{"id":13149,"date":"2021-07-02T12:30:35","date_gmt":"2021-07-02T11:30:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=13149"},"modified":"2024-07-17T11:53:29","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T10:53:29","slug":"the-alternative-detemination-of-r-factor-rainfall-erosivity-factor%e2%80%a8-in-the-husi-creek-catchment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2021\/07\/the-alternative-detemination-of-r-factor-rainfall-erosivity-factor%e2%80%a8-in-the-husi-creek-catchment\/","title":{"rendered":"The alternative detemination of R-factor (Rainfall erosivity factor) in the Hus\u00ed Creek catchment"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

Hodnocen\u00ed erozn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti de\u0161t\u011b je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011bm v\u00fdzkumu v\u00a0oblasti stanoven\u00ed erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed p\u016fdy. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci empirick\u00e9ho modelov\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed model\u016f rodiny USLE (the Universal Soil Loss Equation) je erozn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost de\u0161t\u011b reprezentov\u00e1na tzv. R faktorem, jeho\u017e hodnotu lze stanovit \u0159adou doporu\u010den\u00fdch postup\u016f. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159edstavuje mo\u017en\u00e9 alternativn\u00ed zp\u016fsoby ur\u010den\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru na z\u00e1klad\u011b ro\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch sum sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f. Jednotliv\u00e9 metody jsou vz\u00e1jemn\u011b porovn\u00e1ny a\u00a0konfrontov\u00e1ny s\u00a0postupy u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. D\u00e1le jsou diskutov\u00e1ny jejich v\u00fdhody i\u00a0nev\u00fdhody. C\u00edlem p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je prezentace relativn\u011b jednoduch\u00fdch postup\u016f v\u00fdpo\u010dtu na z\u00e1klad\u011b standardn\u00edho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f a\u00a0tak\u00e9 nalezen\u00ed vhodn\u00e9ho postupu v\u00fdpo\u010dtu R faktoru pro aplikaci na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR. Jako modelov\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed bylo vybr\u00e1no povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka, levostrann\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edtoku Odry, kde prob\u00edh\u00e1 dlouhodob\u00fd monitoring sr\u00e1\u017ekoodtokov\u00fdch proces\u016f. V\u00fdpo\u010dty hodnot R faktoru byly provedeny pro \u010dty\u0159i vybran\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00e9 stanice za obdob\u00ed 2015 a\u017e 2019. Jako nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed alternativn\u00ed postup v\u00fdpo\u010dtu R faktoru se jev\u00ed metoda dle Wischmeiera a\u00a0Smithe [1], kter\u00e1 dob\u0159e zohled\u0148uje variabilitu sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku. V\u00fdsledky tak\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed na mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed m\u00edru erozn\u00edho \u00fa\u010dinku de\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0dan\u00e9m obdob\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi dlouhodob\u00fdmi hodnotami R\u00a0faktoru stanoven\u00fdmi jin\u00fdmi autory.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

Degradace a\u00a0ztr\u00e1ta p\u016fdy pat\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti k\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm environment\u00e1ln\u00edm probl\u00e9m\u016fm v\u00a0lok\u00e1ln\u00edm i\u00a0glob\u00e1ln\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. K\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm odnos\u016fm p\u016fdy doch\u00e1z\u00ed na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch, co\u017e se negativn\u011b odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed ve zhor\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se kvalit\u011b p\u016fdy, a\u00a0to m\u00e1 d\u00e1le vliv na zdrav\u00ed cel\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f, odtokov\u00e9 pom\u011bry, kvalitu povrchov\u00fdch i\u00a0podzemn\u00edch vod a\u00a0v\u00a0neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b tak\u00e9 na produkci potravin [2\u20135]. Eroze p\u016fdy\u00a0\u2013 a\u0165 u\u017e vodn\u00ed, nebo v\u011btrn\u00e1\u00a0\u2013 m\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny, kter\u00e9 jsou ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b p\u0159irozen\u00fdm chov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Od doby rozvoje zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed jsou v\u0161ak tyto p\u0159irozen\u00e9 procesy siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bny \u010dinnost\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka. Eroze p\u016fdy je akcelerov\u00e1na p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vlivem intenzifikace zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed monokultur a\u00a0velk\u00e9ho odles\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed [6], obecn\u011b ve snaze dosahovat co nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch zisk\u016f [7\u201310]. V\u00a0podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky p\u0159edstavuje z\u00a0hlediska eroze nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m struktura p\u016fdn\u00edch blok\u016f a\u00a0zm\u011bny ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny, k\u00a0nim\u017e do\u0161lo v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu 20. stolet\u00ed [11, 12].<\/p>\n

Hodnocen\u00ed erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed p\u016fd vodn\u00ed eroz\u00ed se \u010dasto prov\u00e1d\u00ed pomoc\u00ed erozn\u00edho modelu USLE (the Universal Soil Loss Equation), kter\u00fd vznikl v\u00a0druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed [13, 1]. Tento empiricky zalo\u017een\u00fd model stanovuje m\u00edru p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 eroze na z\u00e1klad\u011b hodnot \u0161esti vstupn\u00edch faktor\u016f (R, K, L, S, C a\u00a0P), reprezentuj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky a\u00a0vliv zp\u016fsobu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0dan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0faktor\u016f, jen\u017e m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vliv na tvorbu erozn\u00ed ud\u00e1losti, je faktor erozn\u00edho \u00fa\u010dinku de\u0161t\u011b, tzv. R faktor. Role tohoto faktoru je velmi \u010dasto diskutovan\u00fdm t\u00e9matem v\u00a0mnoha publikac\u00edch a\u00a0vznikla cel\u00e1 \u0159ada metodick\u00fdch doporu\u010den\u00ed, jak stanovit jeho hodnotu. Ur\u010den\u00ed t\u00e9to hodnoty je d\u00e1no na z\u00e1klad\u011b dlouhodob\u00e9ho pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed erozn\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0jejich kinetick\u00e9 energie\u00a0[1]. Meusburger a\u00a0kol. [14] poukazuje na obt\u00ed\u017enou dostupnost pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch dat a\u00a0spolu s\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi autory zmi\u0148uje mo\u017enost nahrazen\u00ed tohoto zp\u016fsobu v\u00fdpo\u010dtu odvozen\u00edm na z\u00e1klad\u011b denn\u00edch, m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f [15, 16]. Bonilla a\u00a0Vidal [17] dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee existuje dobr\u00e1 korelace mezi ro\u010dn\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi \u00fahrny a\u00a0hodnotami R faktoru, a\u00a0to na mnoha m\u00edstech ve sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

Zvolen\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 metody stanoven\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru se tak st\u00e1v\u00e1 kruci\u00e1ln\u00edm krokem v\u00a0r\u00e1mci empirick\u00e9ho modelov\u00e1n\u00ed erozn\u00edch a\u00a0sedimenta\u010dn\u00edch proces\u016f, a\u00a0to zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0obdob\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny, projevuj\u00edc\u00ed se zm\u011bnou\u00a0charakteru sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, je\u017e maj\u00ed za n\u00e1sledek intenzivn\u00ed erozn\u00ed procesy. Garc\u00eda-Ruiz a\u00a0kol. [18] odhalil v\u00fdznamnou z\u00e1vislost erozn\u00edch proces\u016f na sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch. M\u00edra eroze p\u016fdy roste s\u00a0n\u00e1r\u016fstem mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0jejich intenzity, k\u00a0\u010demu\u017e Kozlovska a\u00a0kol. [19] dod\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee extr\u00e9mn\u00ed projevy erozn\u00edch proces\u016f jsou \u00fazce spjaty s\u00a0extr\u00e9mn\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi ud\u00e1lostmi s\u00a0n\u00edzk\u00fdm ro\u010dn\u00edm v\u00fdskytem. Edwards a\u00a0Owens [20] a\u00a0Gonz\u00e1lez-Hidalgo [21] zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161inu celkov\u00e9 degradace p\u016fdy m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit jen n\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo extr\u00e9mn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v\u00a0roce.<\/p>\n

Podle posledn\u00edch projekc\u00ed klimatu pro oblast st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 m\u00edrn\u011b poklesov\u00fd a\u017e stagnuj\u00edc\u00ed trend ro\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f [22, 23], \u010demu\u017e odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed i\u00a0data ze zvolen\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka, by\u0165 se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0kr\u00e1tkou \u010dasovou \u0159adu. V\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech se i\u00a0zde projevilo relativn\u011b dlouh\u00e9 obdob\u00ed sucha, kter\u00e9 zas\u00e1hlo celou st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropu. Na obr.\u00a01<\/em> je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn chod ro\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f na t\u0159ech vybran\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic\u00edch (tab.\u00a01<\/em>) ve spr\u00e1v\u011b \u010cesk\u00e9ho hydrometeorologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu (\u010cHM\u00da), kde je evidentn\u00ed poklesov\u00fd trend, ale tak\u00e9 zna\u010dn\u00e1 rozkol\u00edsanost (nap\u0159. vl\u00e1hov\u011b nadpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd povod\u0148ov\u00fd rok 2010 a\u00a0velmi such\u00fd rok 2015). Projekce budouc\u00edho v\u00fdvoje v\u00a0oblasti st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed r\u016fst frekvence extr\u00e9mn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, je\u017e mohou m\u00edt mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek na p\u016fdu, kter\u00e1 je dlouhodob\u011b zasa\u017eena suchem [22\u201324].<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a01. V\u00fdvoj ro\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1961 a\u017e 2019 na vybran\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic\u00edch \u010cHM\u00da v\u00a0povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka
\nFig. 1. Development of annual precipitation totals in the period from 1961 to 2019 at selected rain gauging stations operated by CHMI in the Hus\u00ed creek catchment area<\/h6>\n
Tab. 1. Dlouhodob\u00e1 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1, maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0minim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnota ro\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1961 a\u017e 2019 na vybran\u00fdch stanic\u00edch \u010cHM\u00da v\u00a0povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka
\n<\/em>Tab. 1. Long-term average, maximum and minimum value of annual precipitation totals in the period from 1961 to 2019 at selected CHMI stations in the Hus\u00ed creek catchment area<\/em><\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek si klade za c\u00edl p\u0159edstaven\u00ed vybran\u00fdch metod stanoven\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru na z\u00e1klad\u011b m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f. Jednotliv\u00e9 metody jsou srovn\u00e1ny mezi sebou s\u00a0c\u00edlem nalezen\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 alternativn\u00ed metody pro aplikaci v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Doporu\u010den\u00e1 metoda bude p\u0159edstavovat alternativn\u00ed postup stanoven\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru ke st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm postup\u016fm u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Testov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch metodik je provedeno na \u010dty\u0159ech vybran\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic\u00edch v\u00a0povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka, kter\u00e9 je dlouhodob\u011b zkoum\u00e1no pr\u00e1v\u011b pro v\u00fdskyt intenzivn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekoodtokov\u00fdch a\u00a0erozn\u00edch proces\u016f [25\u201328].<\/p>\n

Metodika a\u00a0popis \u00fazem\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Pou\u017eit\u00e9 metody a\u00a0vstupn\u00ed data<\/h3>\n

Faktor erozn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti de\u0161t\u011b R (MJ mm ha-1 <\/sup>h-1 <\/sup>rok-1<\/sup>) reprezentuje ztr\u00e1tu p\u016fdy ze zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy, kter\u00e1 je p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 sou\u010dinu celkov\u00e9 kinetick\u00e9 energie p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky a\u00a0jej\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed t\u0159icetiminutov\u00e9 intenzity, a\u00a0pro sv\u016fj v\u00fdpo\u010det vy\u017eaduje podrobn\u00e1 kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed data sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f [1, 29]. Hodnota R faktoru je tedy v\u00fdrazn\u011b ovlivn\u011bna objemem, intenzitou, trv\u00e1n\u00edm a\u00a0rozlo\u017een\u00edm sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0je tak\u00e9 siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bna strmost\u00ed dan\u00e9ho svahu. Hodnoty R faktoru lze ur\u010dit z\u00a0izoerodentn\u00edch map, tabulek nebo vypo\u010d\u00edtat z\u00a0historick\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed [30]. Stanoven\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru lze rovn\u011b\u017e pomoc\u00ed sumy m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f [15]. V\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm textu je p\u0159ehled vybran\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f rovnic, je\u017e byly aplikov\u00e1ny v\u00a0t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci.<\/p>\n

ARNOLDUS [31]:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

BOLS [32]:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

DEVATHA a kol. [33]:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

EL-SWAIFY a\u00a0kol. [34]:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

MARIA a\u00a0kol. [35]:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

PARVEEN A\u00a0KUMAR [36]:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

WISCHMEIER A SMITH [1]:<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\n\n\n\n\n
kde<\/td>\nP<\/em> (P<\/em>j<\/sub> nebo R<\/em>N<\/sub>)<\/td>\nje<\/td>\nro\u010dn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn (mm)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nP<\/em>i<\/sub> (P<\/em>ij<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<\/td>\nm\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn (mm)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nN<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\npo\u010det ud\u00e1lost\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Jako vstupn\u00ed data byla pou\u017eita denn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ze \u010dty\u0159 sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011br\u016f v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2015 a\u017e 2019 (obdob\u00ed s\u00a0ucelen\u00fdmi daty bez v\u00fdpadk\u016f na stanic\u00edch) v\u00a0povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka (podrobn\u00fd popis \u00fazem\u00ed je v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kapitole. Vybran\u00e9 stanice pat\u0159\u00ed do spole\u010dn\u00e9 pozorovac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b v\u00a0r\u00e1mci povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka, kterou spole\u010dn\u011b spravuj\u00ed obce v\u00a0dan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed ve spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0V\u00daV TGM, \u010cHM\u00da a\u00a0st\u00e1tn\u00edm podnikem Povod\u00ed Odry.<\/p>\n

Popis v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed<\/h3>\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na severov\u00fdchod\u011b \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky (obr.\u00a02<\/em>). Hus\u00ed potok je levostrann\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edtokem Odry. Jeho d\u00e9lka \u010din\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 27\u00a0km a\u00a0odvod\u0148uje povod\u00ed o\u00a0plo\u0161e 141,9 km2<\/sup>. Povrch se postupn\u011b sva\u017euje jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edm sm\u011brem. V\u00a0severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b m\u00edrn\u011b zvln\u011bn\u00e9 plo\u0161iny N\u00edzk\u00e9ho Jesen\u00edku s\u00a0nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou okolo 500\u00a0m, kter\u00e9 jsou \u010dasto zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny. Tyto plo\u0161iny postupn\u011b p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed do strm\u00fdch svah\u016f a\u00a0\u00fadol\u00ed s\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm pod\u00e9ln\u00fdm sklonem. Tato \u00fadol\u00ed a\u00a0svahy ohrani\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 plo\u0161iny jsou typick\u00e9 pro celou st\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st povod\u00ed a\u00a0\u010dasto jsou pokryty lesn\u00edmi porosty. Spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st povod\u00ed je op\u011bt rovinat\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, tvo\u0159ena m\u00edrn\u011b zvln\u011bn\u00fdmi t\u00e1hl\u00fdmi svahy,\u00a0intenzivn\u011b zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi. Kv\u016fli charakteru reli\u00e9fu a\u00a0zp\u016fsobu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed je toto \u00fazem\u00ed predisponov\u00e1no k\u00a0v\u00fdskytu p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch povodn\u00ed. Dv\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti se zde vyskytly v\u00a0l\u00e9t\u011b 2009 a\u00a02010 [37, 38].<\/p>\n

V\u00a0povod\u00ed se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic ve spr\u00e1v\u011b V\u00daV TGM, \u010cHM\u00da a\u00a0Povod\u00ed Odry. N\u011bkter\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011bry jsou i\u00a0ve spr\u00e1v\u011b m\u00edstn\u00edch samospr\u00e1v a\u00a0byly um\u00edst\u011bny d\u00edky spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdmi institucemi. Pro tento v\u00fdzkum byly vybr\u00e1ny \u010dty\u0159i stanice (obr.\u00a02<\/em>), kter\u00e9 kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b m\u011b\u0159\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny (velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed instalovan\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011br\u016f tu funguje v\u00a0sezon\u011b duben a\u017e listopad) a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 reprezentuj\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky v\u00a0dan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161ku (tab. 2<\/em>). V\u00a0tab. 2<\/em> je t\u00e9\u017e zobrazeno rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek b\u011bhem roku pro obdob\u00ed 2015 a\u017e 2019 a\u00a0zcela jasn\u011b p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st sr\u00e1\u017eek spadne v\u00a0tepl\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch roku mezi dubnem a\u00a0\u0159\u00edjnem. Co se t\u00fdk\u00e1 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00edch \u00fahrn\u016f sr\u00e1\u017eek, je zde vid\u011bt tendence n\u00e1r\u016fstu mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek sm\u011brem na severoz\u00e1pad a\u00a0do vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch poloh. Ze srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0hodnotami v\u00a0tab. 1<\/em> jasn\u011b vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee obdob\u00ed 2015 a\u017e 2019 bylo sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u011b podpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Tab. 2. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed charakteristiky vybran\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic pro v\u00fdpo\u010det R faktoru
\n<\/em>Tab. 2. Basic characteristics of selected rain gauges used for R factor calculation<\/em><\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a02. V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed na podkladu z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapy 1 : 10\u00a0000 (A) a\u00a0poloha v\u00a0r\u00e1mci \u010cR a\u00a0Moravskoslezsk\u00e9ho kraje (B)
\nFig. 2. Research area on the basis of topographic map 1 : 10\u00a0000 (A), and location in the Czech Republic and Moravian-Silesian Region (B)<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdsledky a\u00a0diskuze<\/h2>\n

Hodnoty R faktoru na vybran\u00fdch stanic\u00edch<\/h3>\n

Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 a\u00a0potvrzuj\u00ed to i\u00a0\u00fadaje z\u00a0vybran\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011br\u016f \u2013, \u017ee se\u00a0vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou rostou i\u00a0sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny. S\u00a0t\u00edm je logicky spojen i\u00a0r\u016fst hodnoty R faktoru. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnoty jsou tedy vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1ny pro v\u00fd\u0161e polo\u017een\u00e9 stanice V\u00edtkov a\u00a0Sk\u0159ipov (nap\u0159. nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnota v\u016fbec, 547,0 MJ mm ha-1 <\/sup>h-1 <\/sup>rok-1<\/sup>, na stanici Sk\u0159ipov v\u00a0roce 2017 dle metody WISCHMEIER A\u00a0SMITH; tab. 3<\/em>). D\u016fle\u017eitou roli hraje tak\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek b\u011bhem roku, na co\u017e siln\u011b reaguje metoda WISCHMEIER A\u00a0SMITH, kdy nadpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd a\u017e extr\u00e9mn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0ostatn\u00edmi m\u011bs\u00edci v\u00a0roce generuje vysokou hodnotu R faktoru. N\u00e1zorn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159edstavuje srovn\u00e1n\u00ed rok\u016f 2015 a\u00a02016 na stanici D\u011brn\u00e9 (tab. 3<\/em>), kdy celkov\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed sumy sr\u00e1\u017eek se relativn\u011b lehce li\u0161\u00ed (406,2\u00a0mm v\u00a0r.\u00a02015 ku 466,7\u00a0mm v\u00a0r.\u00a02016), ale v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty R faktoru v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b metody WISCHMEIER A\u00a0SMITH se li\u0161\u00ed skoro dvojn\u00e1sobn\u011b (129,3 ku 246,1 MJ mm ha-1 <\/sup>h-1 <\/sup>rok-1<\/sup>). U\u00a0v\u0161ech stanic v\u0161ak obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fd \u00fahrn generuje vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnotu R faktoru a\u00a0ve zvolen\u00e9m obdob\u00ed 2015 a\u017e 2019 jsou hodnoty v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho R faktoru relativn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 rok\u016fm s\u00a0podpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi \u00fahrny, jak je zm\u00edn\u011bno v\u00fd\u0161e.<\/p>\n

Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed metod stanoven\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru<\/h3>\n

Pou\u017eit\u00e9 metody a\u00a0jejich v\u00fdsledky se od sebe prokazateln\u011b li\u0161\u00ed, jak dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed grafy na obr.\u00a03 <\/em>a\u017e 6.<\/em> Jednotliv\u00e9 metody byly vytvo\u0159eny pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed s\u00a0velmi odli\u0161n\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami. Metody ARNOLDUS, MARIA a\u00a0WISCHMEIER A\u00a0SMITH vznikaly v\u00a0oblastech vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159ek (Evropa, USA). Naproti tomu metody BOLS, DEVATHA, EL-SWAIFY a\u00a0PARVEEN A\u00a0KUMAR byly vytvo\u0159eny pro oblasti trop\u016f jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie s\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi ro\u010dn\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi \u00fahrny. C\u00edlem autor\u016f bylo respektovat dan\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 (sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9) podm\u00ednky, d\u00edky \u010demu\u017e metody pro tropick\u00e9 oblasti pouze \u201eupravuj\u00ed\u201c<\/em> ro\u010dn\u00ed sumu sr\u00e1\u017eek, kde\u017eto metody vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159ek sofistikovan\u011bji p\u0159epo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1vaj\u00ed ro\u010dn\u00ed sumu sr\u00e1\u017eek i\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny (MARIA a\u00a0WISCHMEIER A\u00a0SMITH).<\/p>\n

Tab. 3. V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 hodnoty R faktoru na vybran\u00fdch stanic\u00edch v\u00a0povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka podle sedmi r\u016fzn\u00fdch metod v\u00fdpo\u010dtu
\n<\/em>Tab. 3. The resulting values of the R factor at selected stations in the Hus\u00ed potok catchment according to seven different calculation methods<\/em><\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

V\u00fdsledky v\u00a0tab. 4<\/em> potvrzuj\u00ed rozd\u00edlnost p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch metodik. Metody DEVATHA, EL-SWAIFY a\u00a0PARVEEN A\u00a0KUMAR d\u00e1vaj\u00ed velmi podobn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky s\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed meziro\u010dn\u00ed variabilitou a\u00a0jejich absolutn\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru se pohybuj\u00ed kolem pr\u016fm\u011bru mezi v\u0161emi metodami. Obdobn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed tak\u00e9 metoda BOLS, ale s\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi absolutn\u00edmi hodnotami R faktoru. V\u016fbec nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hodnoty jsou prezentov\u00e1ny metodami ARNOLDUS a\u00a0MARIA, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e metoda ARNOLDUS relativn\u011b dob\u0159e zohled\u0148uje meziro\u010dn\u00ed variabilitu sr\u00e1\u017eek, co\u017e metoda MARIA t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u016fbec nereflektuje. Zcela v\u00fdjime\u010dnou mezi v\u0161emi je metoda WISCHMEIER A\u00a0SMITH, kter\u00e1 dob\u0159e zohled\u0148uje meziro\u010dn\u00ed variabilitu sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 samotn\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek b\u011bhem roku. V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 hodnota ro\u010dn\u00edho R faktoru je siln\u011b ovlivn\u011bna maxim\u00e1ln\u00edmi \u010di minim\u00e1ln\u00edmi m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edmi sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi \u00fahrny. Na obr.\u00a07<\/em> je vyobrazen ro\u010dn\u00ed chod R faktoru na vybran\u00fdch stanic\u00edch a\u00a0je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edce vykazuj\u00ed hodnotu R faktoru odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e polovin\u011b celkov\u00e9 ro\u010dn\u00ed hodnoty (nap\u0159. \u010dervenec 2016 na stanici Hladk\u00e9 \u017divotice s\u00a0hodnotou R faktoru 264,5 MJ mm ha-1 <\/sup>h-1 <\/sup>rok-1<\/sup> v\u016f\u010di ro\u010dn\u00ed hodnot\u011b 429,4 MJ mm ha-1 <\/sup>h-1 <\/sup>rok-1<\/sup>). Naopak v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch (zejm\u00e9na zimn\u00edch) se hodnota R faktoru bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed nule. Vysok\u00e9 hodnoty R faktoru odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu v\u00fdskytu extr\u00e9mn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed v\u00a0dan\u00e9m m\u011bs\u00edci, je\u017e jsou v\u00a0na\u0161ich klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch typick\u00e9 pro jarn\u00ed a\u00a0zejm\u00e9na letn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a03. Hodnoty R faktoru na stanici D\u011brn\u00e9 (V\u00daV TGM) stanoven\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed sedmi vybran\u00fdch metod v\u00fdpo\u010dtu
\nFig. 3. Values of the R factor at the D\u011brn\u00e9 station (V\u00daV TGM) determined using seven selected calculation methods<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a04. Hodnoty R faktoru na stanici Hladk\u00e9 \u017divotice (V\u00daV TGM) stanoven\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed sedmi vybran\u00fdch metod v\u00fdpo\u010dtu
\nFig. 4. Values of the R factor at the Hladk\u00e9 \u017divotice station (V\u00daV TGM) determined using seven selected calculation methods<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a05. Hodnoty R faktoru na stanici V\u00edtkov (\u010cHM\u00da) stanoven\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed sedmi vybran\u00fdch metod v\u00fdpo\u010dtu
\nFig. 5. Values of the R factor at the V\u00edtkov station (CHMI) determined using seven selected calculation methods<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a06. Hodnoty R faktoru na stanici Sk\u0159ipov (\u010cHM\u00da) stanoven\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed sedmi vybran\u00fdch metod v\u00fdpo\u010dtu
\nFig. 6. Values of the R factor at the Sk\u0159ipov station (CHMI) determined using seven selected calculation methods<\/h6>\n\"\"<\/a>\n
Obr.\u00a07. Ro\u010dn\u00ed chod m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch hodnot R faktoru v\u00a0letech 2015 a\u017e 2019, stanoven\u00fdch metodou WISCHMEIER A\u00a0SMITH na \u010dty\u0159ech stanic\u00edch v\u00a0povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka
\nFig. 7. Annual development of monthly R factor values in the years 2015 to 2019 determined by the WISCHMEIER AND SMITH method at four stations in the Hus\u00ed creek catchment<\/h6>\n
Tab. 4. Korela\u010dn\u00ed koeficient a\u00a0procentu\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u00edl hodnot R faktoru mezi pou\u017eit\u00fdmi metodami
\n<\/em>Tab. 4. Correlation coefficient and percentage difference of R factor values between used methods<\/em><\/h5>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Metodick\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00fdb\u011br vhodn\u00e9ho postupu stanoven\u00ed R faktoru<\/h3>\n

Jak je uvedeno v\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00ed kapitole, jednotliv\u00e9 metody v\u00fdpo\u010dtu R faktoru p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 hodnoty v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho R faktoru. Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0c\u00edl\u016f tohoto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je navrhnout vhodn\u00fd alternativn\u00ed postup stanoven\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru, a\u00a0bylo tedy nutn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00e9 metody porovnat s\u00a0ji\u017e zau\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi postupy, kter\u00e9 se uplat\u0148uj\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice, pota\u017emo i\u00a0na Slovensku. V\u00a0tab. 5<\/em> jsou zobrazeny hodnoty R faktoru aproximovan\u00e9 na povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka. Celkem bylo srovn\u00e1no 14\u00a0rozd\u00edln\u00fdch metod (v\u00a0horn\u00ed polovin\u011b tab. 5<\/em> jsou doporu\u010den\u00e9<\/em> metody vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00fdch meteorologick\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0doln\u00ed polovin\u011b metody n\u00e1mi testovan\u00e9<\/em>). Z\u00a0doporu\u010den\u00fdch metodik vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hodnota R faktoru se pohybuje v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 600 a\u017e 700 MJ mm ha-1 <\/sup>h-1 <\/sup>rok-1<\/sup>, zat\u00edmco hodnoty stanoven\u00e9 v\u00a0t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci jsou v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Tento rozd\u00edl je zp\u016fsoben n\u011bkolika faktory:<\/p>\n

\n

1. doporu\u010den\u00e9 metody stanovuj\u00ed hodnotu R faktoru na z\u00e1klad\u011b kinetick\u00e9 energie de\u0161t\u011b a 30minutov\u00e9 intenzity sr\u00e1\u017eky oproti testovan\u00fdm metod\u00e1m zalo\u017een\u00fdm na ro\u010dn\u00edch a m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch \u00fahrnech<\/p>\n

\n

2. jednotliv\u00e9 metody byly aplikov\u00e1ny pro r\u016fzn\u00e1 obdob\u00ed<\/p>\n

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3. hodnoty vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 v t\u00e9to studii byly stanoveny pro roky s podpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdmi \u00fahrny v\u016f\u010di dlouhodob\u00e9mu pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed (tab. 1<\/em> a\u00a02<\/em>)<\/p>\n

\n

4. je velk\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi hodnotami R faktoru stanoven\u00fdmi jako pr\u016fm\u011bry ro\u010dn\u00edch hodnot R faktoru a hodnotami vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00fdmi na z\u00e1klad\u011b pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00edch \u010di m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f za ur\u010dit\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, jak je prok\u00e1z\u00e1no u metodik ARNOLDUS, MARIA a WISCHMEIER A SMITH (tab. 5<\/em>)<\/p>\n

\n

Doporu\u010den\u00e9 metodick\u00e9 postupy pro stanoven\u00ed erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed zejm\u00e9na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy [29, 39, 40] obecn\u011b doporu\u010duj\u00ed standardizovanou hodnotu R\u00a0faktoru 400 MJ mm\u00a0ha-1\u00a0<\/sup>h-1\u00a0<\/sup>rok-1<\/sup>. Ta p\u0159edstavuje pr\u016fm\u011brnou hodnotu, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na ve v\u0161ech v\u00fdpo\u010dtech na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky. Z v\u00fdsledk\u016f sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho monitoringu erozn\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, je\u017e dlouhodob\u011b zabezpe\u010duje V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav meliorac\u00ed a ochrany p\u016fdy, v. v. i., v\u0161ak vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee tato doporu\u010den\u00e1 hodnota je podhodnocena oproti realit\u011b. V posledn\u00ed verzi Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy monitoringu eroze na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b pro rok 2019 je zm\u00edn\u011bno, \u017ee v lokalit\u00e1ch zasa\u017een\u00fdch erozn\u00edmi ud\u00e1lostmi se hodnota regionalizovan\u00e9ho R\u00a0faktoru pohybuje v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 500 a\u017e 600\u00a0MJ mm ha-1 <\/sup>h-1 <\/sup>rok-1<\/sup> [24]. Obdobn\u00fd v\u00fdsledek potvrzuje i\u00a0pr\u00e1ce Hanel a\u00a0kol. [41], v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e se stanoven\u00e1 pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hodnota R faktoru pro \u010cR pohybuje mezi 320 a\u017e 1 520 MJ mm ha-1 <\/sup>h-1 <\/sup>rok-1<\/sup>, respektive pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hodnota pro \u010cR 640 MJ mm ha-1 <\/sup>h-1 <\/sup>rok-1<\/sup>. Z\u00a0toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee doporu\u010den\u00e1 hodnota R faktoru je podhodnocena a\u00a0p\u0159i v\u00fdpo\u010dtech erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed by bylo vhodn\u00e9 p\u0159istoupit k\u00a0vlastn\u00ed kalkulaci R faktoru pro aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed podm\u00ednky v\u00a0dan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tab. 5. Hodnoty dlouhodob\u00e9ho R faktoru v\u00a0povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka \u2013 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed hodnot stanoven\u00fdch sedmi vybran\u00fdmi metodami s\u00a0vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00fdmi hodnotami jin\u00fdch autor\u016f
\n<\/em>Tab. 5. Values of the long-term R factor in the Hus\u00ed creek catchment \u2013 comparison of values determined by seven selected methods with calculated values of other authors<\/em><\/h5>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00a0t\u00e9to studii testovan\u00e9 metody p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 alternativn\u00ed postupy pro relativn\u011b jednoduch\u00e9 stanoven\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru na z\u00e1klad\u011b dostupn\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f. Je pot\u0159eba vz\u00edt v\u00a0\u00favahu m\u00edsto vzniku jednotliv\u00fdch metodik, respektive klimatick\u00e9 oblasti, ve kter\u00fdch dan\u00e1 metoda vznikla. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu se jako nejslibn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed postup pro na\u0161e \u00fazem\u00ed jev\u00ed metoda WISCHMEIER A\u00a0SMITH, jej\u00ed\u017e uplatnitelnost byla potvrzena mnoh\u00fdmi autory\u2028[1, 42, 43]. Tato metoda dob\u0159e reflektuje meziro\u010dn\u00ed, ale i\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00ed variabilitu rozlo\u017een\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek, umo\u017e\u0148uje rovn\u011b\u017e v\u00fdpo\u010det m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru, co\u017e je vhodn\u00e9 pro kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 studie (nap\u0159. hodnocen\u00ed erozn\u00edch proces\u016f v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na ro\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed, fenologick\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00edch rostlin atd.), a\u00a0je mo\u017en\u00e9 ji aplikovat na\u00a0jak\u00e9mkoli \u00fazem\u00ed. Metoda je vhodn\u00e1 pro hodnocen\u00ed dopadu zm\u011bny klimatu na atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017eky, kdy v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke zm\u011bn\u011b jejich rozlo\u017een\u00ed b\u011bhem roku a\u00a0tak\u00e9 jejich samotn\u00e9ho charakteru\u00a0\u2013 r\u016fst intenzity a\u00a0frekvence extremity [19, 44\u201347]. Ostatn\u00ed testovan\u00e9 metody je mo\u017en\u00e9 aplikovat v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b jen v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00edch, pro kter\u00e1 byla navr\u017eena, nebo v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00edch s\u00a0obdobn\u00fdmi klimatick\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Volba vhodn\u00e9 metody pro stanoven\u00ed faktoru erozn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti de\u0161t\u011b R p\u0159edstavuje d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd krok ke spr\u00e1vn\u00e9mu hodnocen\u00ed erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00edho fondu. Tento p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek aplikoval sedm alternativn\u00edch metodik v\u00fdpo\u010dtu R faktoru na z\u00e1klad\u011b ro\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f na \u010dty\u0159ech vybran\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017ekom\u011brn\u00fdch stanic\u00edch v\u00a0povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka. Pou\u017eit\u00e9 metody byly porovn\u00e1ny vz\u00e1jemn\u011b i\u00a0s\u00a0postupy dal\u0161\u00edch autor\u016f, kter\u00e9 se vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Jako nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed alternativn\u00ed metodika stanoven\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru se jev\u00ed metoda WISCHMEIER A\u00a0SMITH [1], je\u017e dob\u0159e reflektuje klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky dan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, je mo\u017en\u00e9 ji pou\u017e\u00edt pro dlouhodob\u00e1 (des\u00edtky let) i\u00a0kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e1 (m\u011bs\u00edce) hodnocen\u00ed erozn\u00edch proces\u016f a\u00a0jej\u00ed samotn\u00fd v\u00fdpo\u010det je relativn\u011b jednoduch\u00fd a\u00a0aplikovateln\u00fd kdekoli. V\u00fdsledky tohoto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku tak\u00e9 poukazuj\u00ed na meziro\u010dn\u00ed zm\u011bnu sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f, respektive pomal\u00fd pokles ro\u010dn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f v\u00a0povod\u00ed Hus\u00edho potoka v\u00a0obdob\u00ed 1961 a\u017e 2019.<\/p>\n

Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Tato studie vznikla za finan\u010dn\u00ed podpory V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho T.\u00a0G.\u00a0Masaryka formou intern\u00edch grant\u016f \u010d. 1628 a\u00a03600.52.27\/2020.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hodnocen\u00ed erozn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti de\u0161t\u011b je v sou\u010dasnosti t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011bm v\u00fdzkumu v oblasti stanoven\u00ed erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed p\u016fdy. V r\u00e1mci empirick\u00e9ho modelov\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed model\u016f rodiny USLE (the Universal Soil Loss Equation) je erozn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost de\u0161t\u011b reprezentov\u00e1na tzv. R faktorem, jeho\u017e hodnotu lze stanovit \u0159adou doporu\u010den\u00fdch postup\u016f. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159edstavuje mo\u017en\u00e9 alternativn\u00ed zp\u016fsoby ur\u010den\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru na z\u00e1klad\u011b ro\u010dn\u00edch a m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch sum sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":12224,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,86],"tags":[2562,577,2561],"coauthors":[2498,181],"class_list":["post-13149","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-husi-creek","tag-precipitation","tag-r-factor"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13149","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13149"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13149\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30627,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13149\/revisions\/30627"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12224"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13149"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13149"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13149"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=13149"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}