strategick\u00e9m dokumentu [1] spole\u010dn\u00e9 c\u00edle v\u00a0oblasti udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho rozvoje po\u00a0roce 2015. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b snaha zefektivnit hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0vodn\u00edmi a\u00a0energetick\u00fdmi zdroji tak, aby byly v\u0161eobecn\u011b dostupn\u00e9 a\u00a0nedoch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0jejich zbyte\u010dn\u00e9mu pl\u00fdtv\u00e1n\u00ed. Tyto priority vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0odhad\u016f, podle kter\u00fdch v\u00edce ne\u017e miliarda sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace trp\u00ed nedostatkem vody a\u00a0pro dal\u0161\u00ed stamiliony je zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 voda p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou zdravotn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f [2]. Nedostatek dostupn\u00fdch energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f pak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jedn\u00edm z\u00a0d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d v\u00edce ne\u017e 80\u00a0% sv\u011btov\u011b pou\u017eit\u00e9 vody nen\u00ed p\u0159ed vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem upravov\u00e1no [3].<\/p>\n

Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody<\/h2>\n

Na\u00a0\u00farovni Evropsk\u00e9 unie je vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 politika harmonizov\u00e1na sm\u011brnic\u00ed 2000\/60\/ES, jej\u00edmi\u017e prioritami jsou mimo jin\u00e9 sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed objemu odpadn\u00edch vod a\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch do\u00a0vod \u010di zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch z\u00e1sob pro obdob\u00ed sucha [4]. V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice jsou tyto po\u017eadavky prom\u00edtnuty do\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpis\u016f a\u00a0dlouhodob\u00fdch koncepc\u00ed, nap\u0159.\u00a0[5, 6].
\nP\u0159esto\u017ee je v\u00a0\u010cR dlouhodob\u011b monitorov\u00e1n pokles odb\u011br\u016f vody a\u00a0zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pod\u00edlu \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod, zasluhuje si tato problematika zv\u00fd\u0161enou pozornost. Podle \u00fadaj\u016f M\u017dP bylo v\u00a0roce 2013 odebr\u00e1no celkem 1\u2009649,8\u2008mil. m3<\/sup> vody, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e mezi hlavn\u00ed odb\u011bratele pat\u0159ila energetika (43,2\u00a0%), vodovody pro ve\u0159ejnou pot\u0159ebu (37,5\u00a0%) a\u00a0pr\u016fmysl (15,1\u00a0%) [7]. V\u00a0evropsk\u00fdch statistik\u00e1ch jsou energetika a\u00a0pr\u016fmysl zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za\u00a0odb\u011br p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 40\u00a0% ve\u0161ker\u00e9 vody [8]. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00edch (nap\u0159.\u00a0N\u011bmecko, Nizozem\u00ed, Ma\u010farsko) toto \u010d\u00edslo p\u0159esahuje hranici 80\u00a0% [9]. Oba sektory jsou z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ovateli vody. Podle zdroje [8] je pouze 60\u00a0% odpadn\u00ed vody z\u00a0energetiky a\u00a0pr\u016fmyslu p\u0159ed vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm upravov\u00e1no. Nutno ov\u0161em podotknout, \u017ee velkou \u010d\u00e1st t\u00e9to odpadn\u00ed vody tvo\u0159\u00ed chladic\u00ed voda pro \u00fa\u010dely v\u00fdroby elekt\u0159iny, jej\u00edm\u017e dominantn\u00edm zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edm prvkem je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 teplota. V\u00a0\u010cR je zastoupen\u00ed hlavn\u00edch emitent\u016f odpadn\u00ed vody srovnateln\u00e9 s\u00a0odb\u011brateli. Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010d\u00edsla lze nal\u00e9zt ve\u00a0zdroji [7]. Mno\u017estv\u00ed vody vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00a0energetick\u00fdch z\u00e1vod\u016f kol\u00eds\u00e1 v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na\u00a0aktu\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159ipojen\u00fdch provozech a\u00a0v\u00a0roce 2013 p\u0159edstavovalo 31,9\u00a0% v\u0161ech odpadn\u00edch vod. Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody bylo ve\u00a0stejn\u00e9m obdob\u00ed registrov\u00e1no 282,4\u2008mil. m3<\/sup>, tedy zhruba 15,3\u00a0% z\u00a0celku. Hlavn\u00edmi sektorov\u00fdmi zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ovateli jsou chemick\u00fd, pap\u00edrensk\u00fd, t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed a\u00a0potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl. Tato odv\u011btv\u00ed zat\u011b\u017euj\u00ed vodn\u00ed zdroje zejm\u00e9na organick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami a\u00a0t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdmi kovy. Objemov\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm (0,4\u00a0% odpadn\u00edch vod), ale p\u0159esto v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm emitentem zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek je zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Hlavn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem tohoto odv\u011btv\u00ed nen\u00ed vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z\u00a0bodov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, ale vliv zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti na\u00a0tzv.\u00a0plo\u0161n\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se do\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch a\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod dost\u00e1v\u00e1 splachem hnojiv a\u00a0pesticid\u016f ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy. Obecn\u011b lze konstatovat, \u017ee jakost vody ve\u00a0vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch se v\u00a0posledn\u00edch dvaceti letech v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ila. P\u0159esto existuj\u00ed oblasti, kde redukce zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bude v\u00a0p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch letech prioritou [10]. Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed probl\u00e9my jednotliv\u00fdch povod\u00ed jsou mapov\u00e1ny Ministerstvem zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00fdch dokument\u016f [11].<\/p>\n

Odpadn\u00ed teplo z\u00a0pr\u016fmyslu a\u00a0jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Snaha o\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00edch energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla omezit z\u00e1vislost Evropy na\u00a0jejich importu a\u00a0p\u0159isp\u011bt ke\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ekologick\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee, se projevuje v\u00a0\u0159ad\u011b evropsk\u00fdch dokument\u016f a\u00a0sm\u011brnic. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci strategie Evropa 2020 a\u00a0p\u0159ijat\u00e9ho Energetick\u00e9ho bal\u00ed\u010dku 20-20-20 se Evropsk\u00e1 unie zav\u00e1zala k\u00a0redukci<\/p>\n

emis\u00ed oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho o\u00a020\u00a0% (oproti \u00farovni v\u00a0roce 1990), poklesu spot\u0159eby prim\u00e1rn\u00edch energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f o\u00a020\u00a0% (v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0projekcemi z\u00a0roku 2007) a\u00a0k\u00a0nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pod\u00edlu obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f v\u00a0energetick\u00e9m mixu na\u00a020\u00a0% [12]. V\u0161echny t\u0159i po\u017eadavky jsou \u00fazce prov\u00e1zan\u00e9. Sp\u00e1len\u00ed men\u0161\u00edho mno\u017estv\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00edch zdroj\u016f znamen\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b CO2<\/sub> uvoln\u011bn\u00e9ho do\u00a0atmosf\u00e9ry, z\u00e1rove\u0148 se automaticky zved\u00e1 relativn\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. K\u00a0\u00faspor\u00e1m prim\u00e1rn\u00edch paliv nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed pouze zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm efektivity jednotliv\u00fdch technologi\u00ed \u010di nahrazov\u00e1n\u00edm konven\u010dn\u00edch energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f za\u00a0obnoviteln\u00e9. V\u00fdrazn\u00fdch \u00faspor lze dos\u00e1hnout integrac\u00ed d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch v\u00fdrobn\u00edch \u010di zpracovatelsk\u00fdch operac\u00ed, tedy komplexn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstupem, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem je sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed energetick\u00e9 n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti proces\u016f jako celku. Z\u00e1m\u011brem tohoto p\u0159\u00edstupu je obvykle maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed dostupn\u00e9ho odpadn\u00edho tepla, respektive odpadn\u00edch proud\u016f obecn\u011b. Pod pojmem odpadn\u00ed teplo lze rozum\u011bt energii obsa\u017eenou v\u00a0jak\u00e9mkoliv typu odpadn\u00edho proudu (spaliny, chladic\u00ed voda, hork\u00fd vzduch), kter\u00fd m\u00e1 teplotu p\u0159evy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed teplotu okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0jen\u017e by za\u00a0b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch podm\u00ednek odch\u00e1zel z\u00a0procesu bez vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Odborn\u00e1 ve\u0159ejnost se v\u00a0definic\u00edch odpadn\u00edho tepla rozch\u00e1z\u00ed, a\u00a0to zejm\u00e9na ve\u00a0vymezen\u00ed jeho teplotn\u00edch rozsah\u016f. Podle [13] lze za\u00a0vysokopotenci\u00e1ln\u00ed odpadn\u00ed teplo pova\u017eovat zdroje o\u00a0teplot\u011b p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed 500\u2008\u00b0C, v\u00a0oblasti od\u00a0150 do\u00a0500\u2008\u00b0C pak mluv\u00ed o\u00a0teple se st\u0159edn\u00edm energetick\u00fdm potenci\u00e1lem. Nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdm zdrojem odpadn\u00edho tepla je teplo n\u00edzkopotenci\u00e1ln\u00ed (pod 150\u2008\u00b0C), kter\u00e9 je z\u00a0logiky v\u011bci sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jak\u00e9hokoli odpadn\u00edho proudu p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00edho teplotu okol\u00ed. P\u0159esto\u017ee je zastoupen\u00ed n\u00edzkopotenci\u00e1ln\u00edho tepla v\u00fdsadn\u00ed, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 probl\u00e9mem jeho \u00fa\u010deln\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed, nebo\u0165 energii o\u00a0takto n\u00edzk\u00e9 teplot\u011b lze uplatnit jen v\u00a0omezen\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch proces\u016f. Tento fakt je jedn\u00edm z\u00a0d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d jsou v\u00a0praxi velk\u00e9 objemy odpadn\u00edho tepla ma\u0159eny. T\u00edm doch\u00e1z\u00ed nejen k\u00a0tepeln\u00e9mu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ale i\u00a0k\u00a0pl\u00fdtv\u00e1n\u00ed se zdroji energie [14]. Hlavn\u00edmi zdroji odpadn\u00edho tepla jsou kombinovan\u00e1 v\u00fdroba elekt\u0159iny a\u00a0tepla, spalovny odpad\u016f, energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed (chemick\u00fd a\u00a0petrochemick\u00fd pr\u016fmysl, hutnictv\u00ed \u017eeleza a\u00a0ne\u017eelezn\u00fdch kov\u016f, pr\u016fmysl stavebn\u00edch hmot, pap\u00edrenstv\u00ed\u00a0apod.), geoterm\u00e1ln\u00ed pole, za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na\u00a0energetick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed biomasy a\u00a0slune\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed [15].<\/p>\n

Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 v\u00fdroba je krom\u011b vody tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm konzumentem energi\u00ed. V\u00a0EU se na\u00a0kone\u010dn\u00e9 spot\u0159eb\u011b energi\u00ed pod\u00edl\u00ed 25\u00a0%, v\u00a0\u010cR pak t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 1\/3, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 3\u2009217 TWh, respektive 87,6 TWh [16]. Jak\u00e9 celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie odch\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch proces\u016f ve\u00a0form\u011b odpadn\u00edho tepla je v\u0161ak obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit. Do\u00a0mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch statistik nejsou \u00fadaje o\u00a0odpadn\u00edm teple zahrnov\u00e1ny [15]. Podobn\u00e1 je situace v\u00a0\u010cR, kde neexistuje subjekt, kter\u00fd by celost\u00e1tn\u00ed bilance tepeln\u00fdch energi\u00ed zpracov\u00e1val [17]. Dostupn\u00e9 jsou pouze d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed statistiky zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed specifick\u00fd okruh pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch podnik\u016f. Podle publikace [18] vydan\u00e9 \u010cS\u00da bylo v\u00a0roce 2013 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci transforma\u010dn\u00edch proces\u016f v\u00a0energetice uvoln\u011bno zhruba 7,5 PJ (2,1 TWh) chemick\u00e9ho a\u00a0odpadn\u00edho tepla. Toto \u010d\u00edslo v\u0161ak nepostihuje ve\u0161ker\u00e9 teplo v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch provozech uvoln\u011bn\u00e9 a\u00a0t\u00fdk\u00e1 se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch technologick\u00fdch jednotek. Nav\u00edc jde o\u00a0statistiku vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0v\u00fdkaz\u016f omezen\u00e9ho okruhu podnikatelsk\u00fdch subjekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou registrov\u00e1ny k\u00a0v\u00fdrob\u011b elektrick\u00e9 energie \u010di tepla nebo maj\u00ed za\u00a0t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem registrovanou jednotku. Uveden\u00e1 hodnota tedy nezahrnuje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch provoz\u016f, kter\u00e9 teplo v\u00a0r\u00e1mci sv\u00e9 \u010dinnosti produkuj\u00ed, ale nejsou za\u00a0t\u00edmto \u00fa\u010delem pat\u0159i\u010dn\u011b registrov\u00e1ny. \u010c\u00e1ste\u010dnou informaci o\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00ed odpadn\u00ed energie v\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch procesech nab\u00edz\u00ed analytick\u00fd materi\u00e1l MPO [19]. Podle tohoto dokumentu byly v\u00a0r\u00e1mci dota\u010dn\u00edch program\u016f mezi roky 2007\u20132013 v\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch procesech upot\u0159ebeny t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 2 PJ (0,66 TWh) odpadn\u00edho tepla. Uveden\u00e1 hodnota sice neodhaluje cel\u00fd potenci\u00e1l odpadn\u00edho tepla v\u00a0pr\u016fmyslu, ale nazna\u010duje, \u017ee dosa\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00fdch \u00faspor je v\u00a0tomto sm\u011bru re\u00e1ln\u00e9. Studie [15], jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem bylo mimo jin\u00e9 podrobn\u011b zmapovat nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zdroje tepla v\u00a0EU za\u00a0\u00fa\u010delem dal\u0161\u00edho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti tepl\u00e1renstv\u00ed, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 minim\u00e1ln\u011b 64 PJ (17,8 TWh) odpadn\u00edho tepla dostupn\u00e9ho z\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch proces\u016f v\u00a0\u010cR. V\u00a0m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku cel\u00e9 EU se pak jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0\u010d\u00edslo 10\u2009287 PJ (2\u2009857,5 TWh). Zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 hodnoty odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed odhad\u016fm uveden\u00fdm ve\u00a0zpr\u00e1v\u011b [20], podle kter\u00e9 20 a\u017e 50\u00a0% vstupn\u00ed energie odch\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch proces\u016f nevyu\u017eito. Vezmeme\u00ad\u2011li v\u00a0potaz doln\u00ed hranici 20\u00a0% a\u00a0vzt\u00e1hneme\u00ad\u2011li
\ntento \u00fadaj na\u00a0pr\u016fmyslem v\u00a0\u010cR ro\u010dn\u011b spot\u0159ebovan\u00fdch 87,6 TWh, dostaneme hodnotu 17,5 TWh, kter\u00e1 je v\u00a0souladu se studi\u00ed [15]. Volbu doln\u00ed procentn\u00ed hranice ospravedl\u0148uje fakt, \u017ee studie [15] zahrnuje pouze velk\u00e9 tepeln\u00e9 zdroje.<\/p>\n

Odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod<\/h2>\n

Z\u00a0uveden\u00fdch fakt\u016f je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee odpadn\u00edho tepla odch\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch proces\u016f velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ho vyu\u017e\u00edt. P\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed vhodn\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je t\u0159eba br\u00e1t v\u00a0\u00favahu skute\u010dnost, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161inu\u00a0odpadn\u00edho tepla p\u0159edstavuje teplo n\u00edzkopotenci\u00e1ln\u00ed, tedy do\u00a0150\u2008\u00b0C. Podle autor\u016f textu m\u00e1 vysok\u00fd potenci\u00e1l vyu\u017eit\u00ed odpadn\u00edho tepla k\u00a0odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed (zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed) pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod. A\u010dkoliv je proces odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed notoricky zn\u00e1m\u00fdm jevem, kter\u00fd nal\u00e9z\u00e1 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0\u0161irok\u00e9m spektru lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, jev\u00ed se jeho vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0kontextu sou\u010dasn\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed a\u00a0environment\u00e1ln\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f jako dostate\u010dn\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 mo\u017enost, kter\u00e1 by nem\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eena. Odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e9ho odpadn\u00edho tepla m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jedn\u00edm ze zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak naplnit z\u00e1vazky \u010cR ke\u00a0sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed objemu odpadn\u00edch vod a\u00a0dosa\u017een\u00ed \u00faspory 191,8 PJ prim\u00e1rn\u00edch energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f mezi lety 2014 a\u00a02020 [19].<\/p>\n

Tabulka 1. V\u00fdhody a\u00a0nev\u00fdhody odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod
\nTable 1. The pros and cons of evaporation technologies for industrial wastewater treatment
\n<\/a>\"vondra-tabulka-1\"<\/a><\/h5>\n

Aplikace odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u00a0\u00fapravu odpadn\u00edch vod se m\u016f\u017ee ve\u00a0sv\u011btle modern\u00edch a\u00a0progresivn\u00edch technologi\u00ed jevit jako krok zp\u011bt. P\u0159i hlub\u0161\u00edm zamy\u0161len\u00ed se v\u0161ak nab\u00edz\u00ed \u0159ada v\u00fdhod, kter\u00e9 mohou z\u00a0odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u010dinit zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed mnoha probl\u00e9m\u016f. P\u0159ehled klad\u016f a\u00a0z\u00e1por\u016f nab\u00edz\u00ed tabulka 1<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00ed dev\u00edzou odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed je schopnost vyt\u011b\u017eit maximum z\u00a0odpadn\u00edch proud\u016f, kter\u00e9 by jinak z\u016fstaly nevyu\u017eity. Teoreticky je t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem mo\u017en\u00e9 nejen sn\u00ed\u017eit objem odpadn\u00edho tepla a\u00a0vod odch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 se nab\u00edz\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost zp\u011btn\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch produkt\u016f\u00a0\u2013 vody (destil\u00e1tu) a\u00a0l\u00e1tek zahu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00a0koncentr\u00e1tu (schematicky na\u00a0obr.\u00a01<\/em>). Vyu\u017eitelnost t\u011bchto zdroj\u016f bude samoz\u0159ejm\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na\u00a0jejich vlastnostech a\u00a0charakteru dan\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho procesu. Nelze proto vylou\u010dit pot\u0159ebu dodate\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fapravy produkt\u016f p\u0159ed jejich recyklac\u00ed (nap\u0159.\u00a0su\u0161en\u00edm). Zaj\u00edmavou alternativou je mo\u017enost energetick\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed koncentr\u00e1tu jeho spalov\u00e1n\u00edm. Ekonomick\u00e1 smysluplnost takov\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed bude v\u00e1z\u00e1na na\u00a0dostupnost vhodn\u00e9ho spalovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, v\u00fdh\u0159evnost obsa\u017een\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a\u00a0na\u00a0zbytkovou vlhkost koncentr\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n\"vondra-1\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a01. Zjednodu\u0161en\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma hlavn\u00edch tok\u016f spojen\u00fdch se zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod
\nFig. 1. Simplified flow diagram of the main process streams connected to wastewater thickening<\/h6>\n

Odpa\u0159ovac\u00ed technologie<\/h3>\n

Proces odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0cel\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b aplikac\u00ed. V\u00a0za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch zvan\u00fdch odparky doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0odlu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed nejt\u011bkav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed slo\u017eky z\u00a0roztoku, suspenze nebo emulze. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem se bu\u010fto z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 nejt\u011bkav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed slo\u017eka sm\u011bsi (nej\u010dast\u011bji voda), nebo je c\u00edlem zahu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed roztoku. Odparky mohou b\u00fdt jedno- \u010di v\u00edce\u010dlenn\u00e9, s\u00a0cirkulac\u00ed sm\u011bsi nebo bez, pracuj\u00edc\u00ed za\u00a0atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek i\u00a0za\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9ho tlaku, s\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edm nebo vs\u00e1dkov\u00fdm provozem. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se nap\u0159.\u00a0k\u00a0zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ml\u00e9ka, ovocn\u00fdch \u0161\u0165\u00e1v nebo k\u00a0v\u00fdrob\u011b koncentrovan\u00fdch kapaln\u00fdch hnojiv [21]. Nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aplikac\u00ed odparek je v\u0161ak odsolov\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u0159sk\u00e9 vody.<\/p>\n

Odsolov\u00e1n\u00ed slan\u00fdch vod je oborem, jen\u017e neust\u00e1le nab\u00fdv\u00e1 na\u00a0v\u00fdznamu. V\u00a0roce 2013 p\u0159ekro\u010dila celosv\u011btov\u011b instalovan\u00e1 kapacita odsolovac\u00edch jednotek hranici 80\u2008mil. m3<\/sup> \u010derstv\u00e9 vody za\u00a0den [22]. P\u0159esto\u017ee v\u016fbec nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed technologi\u00ed je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti reverzn\u00ed osm\u00f3za, zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 metody (vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed principu odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed) v\u00a0odsolovac\u00edm pr\u016fmyslu nezastupitelnou roli. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b v\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00e1 m\u017eikov\u00e1 destilace (MSF), v\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00e9 odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed (MED) a\u00a0komprese p\u00e1ry (VCD). Posledn\u011b jmenovan\u00e1 technologie v\u0161ak nen\u00ed schopn\u00e1 efektivn\u00edho vyu\u017eit\u00ed odpadn\u00edho tepla, proto j\u00ed d\u00e1le nebude v\u011bnov\u00e1na pozornost. MSF a\u00a0MED jsou dlouhodob\u011b osv\u011bd\u010den\u00fdmi metodami, kter\u00e9 jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny zejm\u00e9na k\u00a0vysokokapacitn\u00edmu odsolov\u00e1n\u00ed (des\u00edtky tis\u00edc m3<\/sup> vyprodukovan\u00e9 vody denn\u011b) slan\u00fdch a\u00a0brakick\u00fdch vod. Pr\u00e1v\u011b dlouhodob\u00e9 provozn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti s\u00a0vysoce agresivn\u00ed slanou vodou d\u011blaj\u00ed z\u00a0t\u011bchto technologi\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 kandid\u00e1ty na\u00a0odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed mnoha typ\u016f odpadn\u00edch vod.<\/p>\n

V\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00e9 destilace<\/h3>\n

Technologie MED (Multi\u00ad\u2011effect distillation) je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za\u00a0termodynamicky vysoce efektivn\u00ed. MED jednotka se obvykle skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00a0n\u011bkolika stup\u0148\u016f (komor), ve\u00a0kter\u00fdch je postupn\u011b sni\u017eov\u00e1n tlak, a\u00a0t\u00edm i\u00a0bod varu. Slan\u00e1 nap\u00e1jec\u00ed voda je oh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1na vodn\u00ed parou vn\u011b nebo uvnit\u0159 kondenza\u010dn\u00edho potrub\u00ed, kter\u00e9 proch\u00e1z\u00ed skrze komoru. Voda odpa\u0159en\u00e1 v\u00a0jednom stupni je zdrojem tepla (p\u00e1ry) pro stupe\u0148 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed. Po\u010det stup\u0148\u016f se vol\u00ed s\u00a0ohledem na\u00a0dostupn\u00fd teplotn\u00ed sp\u00e1d a\u00a0minim\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpustnou teplotn\u00ed diferenci mezi sousedn\u00edmi komorami. Vstupn\u00ed teplota nap\u00e1jec\u00ed vody se b\u011b\u017en\u011b pohybuje kolem 70\u2008\u00b0C, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se technologie chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed koroz\u00ed [23]. Energetick\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnost metody se pohybuje kolem 3,8 kWhe a\u00a016,4 kWht na\u00a0m3<\/sup> destilovan\u00e9 vody [24]. P\u0159\u00edklad v\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00e9 MED technologie je na\u00a0obr.\u00a02<\/em>.<\/p>\n

V\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00e1 m\u017eikov\u00e1 destilace<\/h3>\n

Tak\u00e9 technologie MSF (Multi\u00ad\u2011stage flash distillation) je vysoce n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 na\u00a0spot\u0159ebu tepeln\u00e9 energie a\u00a0pracuje v\u00a0n\u011bkolika stupn\u00edch (obvykle v\u00edce ne\u017e 20) s\u00a0postupn\u011b klesaj\u00edc\u00edm tlakem (a\u017e 0,07 bar). Zpravidla nasycenou p\u00e1rou p\u0159edeh\u0159\u00e1t\u00e1 slan\u00e1 voda vstupuje do\u00a0odpa\u0159ovac\u00ed komory. Zde doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0prudk\u00e9mu m\u017eikov\u00e9mu odpa\u0159en\u00ed (tzv.\u00a0flash) vlivem nerovnov\u00e1hy mezi teplotou slan\u00e9 vody a\u00a0rovnov\u00e1\u017enou teplotou, kter\u00e1 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 podtlaku v\u00a0komo\u0159e. Odpa\u0159en\u00e1 voda je p\u0159es odlu\u010dova\u010de kapek (demistery) odv\u00e1d\u011bna na\u00a0teplosm\u011bnnou plochu, kde zkondenzuje a\u00a0p\u0159ed\u00e1 v\u00fdparn\u00e9 teplo slan\u00e9 vod\u011b, kter\u00e1 nov\u011b vstupuje do\u00a0procesu. Destil\u00e1t je odv\u00e1d\u011bn pry\u010d z\u00a0komory, zkoncentrovan\u00e1 slan\u00e1 voda postupuje do\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edho stupn\u011b. V\u00a0konven\u010dn\u00edch velkokapacitn\u00edch z\u00e1vodech se teplota vstupn\u00ed slan\u00e9 vody pohybuje od\u00a090 do\u00a0120\u2008\u00b0C, v\u00fdstupn\u00ed potom kolem 30\u2008\u00b0C v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed a\u00a0teplot\u011b okol\u00ed [26]. S\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teplotou roste v\u00fdt\u011b\u017enost technologie, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 s\u00a0n\u00ed i\u00a0m\u00edra usazov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0koroze. Energetick\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnost procesu se uv\u00e1d\u00ed kolem 5,2 kWhe\u00a0a\u00a019,4 kWht na\u00a0m3<\/sup> destilovan\u00e9 vody. Hlavn\u00edmi v\u00fdhodami jsou jednoduch\u00e1 konstrukce a\u00a0provozn\u00ed spolehlivost, vysok\u00e1 kvalita destil\u00e1tu a\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00e9 n\u00e1roky na\u00a0p\u0159ed\u00fapravu vstupn\u00ed vody. Nev\u00fdhodami jsou probl\u00e9my s\u00a0koroz\u00ed a\u00a0vysok\u00e1 spot\u0159eba energi\u00ed [23]. Jedn\u00e1 se v\u00a0podstat\u011b o\u00a0tyt\u00e9\u017e p\u0159ednosti a\u00a0slabiny jako u\u00a0metody MED. P\u0159\u00edklad uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed MSF jednotky s\u00a0recirkulac\u00ed koncentr\u00e1tu je na\u00a0obr.\u00a03<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Vyu\u017eitelnost odsolovac\u00edch technologi\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Ob\u011b p\u0159edstaven\u00e9 technologie disponuj\u00ed schopnost\u00ed zahu\u0161\u0165ovat vstupuj\u00edc\u00ed procesn\u00ed kapalinu a\u00a0z\u00a0odpa\u0159en\u00e9 vody produkovat destil\u00e1t o\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00e9 kvalit\u011b. Jakost destil\u00e1tu se bude samoz\u0159ejm\u011b li\u0161it v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na\u00a0zvolen\u00fdch provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch a\u00a0slo\u017een\u00ed nap\u00e1jec\u00ed vody, zejm\u00e9na na\u00a0zastoupen\u00ed t\u011bkav\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 se budou odpa\u0159ovat p\u0159i stejn\u00e9 \u010di ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed teplot\u011b ne\u017e voda. V\u00fdhodou uveden\u00fdch metod je kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed provoz a\u00a0mo\u017enost pracovat p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch. Pakli\u017ee by se k\u00a0jejich provozu vyu\u017eilo odpadn\u00ed teplo z\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch proces\u016f, je\u017e je k\u00a0dispozici de facto zadarmo, sn\u00ed\u017eila by se v\u00fdrazn\u011b energetick\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnost procesu, kter\u00e1 je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed nev\u00fdhodou obou technologi\u00ed.<\/p>\n\"vondra-2\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a02. Sch\u00e9ma 4stup\u0148ov\u00e9 MED technologie [25]
\nFig. 2. Schematics of the MED technology with 4 evaporating chambers [25]<\/h6>\n

Kritickou hodnotou, je\u017e bude omezena konstruk\u010dn\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm odsolovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, je stupe\u0148 zahu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00edho koncentr\u00e1tu. S\u00a0rostouc\u00edm obsahem su\u0161iny ve\u00a0zpracov\u00e1van\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b se zhor\u0161uj\u00ed tokov\u00e9 vlastnosti kapaliny, zvy\u0161uj\u00ed se po\u017eadavky na\u00a0odolnost a\u00a0v\u00fdkon pou\u017eit\u00fdch \u010derpadel a\u00a0prohlubuje se riziko sedimentace \u010di dokonce ucp\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9 technologie. Za\u00a0nepumpovateln\u00fd se z\u00a0tohoto pohledu ozna\u010duje koncentr\u00e1t s\u00a0obsahem su\u0161iny 16\u00a0% obj. a\u00a0v\u00edce [28]. Teoreticky je mo\u017en\u00e9 spekulovat o\u00a0vhodn\u00e9 \u00faprav\u011b technologi\u00ed a\u00a0zapojen\u00ed jin\u00fdch typ\u016f \u010derpadel (p\u00edstov\u00e1, plun\u017erov\u00e1), kter\u00e1 jsou schopn\u00e1 p\u0159e\u010derp\u00e1vat suspenze a\u017e s 40% koncentrac\u00ed su\u0161iny. Prakticky a\u00a0ekonomicky v\u0161ak bude pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed zapojen\u00ed jin\u00e9ho typu odparek (nap\u0159.\u00a0vs\u00e1dkov\u00e9 s\u00a0m\u00edchadlem), mechanick\u00fdch separ\u00e1tor\u016f (odst\u0159edivky, lisy) nebo su\u0161\u00e1ren (pro vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace).<\/p>\n\"vondra-3\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a03. Sch\u00e9ma MSF jednotky s\u00a0recirkulac\u00ed a\u00a0p\u0159edeh\u0159evem vstupn\u00ed kapaliny [27]
\nFig. 3. Schematics of the MSF technology with brine recirculation and preheater [27]<\/h6>\n

Teoretick\u00e1 v\u00fdt\u011b\u017enost vody odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na\u00a0obsahu su\u0161iny a\u00a0hydraulick\u00fdch vlastnostech pou\u017eit\u00e9 technologie je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna na\u00a0obr.\u00a04<\/em>. Omezen\u00ed technologi\u00ed z\u00a0pohledu koncentrace su\u0161iny vych\u00e1zej\u00ed ze zku\u0161enost\u00ed autor\u016f s\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edm odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod (8\u00a0%), z\u00a0teoretick\u00e9 hranice pumpovatelnosti b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi odst\u0159ediv\u00fdmi \u010derpadly (16\u00a0%), z\u00a0provozn\u00edch mo\u017enost\u00ed objemov\u00fdch \u010derpadel (30\u00a0%) a\u00a0z\u00a0ide\u00e1ln\u00edho stavu, kter\u00fd nezohled\u0148uje limity dostupn\u00fdch technologi\u00ed (bez omezen\u00ed). Z\u00a0grafu je mimo jin\u00e9 z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee odpadn\u00ed vody s\u00a0minim\u00e1ln\u00edm obsahem su\u0161iny mohou b\u00fdt zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1ny s\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdt\u011b\u017enost\u00ed. D\u00e1le je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod s\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm obsahem su\u0161iny bude sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e recyklac\u00ed vody motivov\u00e1no po\u017eadavkem na\u00a0redukci objemu nebo zbytkov\u00e9 vlhkosti. Volba vhodn\u00e9 v\u00fdstupn\u00ed koncentrace zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek by v\u0161ak nem\u011bla b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bna pouze mno\u017estv\u00edm z\u00edskan\u00e9 vody a\u00a0objemem koncentr\u00e1tu. V\u00a0potaz je t\u0159eba br\u00e1t i\u00a0v\u00fdslednou kvalitu destil\u00e1tu, kter\u00e1 se s\u00a0rostouc\u00ed koncentrac\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b m\u016f\u017ee zhor\u0161ovat.<\/p>\n\"vondra-4\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a04. Teoretick\u00e1 v\u00fdt\u011b\u017enost vody odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na\u00a0obsahu su\u0161iny v\u00a0odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b
\nFig. 4. Theoretical distillate yield as a\u00a0function of a\u00a0total solids content<\/h6>\n

Pro dal\u0161\u00ed \u00favahy nad vyu\u017eit\u00edm odsolovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod byla zvolena technologie MSF. D\u016fvodem je zejm\u00e9na fakt, \u017ee za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed MED jsou konstruk\u010dn\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly. P\u0159i provozu s\u00a0odpadn\u00ed vodou se lze nav\u00edc ob\u00e1vat zan\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed kondenza\u010dn\u00edho potrub\u00ed, je\u017e je s\u00a0odpa\u0159ovanou kapalinou v\u00a0neust\u00e1l\u00e9m kontaktu. Metoda MSF dostala p\u0159ednost tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee je v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b p\u0159edm\u011btem v\u00fdzkumu na\u00a0Fakult\u011b strojn\u00edho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed Vysok\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed technick\u00e9ho v\u00a0Brn\u011b. Zku\u0161enosti z\u00edskan\u00e9 s\u00a0provozem experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed MSF jednotky se slanou i\u00a0odpadn\u00ed vodou tak mohou b\u00fdt prom\u00edtnuty do\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch \u00favah.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017enosti aplikace<\/h2>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm krit\u00e9riem vyu\u017eitelnosti odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00a0zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed procesn\u00edch vod je kvalita jeho produkt\u016f\u00a0\u2013 destil\u00e1tu a\u00a0koncentr\u00e1tu. T\u011b\u017eko lze p\u0159edj\u00edmat po\u017eadavky konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch provozovatel\u016f na\u00a0jakost v\u00fdstupn\u00edch proud\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159edkl\u00e1dat v\u00a0tomto sm\u011bru n\u011bjak\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 podniky mohou m\u00edt z\u00e1jem na\u00a0zp\u011btn\u00e9m vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0koncentr\u00e1tu obsa\u017een\u00fdch l\u00e1tek \u010di na\u00a0jeho spalov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u00a0takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bude hlavn\u00edm c\u00edlem d\u016fkladn\u00e9 odvodn\u011bn\u00ed koncentr\u00e1tu a\u00a0nebudou sledov\u00e1ny z\u00e1konn\u00e9 limity zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, jak by tomu bylo p\u0159i vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed do\u00a0kanalizace nebo povrchov\u00fdch vod. Podobn\u011b rozd\u00edln\u00e9 po\u017eadavky budou souviset s\u00a0jakost\u00ed destil\u00e1tu. Pokud bude z\u00e1m\u011brem provozovatele pouh\u00e9 zahu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod a\u00a0z\u00edskan\u00e1 voda bude vypou\u0161t\u011bna mimo pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd z\u00e1vod, bude pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nutn\u00e9 dodr\u017een\u00ed stanoven\u00fdch limit\u016f. Naopak zp\u011btn\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed destil\u00e1tu v\u00a0technologii s\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00fdmi n\u00e1roky na\u00a0kvalitu vody bude znamenat sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016f na\u00a0separa\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti odpa\u0159ovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. P\u0159es uveden\u00e9 je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed nelze pou\u017e\u00edt pro \u00fapravu jak\u00e9koliv odpadn\u00ed vody. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady proveden\u00fdch experiment\u016f nicm\u00e9n\u011b nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee jeho uplatn\u011bn\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vskutku \u0161irok\u00e9. V\u00a0p\u0159edstaven\u00fdch studi\u00edch byly sledov\u00e1ny nejen \u00fasp\u011bchy se separac\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch l\u00e1tek, ale i\u00a0charakter vyu\u017eit\u00fdch odpa\u0159ovac\u00edch technologi\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Kovod\u011bln\u00fd pr\u016fmysl<\/h3>\n

Auto\u0159i studie [29] se zab\u00fdvali zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm procesn\u00edch vod z\u00a0kovod\u011bln\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu, kter\u00fd je v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm producentem odpadn\u00ed vody a\u00a0p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b spot\u0159ebov\u00e1v\u00e1 velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed emulz\u00ed pro lubrika\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0chladic\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely. Popul\u00e1rn\u00ed je v\u00a0posledn\u00ed dob\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tzv.\u00a0vodou \u0159editeln\u00fdch emulz\u00ed, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00fd obsah oleje. Odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed oleje z\u00a0t\u011bchto typ\u016f vod klasick\u00fdmi mechanick\u00fdmi metodami (usazov\u00e1n\u00ed, odst\u0159e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed, filtrace, ultrafiltrace) je podle autor\u016f neefektivn\u00ed, nebo\u0165 emulze obsahuj\u00ed jen velmi mal\u00e9 (semisyntetick\u00e9 emulze) nebo v\u016fbec \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 (syntetick\u00e9 emulze) kapi\u010dky oleje. Mechanick\u00e9 metody z\u00e1rove\u0148 nezaru\u010d\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e9 obsahy organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (CHSK) v\u00a0upraven\u00e9 vod\u011b. Studie d\u00e1le konstatuje, \u017ee provozn\u00ed vlastnosti odparek vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v\u00a0pr\u016fmyslu k\u00a0zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed emulz\u00ed nebyly d\u016fkladn\u011b zkoum\u00e1ny a\u00a0literatura se jim t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nev\u011bnuje. P\u0159esto\u017ee je odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0jin\u00fdmi metodami energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, vykazuje voda z\u00edskan\u00e1 t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem z\u00a0emulze mnohem lep\u0161\u00ed vlastnosti (ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed obsah organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek) a\u00a0mo\u017enosti jej\u00edho zp\u011btn\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed jsou tak \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed. Zbytkov\u00fd olejov\u00fd koncentr\u00e1t nav\u00edc disponuje pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00fdm obsahem vody, a\u00a0je tedy vhodn\u00fd pro spalov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00fdrobu energi\u00ed. Experimenty prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0rota\u010dn\u00ed vakuov\u00e9 odparce laboratorn\u00edch rozm\u011br\u016f a\u00a0v\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 odparce s\u00a0padaj\u00edc\u00edm filmem uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee vakuov\u00fdm odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm lze ze semisyntetick\u00fdch a\u00a0syntetick\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch olejov\u00fdch emulz\u00ed z\u00edskat vodu s\u00a0obsahem organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch o\u00a099\u00a0%. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se potvrdilo, \u017ee p\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody je efektivita vypa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ale kles\u00e1 kvalita z\u00edskan\u00e9 vody.<\/p>\n

K\u00a0zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed vody z\u00a0procesu mo\u0159en\u00ed m\u011bdi byla vyu\u017eita odparka s\u00a0kompres\u00ed p\u00e1ry o\u00a0kapacit\u011b 350\u2008m3<\/sup> odpadn\u00ed vody za\u00a0den. Zpr\u00e1va [30] hodnot\u00edc\u00ed proveden\u00e9 experimenty konstatovala schopnost technologie z\u00edskat a\u017e 96,7\u00a0% vody obsa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edm objemu p\u0159i celkov\u00e9 energetick\u00e9 n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti 13,9 kWh na\u00a0m3<\/sup> kondenz\u00e1tu. Denn\u011b tak bylo u\u0161et\u0159eno zhruba 338\u2008m3<\/sup> vody, z\u00e1rove\u0148 do\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 \u00faspo\u0159e n\u00e1klad\u016f na\u00a0skladov\u00e1n\u00ed vody odpadn\u00ed. V\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9m procesu je ro\u010dn\u011b z\u00a0koncentr\u00e1tu z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1no 23\u2009900\u2008kg m\u011bdi a\u00a0170\u2009700\u2008kg sulf\u00e1t\u016f. Kvalitu produkt\u016f jednoho z\u00a0prob\u011bhnuv\u0161\u00edch experiment\u016f shrnuje tabulka 2<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Koks\u00e1rensk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl<\/h3>\n

Zdroj [31] popisuje experimenty s\u00a0odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0koks\u00e1ren. Testov\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edhalo na\u00a0laboratorn\u00ed vakuov\u00e9 odparce. Z\u00edskan\u00fd destil\u00e1t byl v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0v\u00fdchoz\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vodou bez kyanid\u016f, do\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed obsahu NH3-N (z\u00a0408\u2008mg\/L na\u00a0cca\u00a05\u2008mg\/L), pH a\u00a0vodivosti (ze 17\u2009110 \u03bcS\/cm na\u00a0cca\u00a080). Naopak zastoupen\u00ed organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm fenol\u016f) se odstranit nepoda\u0159ilo a\u00a0m\u00edsty byla jejich koncentrace v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0koncentr\u00e1tu. Ke\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed CHSK pod z\u00e1konn\u00fd limit (ze 7\u2009045\u2008mg\/L na\u00a0cca\u00a050) do\u0161lo a\u017e pou\u017eit\u00edm podp\u016frn\u00e9ho \u010dinidla v\u00a0podob\u011b sodn\u00e9ho louhu, kter\u00fd sn\u00ed\u017eil volatilitu fenolu jeho p\u0159em\u011bnou na\u00a0fenol\u00e1tov\u00e9 ionty.<\/p>\n

Farmaceutick\u00fd pr\u016fmysl<\/h3>\n

Ve\u00a0studii [32] popisuj\u00ed auto\u0159i destilaci odpadn\u00ed vody z\u00a0farmaceutick\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu. Pou\u017eitou destila\u010dn\u00ed kolonu laboratorn\u00edch rozm\u011br\u016f (pr\u016fm\u011br 4\u2008cm, v\u00fd\u0161ka 1,2\u2008m, 9 pater, vypln\u011bn\u00e1 Raschigov\u00fdmi krou\u017eky) sice nelze ozna\u010dit za\u00a0odparku, principi\u00e1ln\u011b v\u0161ak dosa\u017een\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky za\u00a0relevantn\u00ed ozna\u010dit lze. Odpadn\u00ed voda s\u00a0vysok\u00fdm obsahem organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (CHSK a\u017e 300\u2009000\u2008mg\/L) a\u00a0halogenov\u00fdch organick\u00fdch slou\u010denin (AOX a\u017e 7\u2009850 ppm) byla v\u00a0kolon\u011b d\u011blena na\u00a0destil\u00e1t (s\u00a0koncentrovan\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm \u0161kodlivin) a\u00a0destila\u010dn\u00ed zbytek, kter\u00fd byl o\u00a0tyto t\u011bkav\u00e9 l\u00e1tky ochuzen a\u00a0hromadil se v\u00a0doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti kolony. P\u0159esto\u017ee byl obsah CHSK na\u00a0dn\u011b kolony sn\u00ed\u017een a\u017e o\u00a095\u00a0%, nepoda\u0159ilo se koncentraci dostat pod z\u00e1konn\u00fd limit 1\u2009000\u2008mg\/L. Zbytkov\u00fd obsah organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek se nepoda\u0159ilo dostate\u010dn\u011b odstranit ani n\u011bkterou z\u00a0membr\u00e1nov\u00fdch metod (ultrafiltrace, nanofiltrace, reverzn\u00ed osm\u00f3za), kter\u00e9 auto\u0159i zhodnotili jako nevhodn\u00e9 pro odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed nevolatiln\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Obsah halogenov\u00fdch slou\u010denin byl touto metodou \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b redukov\u00e1n a\u017e na\u00a08 ppm.<\/p>\n

Tabulka 2. Shrnut\u00ed anal\u00fdzy koncentrace vybran\u00fdch chemick\u00fdch prvk\u016f sledovan\u00fdch ve\u00a0studii [30]
\nTable 2. Summary of analytical results for the chemical parameters controlled in the study [30]<\/h5>\n\"vondra-tabulka-2\"<\/a>\n

Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed biomasy<\/h3>\n

S\u00a0c\u00edlem redukovat odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm objem digest\u00e1tu (odpadn\u00ed vody) z\u00a0bioplynov\u00fdch stanic, a\u00a0t\u00edm sn\u00ed\u017eit n\u00e1klady na\u00a0jeho skladov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, byly provedeny experimenty popsan\u00e9 ve\u00a0zdroji [33]. Zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edhalo v\u00a0jedno- nebo dvoustup\u0148ov\u00e9 vakuov\u00e9 odparce. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm ukazatelem byla, vedle obsahu su\u0161iny, p\u0159\u00edtomnost dus\u00edku podle Kjeldhala. Z\u00e1konn\u00fdch limit\u016f dus\u00edku v\u00a0destil\u00e1tu, je\u017e by v\u00a0praxi umo\u017enily vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed do\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vod, bylo dosa\u017eeno a\u017e aplikac\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 kyseliny. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed pH digest\u00e1tu eliminovalo volatiln\u00ed formy dus\u00edku a\u00a0umo\u017enilo sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed jeho koncentrace a\u017e na\u00a0\u00farove\u0148 10\u2008mg\/kg z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edch 4\u2009550\u2008mg\/kg.<\/p>\n

Potenci\u00e1l odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cR<\/h2>\n

Zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 studie potvrzuj\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u011b \u0161irokou vyu\u017eitelnost odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch provozech a\u00a0ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee se m\u016f\u017ee \u010dasto jednat o\u00a0smyslupln\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 ale nazna\u010duj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 slab\u00e9 str\u00e1nky p\u0159\u00edstupu. Tou bude zejm\u00e9na neschopnost vypo\u0159\u00e1dat se s\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdmi druhy volatiln\u00edch l\u00e1tek, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm dus\u00edkat\u00fdch a\u00a0organick\u00fdch slou\u010denin. Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm typem \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed bude pou\u017eit\u00ed chemik\u00e1lie sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed t\u011bkavost kritick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek nebo dodate\u010dn\u00e1 \u00faprava destil\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed se pokusme alespo\u0148 r\u00e1mcov\u011b kvantifikovat potenci\u00e1l k\u00a0odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod v\u00a0\u010cR. P\u0159i konstrukci tohoto odhadu budeme vych\u00e1zet z\u00a0\u00fadaj\u016f o\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u011b produkovan\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b, dostupn\u00e9m odpadn\u00edm teple (17,5 TWh)\u00a0a\u00a0ze zn\u00e1m\u00fdch provozn\u00edch charakteristik konven\u010dn\u00edch MSF odparek. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt upravov\u00e1ny v\u00a0zahu\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, se rovn\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u00ed produkci odpadn\u00edch vod pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdmi procesy, tj.\u00a0282,4\u2008mil. m3<\/sup>. Jde samoz\u0159ejm\u011b o\u00a0\u010dist\u011b teoretickou hodnotu, kter\u00e1 nebude nikdy dosa\u017eena. Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1m ale ur\u010ditou horn\u00ed hranici vyu\u017eitelnosti odpadn\u00edho tepla ke\u00a0sledovan\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010delu. Optim\u00e1ln\u00ed specifick\u00e1 spot\u0159eba tepla MSF technologie na\u00a0v\u00fdrobu m3<\/sup> destil\u00e1tu P_dest^min\u00a0<\/span><\/em>= 19,4 kWh. Uva\u017eujeme\u00ad\u2011li b\u011b\u017enou \u00fa\u010dinnost odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u03b7<\/em>max<\/sub> (pom\u011br mezi mno\u017estv\u00edm z\u00edskan\u00e9ho destil\u00e1tu a\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00edm vstupuj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody) 30\u00a0%, pak lze podle vztahu (1) stanovit specifickou tepelnou spot\u0159ebu = 5,82 kWh na\u00a0m3<\/sup> zpracovan\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody. Vzt\u00e1hneme\u00ad\u2011li tuto hodnotu na\u00a0celkov\u011b dostupnou odpadn\u00ed vodu Vind<\/sub><\/em>, pak podle (2) z\u00edsk\u00e1me maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed spot\u0159ebovan\u00e9ho odpadn\u00edho tepla Qwh,max<\/sub><\/em> = 1,64 TWh.
\nDost\u00e1v\u00e1me se tak k\u00a0d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9mu z\u00e1v\u011bru, tedy \u017ee k\u00a0zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ro\u010dn\u011b vyu\u017eito nejv\u00edce 1,64 TWh, tj.\u00a0zhruba 9,4\u00a0% pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho odpadn\u00edho tepla.<\/p>\n\"vondra-vzorec-1\"<\/a>\n\"vondra-vzorec-2\"<\/a>\n

V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm kroku se pokusme zbavit dvou zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed. Za\u00a0prv\u00e9 je to p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee by v\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch provozech instalovan\u00e9 odparky dosahovaly stejn\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed (m\u011bly stejnou specifickou spot\u0159ebu tepla) jako velkoobjemov\u00e9 odsolovac\u00ed MSF jednotky. V\u00a0praxi lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat v\u00fdstavbu sp\u00ed\u0161e men\u0161\u00edch MSF jednotek s\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtem odpa\u0159ovac\u00edch komor (stup\u0148\u016f), a\u00a0tedy s\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00edm zjednodu\u0161en\u00edm je p\u0159edstava provozu zahu\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed MSF jednotky bez recirkulace. Ta bude nezbytn\u00e1 tam, kde bude po\u017eadov\u00e1no zahu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed koncentr\u00e1tu nad \u00farove\u0148 odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed jednor\u00e1zov\u00e9mu pr\u016fchodu odpadn\u00ed vody technologi\u00ed. Obecn\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma s\u00a0recirkulac\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti koncentr\u00e1tu je nazna\u010deno na\u00a0obr. 5<\/em>. Jak \u00fa\u010dinnost, tak m\u00edra zahu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed budou individu\u00e1ln\u00edmi parametry konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e volit konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed hodnoty se proto pokus\u00edme odvodit obecn\u00e9 vztahy, kter\u00e9 nazna\u010d\u00ed, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem mohou tyto veli\u010diny ovlivnit ekonomiku provozu odparek.<\/p>\n\"vondra-5\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a05. Obecn\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma zapojen\u00ed zahu\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed technologie s\u00a0\u010d\u00e1ste\u010dnou recirkulac\u00ed koncentr\u00e1tu
\nFig. 5. General schematics of the thickening technology arrangement with a\u00a0partial recirculation of the concentrate<\/h6>\n

Legenda: Vin<\/sub><\/em> je objemov\u00fd pr\u016ftok odpadn\u00ed vody; Vdest<\/sub><\/em> objemov\u00fd pr\u016ftok destil\u00e1tu; V<\/em>in+rec<\/em><\/sub> objemov\u00fd pr\u016ftok na\u00a0vstupu do\u00a0odparky; Vrec<\/sub><\/em> objemov\u00fd pr\u016ftok v\u00a0recirkula\u010dn\u00ed v\u011btvi; V<\/em>out<\/em><\/sub> objemov\u00fd pr\u016ftok koncentr\u00e1tu; x, y a\u00a0z\u00a0jsou objemov\u00e9 koncentrace, \u03b7 je \u00fa\u010dinnost odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed technologie a\u00a0P<\/em> zna\u010d\u00ed specifickou spot\u0159ebu tepla proudu<\/p>\n\"vondra-6\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a06. Potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed produkce destil\u00e1tu v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed odpadn\u00edho tepla pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 hodnoty \u00fa\u010dinnosti odpa\u0159ovac\u00ed technologie (\u03b7)
\nFig. 6. A\u00a0potential distillate production as a\u00a0function of waste heat utilized by an evaporation technology with a\u00a0different level of efficiency (\u03b7)<\/h6>\n\"vondra-7\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a07. Mno\u017estv\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody potenci\u00e1ln\u011b upraviteln\u00e9 zahu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00e9ho odpadn\u00edho tepla a\u00a0zahu\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edm pom\u011bru (x\/y), p\u0159i 30% \u00fa\u010dinnosti odpa\u0159ovac\u00ed technologie (\u03b7)
\nFig. 7. An amount of potentially treatable wastewater by the means of evaporation as a\u00a0function of waste heat utilized and a\u00a0thickening ratio (x\/y), at the efficiency level of 0.3<\/h6>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi parametry, kter\u00e9 bude provozovatel volit p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu MSF jednotky, budou nejsp\u00ed\u0161e objemov\u00fd pr\u016ftok zpracovan\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod Vin<\/sub><\/em>, objemov\u00e1 koncentrace sledovan\u00e9 l\u00e1tky ve\u00a0vstupuj\u00edc\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vod\u011b x, objemov\u00e1 koncentrace sledovan\u00e9 l\u00e1tky na\u00a0v\u00fdstupu y (v\u00a0koncentr\u00e1tu i\u00a0v\u00a0recirkula\u010dn\u00ed v\u011btvi) a\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnost odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u03b7. Nyn\u00ed jsme schopni dopo\u010d\u00edtat objemov\u00fd pr\u016ftok koncentr\u00e1tu Vout<\/sub><\/em> podle (3), objemov\u00fd pr\u016ftok v\u00a0recirkula\u010dn\u00ed v\u011btvi Vrec<\/sub><\/em> podle (4),
\nobjemov\u00fd pr\u016ftok na\u00a0vstupu do\u00a0odparky Vin+rec<\/sub><\/em> podle (5), objemovou koncentraci sledovan\u00e9 l\u00e1tky na\u00a0vstupu do\u00a0odparky z\u00a0podle (6) a\u00a0kone\u010dn\u011b objemovou produkci destil\u00e1tu Vdest<\/sub><\/em> podle (7). N\u00e1r\u016fst specifick\u00fdch tepeln\u00fdch spot\u0159eb pak bude p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00fd poklesu \u00fa\u010dinnosti za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed u\u00a0Pdest<\/sub><\/em> (8). Spot\u0159ebu Pin<\/sub><\/em> vzta\u017eenou k\u00a0objemu zpracovan\u00e9 odpadn\u00ed vody bude ovliv\u0148ovat tak\u00e9 zahu\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed pom\u011br (9).<\/p>\n\"vondra-vzorec-3\"<\/a>\n\"vondra-vzorec-4\"<\/a>\n\"vondra-vzorec-5\"<\/a>\n\"vondra-vzorec-6\"<\/a>\n\"vondra-vzorec-7\"<\/a>\n\"vondra-vzorec-8\"<\/a>\n\"vondra-vzorec-9\"<\/a>\n

Nyn\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 postupovat ve\u00a0v\u00fdpo\u010dtu opa\u010dn\u00fdm sm\u011brem a\u00a0ur\u010dit, jak\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed destil\u00e1tu bude vyprodukov\u00e1no a\u00a0jak\u00fd objem odpadn\u00ed vody bude zpracov\u00e1n p\u0159i zad\u00e1n\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho mno\u017estv\u00ed odpadn\u00edho tepla Qwh<\/sub>, \u00fa\u010dinnosti odpa\u0159ovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u03b7 a\u00a0zahu\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edho pom\u011bru x\/y. V\u00fdsledky ve\u00a0vybran\u00fdch bodech prezentuj\u00ed obr.\u00a06<\/em> a\u017e 9<\/em>. Ze zobrazen\u00fdch dat je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00fd zlomek odpadn\u00edho tepla z\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch proces\u016f m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u011bt k\u00a0\u00faprav\u011b a\u00a0redukci zna\u010dn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti odpadn\u00edch vod, nemluv\u011b o\u00a0zp\u011btn\u00e9m vyu\u017eit\u00ed odpa\u0159en\u00e9 vody ve\u00a0v\u00fdrobn\u00edch procesech. P\u0159i vyu\u017eit\u00ed 164 GWh, je\u017e p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed pouh\u00fdch 0,94\u00a0% dostupn\u00e9ho odpadn\u00edho tepla, lze ro\u010dn\u011b u\u0161et\u0159it miliony m3<\/sup> vody a\u00a0o\u00a0toto mno\u017estv\u00ed zredukovat objem vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch vod. Prezentovan\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nerespektuj\u00ed \u0159adu re\u00e1ln\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f a\u00a0zahrnuj\u00ed spoustu zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na pak to, \u017ee odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed bude (s\u00a0ohledem na\u00a0kvalitu jeho produkt\u016f) vhodn\u00e9 k\u00a0\u00faprav\u011b v\u0161ech typ\u016f odpadn\u00edch vod. P\u0159esto lze konstatovat, \u017ee potenci\u00e1l k\u00a0zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm (s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm MSF \u010di jin\u00e9 vhodn\u00e9 technologie) je v\u00a0\u010cR obrovsk\u00fd a\u00a0zaslou\u017e\u00ed si bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed studium.<\/p>\n\"vondra-8\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a08. Mno\u017estv\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody potenci\u00e1ln\u011b upraviteln\u00e9 zahu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00e9ho odpadn\u00edho tepla a\u00a0zahu\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edm pom\u011bru (x\/y), p\u0159i 20% \u00fa\u010dinnosti odpa\u0159ovac\u00ed technologie (\u03b7)
\nFig. 8. An amount of potentially treatable wastewater by the means of evaporation as a\u00a0function of waste heat utilized and a\u00a0thickening ratio (x\/y), at the efficiency level of 0.2<\/h6>\n

\"vondra-9\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Obr.\u00a09. Mno\u017estv\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody potenci\u00e1ln\u011b upraviteln\u00e9 zahu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00e9ho odpadn\u00edho tepla a\u00a0zahu\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edm pom\u011bru (x\/y), p\u0159i 10% \u00fa\u010dinnosti odpa\u0159ovac\u00ed technologie (\u03b7)
\nFig. 9. An amount of potentially treatable wastewater by the means of evaporation as a\u00a0function of waste heat utilized and a\u00a0thickening ratio (x\/y), at the efficiency level of 0.1<\/h6>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

C\u00edlem p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e9 studie nebylo hodnocen\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f spojen\u00fdch s\u00a0odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm odpadn\u00edch vod v\u00a0konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch provozech, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e obecn\u00e9 nast\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed potenci\u00e1lu a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pro odpa\u0159ovac\u00ed technologie (metodu MSF) v\u00a0tomto sm\u011bru nab\u00edzej\u00ed. \u00dasp\u011b\u0161nost a\u00a0\u00fa\u010delnost odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed bude v\u017edy z\u00e1viset na\u00a0cel\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b faktor\u016f, zejm\u00e9na pak na\u00a0slo\u017een\u00ed odpadn\u00ed vody a\u00a0termofyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch vlastnostech jej\u00edch slo\u017eek, ekonomick\u00fdch okolnostech konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho provozu, z\u00e1konn\u00fdch \u010di jin\u00fdch po\u017eadavc\u00edch na\u00a0kvalitu v\u00fdstup\u016f a\u00a0specifick\u00fdch m\u00edstn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Hlavn\u00edmi motivy pro provozovatele nebudou jist\u011b environment\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0spole\u010densk\u00e9 v\u00fdhody odpa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e ekonomick\u00e9 benefity. Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 smysluplnost integrace odpa\u0159ovac\u00edch technologi\u00ed do\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 praxe by m\u011bla b\u00fdt navazuj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159edm\u011btem studia, ke\u00a0kter\u00e9mu p\u0159edkl\u00e1dan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce nab\u00edz\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 podklady. Prezentovan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159i vyu\u017eit\u00ed pouh\u00fdch 0,94\u00a0% (164 GWh) odpadn\u00edho tepla, je\u017e vych\u00e1z\u00ed ro\u010dn\u011b bez vyu\u017eit\u00ed z\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zahu\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00edm upraveno a\u017e 16,9\u2008mil. m3<\/sup> odpadn\u00edch vod a\u00a0zp\u011btn\u011b do\u00a0proces\u016f dod\u00e1no a\u017e 8,5\u2008mil. m3<\/sup> destil\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek vznikl v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu LO1202 za\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00ed podpory Ministerstva \u0161kolstv\u00ed, ml\u00e1de\u017ee a\u00a0t\u011blov\u00fdchovy v\u00a0r\u00e1mci N\u00e1rodn\u00edho programu udr\u017eitelnosti I.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This paper deals with an industrial wastewater treatment utilizing waste heat from related industrial processes. This study proposes a possible solution, which is capable of reduction of industrial wastewater on one side and effective utilization of industrial excess heat on the other.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":1158,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[216,215,218,217,214,213],"coauthors":[182,183,184],"class_list":["post-1321","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water-technology-water-supply-waste-water-treatment","tag-evaporation","tag-industry","tag-multi-stage-flash-distillation","tag-thickening","tag-waste-heat","tag-wastewater"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1321","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1321"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1321\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30298,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1321\/revisions\/30298"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1158"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1321"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1321"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1321"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1321"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}