{"id":1314,"date":"2015-12-10T14:57:18","date_gmt":"2015-12-10T14:57:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=1314"},"modified":"2024-07-16T10:15:04","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T09:15:04","slug":"evaluation-of-the-land-consolidation-process-in-the-litava-basin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2015\/12\/evaluation-of-the-land-consolidation-process-in-the-litava-basin\/","title":{"rendered":"Evaluation of the land consolidation process in the Litava basin"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4><i class=\"fa fa-exclamation-circle fa-3x pull-left\"><\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n<h2>Souhrn<\/h2>\n<p>V\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu QJ1520268 Nov\u00e9 postupy optimalizace syst\u00e9m\u016f integrovan\u00e9 ochrany \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0kontextu jejich ekonomick\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnosti realizovan\u00e9ho na\u00a0brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 pobo\u010dce V\u00daV TGM,\u00a0v.v.i., s\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tkem \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00a0roce 2015 byla vy\u017eadov\u00e1na prvotn\u00ed anal\u00fdza dostupn\u00fdch dat a\u00a0podklad\u016f jednoho z\u00a0pilotn\u00edch povod\u00ed, povod\u00ed Litavy. Na\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch pobo\u010dk\u00e1ch St\u00e1tn\u00edho pozemkov\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu (SP\u00da) byl proveden sb\u011br dat\u00a0\u2013 projekt\u016f komplexn\u00edch pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav (KoP\u00da), zejm\u00e9na navr\u017een\u00fdch \u010di realizovan\u00fdch prvk\u016f pl\u00e1n\u016f spole\u010dn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed kostru pozemkov\u00e9 \u00fapravy. Z\u00a0t\u011bchto projekt\u016f vznikla ucelen\u00e1 datab\u00e1ze, aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u00a0datu 30.\u00a06.\u00a02015. C\u00edlem p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku je komplexn\u00ed anal\u00fdza z\u00edskan\u00fdch dat a\u00a0vyhodnocen\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho krajinn\u00e9ho pokryvu p\u0159i ochran\u011b proti vodn\u00ed erozi na\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch p\u016fd\u00e1ch podle dnes platn\u00fdch podm\u00ednek, ze kter\u00e9ho bude d\u00e1le vych\u00e1zet dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1vrh ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0plo\u0161e povod\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00davod<\/h2>\n<p>Pozemkov\u00e9 \u00fapravy jsou v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice (\u010cR) za\u00a0posledn\u00edch t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ji\u017e 25\u00a0let st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem pro uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed vlastnick\u00fdch vztah\u016f k\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm a\u00a0lesn\u00edm pozemk\u016fm s\u00a0ohledem na\u00a0hospoda\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0na\u00a0pot\u0159eby krajiny. Zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0r\u00e1mci komplexn\u00edch pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav se na\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed \u0159e\u0161\u00ed nejen vlastnick\u00e9 vztahy, ale v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech mnohem \u010dast\u011bji i\u00a0ochrana p\u0159ed eroz\u00ed a\u00a0povodn\u011bmi, zp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bn\u00ed pozemk\u016f i\u00a0ochrana a\u00a0tvorba \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Takto funguj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b tzv.\u00a0pl\u00e1n spole\u010dn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (PSZ).<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1vrh a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 realizace PSZ, kter\u00fd tvo\u0159\u00ed kostru uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajiny, je jedn\u00edm z\u00a0vhodn\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed dvou extr\u00e9m\u016f po\u010das\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika letech su\u017euj\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropu\u00a0\u2013 sucho a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00e9 de\u0161t\u011b. Ty zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed, \u017ee p\u016fda po\u00a0dlouh\u00e9m obdob\u00ed sucha nen\u00ed schopna p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edchodu v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch \u00fahrn\u016f vodu dostate\u010dn\u011b infiltrovat, v\u011bt\u0161ina sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00fdch vod tak odt\u00e9k\u00e1 povrchov\u00fdm odtokem rychle z\u00a0povod\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zp\u016fsobuje velk\u00e9 materi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161kody. Je nutn\u00e9 utvo\u0159it takov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, aby se voda v\u00a0krajin\u011b zadr\u017eela co nejd\u00e9le a\u00a0zpomalil se povrchov\u00fd odtok. Toho lze doc\u00edlit komplexn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem organiza\u010dn\u00edch, agrotechnick\u00fdch, technick\u00fdch i\u00a0ekologick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed, tedy i\u00a0opat\u0159en\u00edmi pl\u00e1nu spole\u010dn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Zas\u00e1hnout a\u00a0pozitivn\u011b ovlivnit st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, a\u00a0nejen ty, m\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b proces pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav, kter\u00fd v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0platn\u00e9 legislativy z\u00e1kona \u010d.\u00a0139\/2002 Sb., o\u00a0pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav\u00e1ch a\u00a0pozemkov\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159adech a\u00a0o\u00a0zm\u011bn\u011b z\u00e1kona \u010d.\u00a0229\/1991 Sb., o\u00a0\u00faprav\u011b vlastnick\u00fdch vztah\u016f k\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b a\u00a0jin\u00e9mu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9mu majetku. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu QJ1520268 Nov\u00e9 postupy optimalizace syst\u00e9m\u016f integrovan\u00e9 ochrany \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0kontextu jejich ekonomick\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnosti realizovan\u00e9ho na\u00a0brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 pobo\u010dce V\u00daV TGM,\u00a0v.v.i., s\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tkem \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00a0roce 2015 byla vy\u017eadov\u00e1na prvotn\u00ed anal\u00fdza dostupn\u00fdch dat a\u00a0podklad\u016f jednoho z\u00a0pilotn\u00edch povod\u00ed, a\u00a0to povod\u00ed Litavy. Sb\u011brem projekt\u016f KoP\u00da z\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch pobo\u010dek St\u00e1tn\u00edho pozemkov\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu (SP\u00da), zejm\u00e9na pak navr\u017een\u00fdch \u010di realizovan\u00fdch prvk\u016f pl\u00e1n\u016f spole\u010dn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, vznikla ucelen\u00e1 datab\u00e1ze t\u011bchto dat, aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u00a030.\u00a06.\u00a02015. \u010cl\u00e1nek popisuje zp\u016fsob z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto dat, jejich postup zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, n\u00e1slednou anal\u00fdzu i\u00a0posouzen\u00ed vlivu st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho krajinn\u00e9ho pokryvu na\u00a0ochranu zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti krajiny v\u00a0povod\u00ed Litavy p\u0159ed projevy vodn\u00ed eroze na\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b.<\/p>\n<h2>Materi\u00e1ly a\u00a0metoda vektorizace PSZ<\/h2>\n<p>Projekty KoP\u00da byly brn\u011bnsk\u00e9 pobo\u010dce V\u00daV TGM,\u00a0v.v.i., poskytnuty jednotliv\u00fdmi pobo\u010dkami St\u00e1tn\u00edho pozemkov\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu a\u00a0byly podle zvolen\u00e9ho, d\u00e1le popsan\u00e9ho postupu zpracov\u00e1ny. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byla provedena podrobn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza t\u011bchto prvk\u016f, to v\u0161e s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm n\u00e1stroj\u016f GIS.<\/p>\n<p>Ve\u0161ker\u00e9 prvky pl\u00e1nu spole\u010dn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v\u00a0rozd\u00edln\u00fdch form\u00e1tech byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b jednotn\u011b vektorizov\u00e1ny v\u00a0GIS syst\u00e9mech, \u010d\u00edm\u017e byla vytvo\u0159ena datab\u00e1ze navr\u017een\u00fdch \u010di realizovan\u00fdch PSZ. Ka\u017ed\u00fd typ dat vy\u017eadoval individu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup, a\u00a0to jak z\u00a0d\u016fvodu rozd\u00edln\u00fdch zdrojov\u00fdch form\u00e1t\u016f (shp, dgn, dwg, pdf, jpg), ve\u00a0kter\u00fdch byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny, tak i\u00a0z\u00a0d\u016fvodu odli\u0161n\u00fdch kvalit, podrobnosti nebo zp\u016fsobu tvorby v\u00fdsledn\u00fdch map.<\/p>\n<p>V\u0161echna opat\u0159en\u00ed byla p\u0159evedena ze z\u00edskan\u00fdch typ\u016f dokumentac\u00ed do\u00a0shapefil\u016f tak, aby nedo\u0161lo ke\u00a0geometrick\u00e9 deformaci, a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u011b nadefinov\u00e1na v\u00a0atributov\u00e9 tabulce. Nejm\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159esn\u00fd p\u0159evod a\u00a0z\u00e1kres ochrann\u00fdch prvk\u016f PSZ nastal p\u0159i p\u0159evodu nafotografovan\u00fdch dokumentac\u00ed. Jako hlavn\u00ed podklad pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed shapefilu byla pou\u017eita digit\u00e1ln\u00ed katastr\u00e1ln\u00ed mapa (d\u00e1le jen DKM). DKM se rozum\u00ed mapa ve\u00a0tvaru \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9ho z\u00e1znamu sv\u00e9ho obsahu, kter\u00fd je mo\u017eno prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed a\u00a0zobrazovac\u00ed techniky zn\u00e1zornit a\u00a0jinak \u00fa\u010delov\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt; z\u00e1znam se po\u0159izuje po\u010detn\u00edm zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm m\u011b\u0159ick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f a\u00a0\u010d\u00edseln\u00fdm z\u00e1znamem nov\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pozemk\u016f podle schv\u00e1len\u00e9ho n\u00e1vrhu pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav. Sou\u0159adnicov\u00fd syst\u00e9m DKM je S\u00ad\u2011JTSK. Z\u00e1sadn\u00edm krit\u00e9riem pro z\u00e1kres dan\u00e9ho prvku PSZ bylo jeho parceln\u00ed vymezen\u00ed, jeliko\u017e v\u0161echna ochrann\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed by m\u011bla b\u00fdt parceln\u011b vymezena (technick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed), a\u00a0to na\u00a0obecn\u00edch pozemc\u00edch. Nen\u00ed\u00ad\u2011li ochrann\u00fd prvek parceln\u011b vymezen, je jen mal\u00e1 pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee bude v\u00a0budoucnu realizov\u00e1n. Byla\u00ad\u2011li nap\u0159\u00edklad poln\u00ed cesta v\u00a0projektovan\u00e9m v\u00fdkresu zakreslena jinak, ne\u017e bylo jej\u00ed parceln\u00ed vymezen\u00ed, prvek se zakreslil pr\u00e1v\u011b podle DKM. K\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdm katastr\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fazem\u00edm nebyla DKM k\u00a0dispozici, zejm\u00e9na u\u00a0projekt\u016f ukon\u010den\u00fdch v\u00a0roce 2015. Neprob\u011bhl tedy je\u0161t\u011b z\u00e1znam nov\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pozemk\u016f podle n\u00e1vrhu pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav. V\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byly prvky PSZ zakresleny podle mapy PSZ (mapa s\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00edm G5 podle Technick\u00e9ho standardu dokumentace pl\u00e1nu spole\u010dn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed) a\u00a0skute\u010dnost, \u017ee byl shapefile vytvo\u0159en bez DKM, byla zapsan\u00e1 do\u00a0atributov\u00e9 tabulky.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-1314];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1221 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-1.jpg\" alt=\"uhrova-1\" width=\"1009\" height=\"797\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-1-300x237.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1009px) 100vw, 1009px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1009px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1009\/797;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a01. Lokalizace ukon\u010den\u00fdch KoP\u00da v\u00a0povod\u00ed Litavy<br \/>\nFig. 1. The localization of completeted land consolidations in the Litava basin<\/h6>\n<p>V\u00a0atributov\u00e9 tabulce bylo u\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9ho prvku zaznamen\u00e1no, zda se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed (opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed ji\u017e p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm KoP\u00da), o\u00a0n\u00e1vrh opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci KoP\u00da, nebo zda stav prvku nen\u00ed specifikov\u00e1n. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech do\u0161lo u\u00a0prvk\u016f PSZ k\u00a0p\u0159ekryt\u00ed (doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0p\u0159ekryvu \u00fazemn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem ekologick\u00e9 stability\u00a0\u2013 \u00daSES s\u00a0prvky protierozn\u00ed ochrany\u00a0\u2013 PEO nebo vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi\u00a0\u2013 VHO; nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0p\u0159ekryvu VHO s\u00a0PEO)\u00a0\u2013 nap\u0159.\u00a0navr\u017een\u00e1 reten\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e je z\u00e1rove\u0148 i\u00a0biocentrem\u00a0apod. V\u00a0tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byl prvek za\u0159azen do\u00a0v\u00edce shapefil\u016f podle konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho za\u0159azen\u00ed. Liniov\u00e9 prvky pod\u00e9l poln\u00edch cest, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad liniov\u00e1 zele\u0148 nebo cestn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkop, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed sv\u00e1 parceln\u00ed vymezen\u00ed, byly pops\u00e1ny a\u00a0p\u0159i\u0159azeny k\u00a0dan\u00e9 cest\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Vektorizovan\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed byla zakreslena v\u00a0typu geometrie polygon, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vypo\u010d\u00edtat jejich plo\u0161n\u00e9 vymezen\u00ed (v\u00fdjimku tvo\u0159\u00ed propustky, kter\u00e9 byly zakresleny bodov\u011b). Jednotliv\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhy opat\u0159en\u00ed, pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b objekty pl\u00e1nu spole\u010dn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byly rozd\u011bleny do\u00a0osmi typ\u016f. Byl zvolen syst\u00e9m z\u00e1pisu prvk\u016f jednoho typu v\u017edy do\u00a0samostatn\u00fdch shapefil\u016f:<\/p>\n<p class=\"00TEXT\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"01TEXT-ODRAZKY\">technick\u00e1 ochrann\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed liniov\u00e9ho typu\u00a0\u2013 v\u011btrolamy, pr\u016flehy, meze, p\u0159\u00edkopy, hr\u00e1zky, zasakovac\u00ed p\u00e1sy a\u00a0stabilizace \u00fadolnic;<\/li>\n<li>ochrann\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed plo\u0161n\u00e9ho typu\u00a0\u2013 organiza\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0agrotechnick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, ochrann\u00e9 zatravn\u011bn\u00ed (TTP) a\u00a0zalesn\u011bn\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>n\u00e1dr\u017ee\u00a0\u2013 such\u00e9 reten\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee, n\u00e1dr\u017ee se st\u00e1l\u00fdm nadr\u017een\u00edm a\u00a0mok\u0159ady;<\/li>\n<li>terasy;<\/li>\n<li>meliorace\u00a0\u2013 odvodn\u011bn\u00e9 plochy;<\/li>\n<li>\u00daSES\u00a0\u2013 interak\u010dn\u00ed prvky, krajinn\u00e1 zele\u0148, biocentra a\u00a0biokoridory;<\/li>\n<li>poln\u00ed cesty\u00a0\u2013 hlavn\u00ed, vedlej\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0dopl\u0148kov\u00e9 poln\u00ed cesty;<\/li>\n<li>propustky.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Celkem 57\u00a0% ploch povod\u00ed Litavy zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed pozemky zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9. Tato plocha je potencion\u00e1ln\u011b ohro\u017eena v\u00fdskytem vodn\u00ed eroze p\u016fdy, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit velk\u00e9 \u0161kody na\u00a0samotn\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, ale i\u00a0okoln\u00ed z\u00e1stavb\u011b. Proto bylo hodnocen\u00ed protierozn\u00ed ochrany \u00fazem\u00ed provedeno na\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed pomoc\u00ed pro podm\u00ednky \u010cR verifikovan\u00e9ho stanoven\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 dlouhodob\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy, tzv.\u00a0univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnic\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy (USLE) [1, 2]. P\u0159i stanovov\u00e1n\u00ed LS faktoru bylo vyu\u017eito programu USLE 2D [3] p\u0159i algoritmu podle McCoola [4]. U\u00a0faktor\u016f R a\u00a0P jsou pou\u017eity konstantn\u00ed hodnoty (R = 40\u2008MJ.ha<sup>-1<\/sup>.cm.h<sup>-1<\/sup> a\u00a0P = 1,0). Pro stanoven\u00ed K\u00a0faktoru bylo vyu\u017eito \u00fadaj\u016f z\u00a0celost\u00e1tn\u00ed datab\u00e1ze BPEJ. Na\u00a0z\u00e1klad\u011b hlavn\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed jednotky je p\u0159i\u0159azena ka\u017ed\u00e9mu elementu vektorov\u00e9 vrstvy BPEJ hodnota K\u00a0faktoru [2]. P\u0159i stanoven\u00ed C faktoru byl vyu\u017eit jako podklad celost\u00e1tn\u011b dostupn\u00fd registr p\u016fdn\u00edch blok\u016f LPIS (Land parcel identification system). Jednotliv\u00e9 hodnoty C faktoru byly stanoveny v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na\u00a0klimatick\u00e9m regionu, kter\u00fd je vyj\u00e1d\u0159en prvn\u00edm \u010d\u00edslem k\u00f3du BPEJ [5].<\/p>\n<h2>Vyhodnocen\u00ed komplexn\u00edch pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav<\/h2>\n<p>Jak ji\u017e bylo v\u00fd\u0161e uvedeno, vybran\u00fdm z\u00e1jmov\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm pro vyhodnocen\u00ed komplexn\u00edch pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav je povod\u00ed Litavy. Litava je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd levostrann\u00fd p\u0159\u00edtok Svratky pramen\u00edc\u00ed ve\u00a0Ch\u0159ibech, s\u00a0d\u00e9lkou toku 58,55\u2008km, jej\u00ed\u017e povod\u00ed zauj\u00edm\u00e1 plochu 788,36\u2008km<sup>2<\/sup> o\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9m sklonu povrchu 14,01\u00a0%. V\u00a0t\u00e9to plo\u0161e se nach\u00e1z\u00ed nebo do\u00a0n\u00ed jen minim\u00e1ln\u011b zasahuje 144 katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed. Z\u00a0celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed prob\u011bhly KoP\u00da ve\u00a0t\u0159iceti z\u00a0nich a\u00a0ve\u00a0t\u0159ech aktu\u00e1ln\u011b prob\u00edhaj\u00ed, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 20,8\u00a0% (<em>obr.\u00a01<\/em>). V\u00a0plo\u0161n\u00e9m vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed pro\u0161lo procesem pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav 139,32\u2008km<sup>2<\/sup> plochy, tedy zhruba 17,7\u00a0% plochy povod\u00ed. Proto\u017ee je proces KoP\u00da zam\u011b\u0159en na\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 plochy, je tedy t\u0159eba se zab\u00fdvat zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi plochami, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u00a0povod\u00ed Litavy na\u00a0necel\u00fdch 57\u00a0% (447,18\u2008km2), z\u00a0toho pro\u0161lo procesem KoP\u00da t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 23\u00a0% (101,29\u2008km<sup>2<\/sup>) zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch ploch [6].<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-1314];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"385\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1222 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-2.jpg\" alt=\"uhrova-2\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-2-300x144.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/385;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a02. \u010casov\u00fd trend po\u010dtu ukon\u010den\u00fdch KoP\u00da v\u00a0povod\u00ed Litavy<br \/>\nFig. 2. Time\u00ad\u2011trend in the number of completed land consolidations in the Litava basin<\/h6>\n<p>Z\u00a0\u010dasov\u00e9ho trendu z\u00edskan\u00fdch dokumentac\u00ed KoP\u00da pro povod\u00ed Litavy (<em>obr.\u00a02<\/em>) byl zaznamen\u00e1n nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det ukon\u010den\u00fdch komplexn\u00edch pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav v\u00a0povod\u00ed v\u00a0letech 2003\u20132005, a\u00a0to p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u00a0okresech Vy\u0161kov a\u00a0Brno\u00ad\u2011venkov. Pod\u00edl \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b ukon\u010den\u00fdch KoP\u00da v\u00a0povod\u00ed v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch okresech uv\u00e1d\u00ed <em>obr.\u00a03<\/em>.<\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-3.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-1314];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"448\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1223 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-3.jpg\" alt=\"uhrova-3\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-3-300x168.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/448;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr.\u00a03. Po\u010dty ukon\u010den\u00fdch KoP\u00da na\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch pobo\u010dk\u00e1ch SP\u00da<br \/>\nFig. 3. Numbers of completed land consolidations in each branch of the State Land Office<\/h6>\n<h2>Skladba prvk\u016f pl\u00e1nu spole\u010dn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Vyhodnocen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch prvk\u016f zaznamenan\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u016f spole\u010dn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vznikl\u00fdch p\u0159i KoP\u00da bylo provedeno na\u00a0z\u00e1klad\u011b dat poskytnut\u00fdch St\u00e1tn\u00edm pozemkov\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159adem. Po\u010det identifikovan\u00fdch prvk\u016f v\u00fd\u0161e popsanou vektorizac\u00ed i\u00a0jejich plo\u0161nou v\u00fdm\u011bru ukazuje <em>tabulka 1<\/em>, kde jsou zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1ny i\u00a0prvky z\u00a0pr\u00e1v\u011b prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch KoP\u00da.<\/p>\n<p>Po\u010dty prvk\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed bylo velice obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit, zejm\u00e9na proto, \u017ee z\u00e1sadn\u00edm krit\u00e9riem pro z\u00e1kres dan\u00e9ho prvku PSZ bylo jeho parceln\u00ed vymezen\u00ed, a\u00a0ne v\u017edy je spln\u011bna podm\u00ednka 1 prvek = 1 parcela. Zejm\u00e9na u\u00a0prvk\u016f \u00fazemn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu ekologick\u00e9 stability (\u00daSES), kde biocentra zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed velkou plochu v\u00a0\u0159\u00e1du a\u017e n\u011bkolika des\u00edtek hektar\u016f a\u00a0biokoridory dosahuj\u00ed d\u00e9lky n\u011bkolika kilometr\u016f a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 prot\u00ednaj\u00ed ostatn\u00ed prvky PSZ, nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd prvek m\u011bl pouze jednu parcelu. Nastaly tak\u00e9 situace, kdy nebyla DKM k\u00a0dispozici\u00a0\u2013 jednalo se o\u00a0nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed projekty KoP\u00da, kter\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b nebyly digit\u00e1ln\u011b zakresleny do\u00a0katastr\u00e1ln\u00ed mapy. Podle anal\u00fdzy zhruba jedna t\u0159etina navr\u017een\u00fdch prvk\u016f nem\u00e1 parceln\u00ed vymezen\u00ed, jedn\u00e1 se zejm\u00e9na o\u00a0prvky \u00daSES. Po\u010dty jsou tedy pouze orienta\u010dn\u00ed. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vypov\u00eddac\u00ed hodnotu m\u00e1 proto plo\u0161n\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bra prvk\u016f. V\u00a0tabulce jsou rozli\u0161eny prvky \u201est\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c\u00a0\u2013 prvky, kter\u00e9 byly zji\u0161t\u011bny v\u00a0r\u00e1mci anal\u00fdzy sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho stavu a\u00a0v\u00a0z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed se nach\u00e1zely p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm KoP\u00da, prvky \u201enavr\u017een\u00e9\u201c\u00a0\u2013 prvky, kter\u00e9 byly navr\u017een\u00e9 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci KoP\u00da a\u00a0\u201enespecifikov\u00e1no\u201c\u00a0\u2013 prvky, jejich\u017e stav nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ze z\u00edskan\u00fdch dat vy\u010d\u00edst.<\/p>\n<h5>Tabulka 1. Sumarizace prvk\u016f pl\u00e1nu spole\u010dn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed z\u00a0podklad\u016f KoP\u00da<br \/>\nTable 1. Sumarization of plans of collective equipment from completeted land consolidations<\/h5>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-tabulka-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-1314];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"906\" height=\"641\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1225 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-tabulka-1.jpg\" alt=\"uhrova-tabulka-1\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-tabulka-1.jpg 906w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-tabulka-1-300x212.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 906px) 100vw, 906px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 906px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 906\/641;\" \/><\/a>\n<p>Mezi nej\u010dast\u011bji navrhovan\u00e9 prvky pat\u0159\u00ed bezesporu opat\u0159en\u00ed slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed ke\u00a0zp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bn\u00ed pozemk\u016f\u00a0\u2013 poln\u00ed cesty. Poln\u00ed cesty byly navr\u017eeny ve\u00a0v\u0161ech k. \u00fa., kde byly zpracov\u00e1ny KoP\u00da. Celkov\u011b se jednalo o\u00a0roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed cestn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b asi o\u00a0331 poln\u00edch cest o\u00a0celkov\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011b\u0159e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 85\u2008ha, z\u00a0nich\u017e bylo 53 navrhovan\u00fdch jako hlavn\u00edch a\u00a0278 vedlej\u0161\u00edch \u010di dopl\u0148kov\u00fdch. V\u00a0t\u0159iceti katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00edch se tak v\u00a0r\u00e1mci KoP\u00da r\u016fznou m\u011brou \u0159e\u0161ilo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 700 poln\u00edch cest zauj\u00edmaj\u00edc\u00edch zhruba 232\u2008ha plochy \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch katastr\u016f obc\u00ed. Cestn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 poln\u00edch cest dotv\u00e1\u0159elo 223 propustk\u016f, z\u00a0nich\u017e je 121 nov\u011b navrhovan\u00fdch. Asi v\u00a053\u00a0% prob\u011bhl\u00fdch KoP\u00da v\u00a0povod\u00ed Litavy byla navr\u017eena technick\u00e1 protierozn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed (TPEO) na\u00a0ochranu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho p\u016fdn\u00edho fondu. Nej\u010dast\u011bji navrhovan\u00fdm ochrann\u00fdm prvkem byly protierozn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkopy v\u00a0po\u010dtu 82 n\u00e1vrh\u016f. Ochrannou protierozn\u00ed funkci, ale i\u00a0funkci ochrany p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdm odtokem z\u00a0plochy povod\u00ed mohou jako druhotnou m\u00edt ale i\u00a0navr\u017een\u00e9 poln\u00ed cesty dopln\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edkopy. Velmi pozitivn\u00edm doprovodn\u00fdm efektem realizace ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed (navr\u017een\u00e9 liniov\u00e9 biotechnick\u00e9 prvky jsou navrhov\u00e1ny s\u00a0doprovodn\u00fdm ozelen\u011bn\u00edm) je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed ekologick\u00e9 stability \u00fazem\u00ed. Opat\u0159en\u00ed ur\u010den\u00e1 v\u00fdhradn\u011b ke\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed ekologick\u00e9 stability krajiny na\u00a0ploch\u00e1ch \u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch v\u00a0ukon\u010den\u00fdch KoP\u00da zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed rozlohu asi 1\u2009023\u2008ha. Hydrologick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0podob\u011b such\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed nebo n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed se st\u00e1l\u00fdm nadr\u017een\u00edm se v\u00a0projektech na\u00a0sledovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed objevuj\u00ed v\u00a0po\u010dtu 25, z\u00a0toho jde u\u00a0dev\u00edti n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed o\u00a0nov\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhy.<\/p>\n<p>Opat\u0159en\u00ed jako jsou plo\u0161n\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed proti vodn\u00ed erozi (organiza\u010dn\u00ed, agrotechnick\u00e1\u00a0apod.) nebo odvodn\u011bn\u00e9 plochy (meliorace) v\u011bt\u0161inou parceln\u00ed vymezen\u00ed nemaj\u00ed, v\u00fdjimku mohou tvo\u0159it trval\u00e9 travn\u00ed porosty (TTP), kter\u00e9 znamenaj\u00ed zm\u011bny druhu pozemku. Stanoven\u00ed po\u010dt\u016f t\u011bchto opat\u0159en\u00ed nem\u00e1 tedy dostate\u010dnou vypov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed hodnotu, vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je jejich plo\u0161n\u00e9 vymezen\u00ed (<em>tabulka 2<\/em>). Ochrann\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed plo\u0161n\u00e9ho typu na\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pozemc\u00edch zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed dle z\u00edskan\u00fdch podklad\u016f celkovou rozlohu t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 2\u2009750\u2008ha.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00a0povodn\u011bmi a\u00a0erozn\u00edmi jevy v\u00a0povod\u00ed, kdy vlivem vznikl\u00e9ho povrchov\u00e9ho odtoku doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0odnosu \u00farodn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti p\u016fdn\u00edho horizontu do\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch poloh, \u010dasto vznikaj\u00ed materi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161kody v\u00a0zastav\u011bn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti obce \u010di dojde k\u00a0\u00fajm\u011b na\u00a0zdrav\u00ed obyvatel [7]. Ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky t\u011bchto povodn\u00ed lze eliminovat vhodn\u011b navr\u017een\u00fdm komplexn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem protipovod\u0148ov\u00fdch a\u00a0protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00fd vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0podrobn\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy erozn\u00edch a\u00a0odtokov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f. \u0158adu vhodn\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed lze realizovat spr\u00e1vnou zem\u011bd\u011blskou prax\u00ed, na\u00a0kterou je v\u00a0r\u00e1mci dota\u010dn\u00ed politiky st\u00e1tu a\u00a0EU kladen st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fraz dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm z\u00e1konn\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed stanoven\u00fdch v\u00a0Kontrole podm\u00edn\u011bnosti (crosscompliance) a\u00a0zejm\u00e9na\u00a0jej\u00edch standard\u016f GAEC. Vymezen\u00e9 standardy hospoda\u0159en\u00ed jsou definov\u00e1ny \u010dlensk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty Evropsk\u00e9 unie v\u00a0souvislosti se zachov\u00e1n\u00edm kvality p\u016fdy, minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de a\u00a0ochrany vody a\u00a0hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0n\u00ed (na\u00a0z\u00e1klad\u011b r\u00e1mce stanoven\u00e9ho v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edloze \u010d.\u00a0III na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Rady (ES) \u010d.\u00a073\/2009). S\u00a0\u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed od\u00a01.\u00a07.\u00a02011 do\u0161lo k\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmu zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00ed podm\u00ednek hospoda\u0159en\u00ed, zem\u011bd\u011blci mus\u00ed chr\u00e1nit i\u00a0tzv.\u00a0m\u00edrn\u011b erozn\u011b ohro\u017een\u00e9 p\u016fdy. Dal\u0161\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed se realizuj\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm komplexn\u00edch pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pak budov\u00e1n\u00edm spole\u010dn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h5>Tabulka 2. V\u00fdm\u011bra ochrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed plo\u0161n\u00e9ho typu<br \/>\nTable 2. Acreage of erosion control measures in the area with soil<\/h5>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-tabulka-2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-1314];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"906\" height=\"272\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1226 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-tabulka-2.jpg\" alt=\"uhrova-tabulka-2\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-tabulka-2.jpg 906w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/uhrova-tabulka-2-300x90.jpg 300w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 906px) 100vw, 906px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 906px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 906\/272;\" \/><\/a>\n<h2>Vyhodnocen\u00ed ohro\u017eenosti \u00fazem\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>V\u00a0povod\u00ed Litavy je v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b podle na\u0161ich anal\u00fdz t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 60\u00a0% zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy potencion\u00e1ln\u011b ohro\u017eeno nadlimitn\u00edm odnosem p\u016fdy. Pokud se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na\u00a0k. \u00fa. s\u00a0ukon\u010den\u00fdmi KoP\u00da, tak v\u00a0t\u011bchto katastrech je zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed plochy pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e je pr\u016fm\u011br v\u00a0cel\u00e9m povod\u00ed Litavy. Obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1no je a\u017e 72\u00a0% ploch katastr\u016f a\u00a0k\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edmu stavu povod\u00ed je v\u00a0k. \u00fa. obc\u00ed s\u00a0ukon\u010den\u00fdmi KoP\u00da st\u00e1le ohro\u017eeno, podle dnes platn\u00fdch limit\u016f v\u00a0\u010cR (4\u2008t\/ha\/rok), a\u017e 57\u00a0% ploch zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 p\u016fdy odnosem p\u016fdy zp\u016fsoben\u00fdm plo\u0161nou eroz\u00ed p\u016fdy.<\/p>\n<p>Je t\u0159eba vz\u00edt v\u00a0\u00favahu, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0stav v\u00a0dob\u011b, kdy nejsou realizov\u00e1ny v\u0161echny navr\u017een\u00e9 protierozn\u00ed prvky. Proto\u017ee ale v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu let trv\u00e1n\u00ed KoP\u00da do\u0161lo k\u00a0v\u00fdvoji zp\u016fsobu stanoven\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch vstupn\u00edch charakteristik pro v\u00fdpo\u010det hodnoty ztr\u00e1ty p\u016fdy i\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e limitn\u00edch odnos\u016f, nebude \u00fazem\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bno ani po\u00a0realizaci v\u0161ech v\u00a0r\u00e1mci KoP\u00da navr\u017een\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bnu p\u0159i stanoven\u00ed erozn\u00edho ohro\u017een\u00ed zaznamenalo nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed hodnoty R faktoru z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edch 20\u2008MJ.ha<sup>-1<\/sup>.cm.h<sup>-1<\/sup> na\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00edch 40\u2008MJ.ha<sup>-1<\/sup>.cm.h<sup>-1<\/sup>, kter\u00e9 tak navy\u0161uje stanovenou erozn\u00ed ohro\u017eenost na\u00a0dvojn\u00e1sobek. Nejen z\u00a0t\u011bchto zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f ani nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dne\u0161n\u00ed stav \u00fazem\u00ed z\u00a0pohledu protierozn\u00ed ochrany vyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed. Je v\u0161ak velice m\u00e1lo pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee ji\u017e prob\u011bhl\u00e9 KoP\u00da budou revidov\u00e1ny a\u00a0dopln\u011bny o\u00a0nov\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhy TPEO, a\u00a0to zejm\u00e9na proto, \u017ee zde jsou ji\u017e vy\u0159e\u0161eny vlastnick\u00e9 vztahy a\u00a0jen t\u011b\u017eko by se vy\u010dle\u0148ovaly nov\u00e9 pozemky pro prvky PSZ. Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed erozn\u00edho smyvu by se v\u0161ak dalo doc\u00edlit dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm vhodn\u00fdch organiza\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0agrotechnick\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>Z\u00e1v\u011br a\u00a0diskuze<\/h2>\n<p>Prvky PSZ analyzovan\u00e9 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku jsou anal\u00fdzou projekt\u016f KoP\u00da. Nejde tedy o\u00a0zaznamen\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech prvk\u016f, kter\u00e9 se dnes skute\u010dn\u011b nach\u00e1zej\u00ed nebo jsou navrhov\u00e1ny v\u00a0oblasti povod\u00ed Litavy.<\/p>\n<p>Celkem 18\u00a0% plochy cel\u00e9 \u010cR (16\u00a0% katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed) pro\u0161lo procesem komplexn\u00edch pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci JMK pro\u0161lo t\u00edmto procesem 27\u00a0% plochy z\u00a0celkov\u00e9 rozlohy kraje (23\u00a0% katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0kraji) a\u00a0v\u00a0povod\u00ed Litavy toto procento \u010din\u00ed jen 17,7\u00a0%. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed procento pokryt\u00ed plochy povod\u00ed KoP\u00da je zp\u016fsobeno zalesn\u011bn\u00edm severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed. P\u0159i zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsky vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 plochy pro\u0161lo v\u00a0povod\u00ed procesem KoP\u00da 23\u00a0% t\u011bchto ploch. S\u00a0ohledem na\u00a0skoro 25let\u00e9 trv\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto procesu se zd\u00e1, \u017ee vidina zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 bl\u00edzkou budoucnost\u00ed. Je t\u0159eba ale br\u00e1t v\u00a0\u00favahu urychlen\u00ed procesu v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech a\u00a0tak\u00e9 jeho st\u00e1le se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed pozitivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0ochran\u011b krajiny.<\/p>\n<p>Ochrana zastav\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed obc\u00ed p\u0159ed dopady zejm\u00e9na povodn\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek a\u00a0s\u00a0nimi souvisej\u00edc\u00ed projevy eroze p\u016fdy jsou dlouho akcentovan\u00fdmi probl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed rozs\u00e1hlou problematiku. Povodn\u011b z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edvalov\u00fdch sr\u00e1\u017eek, kter\u00e9 charakterizuj\u00ed vysok\u00e9 sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 \u00fahrny a\u00a0doby trv\u00e1n\u00ed de\u0161t\u011b do\u00a0180\u00a0minut [8], jsou v\u00a0posledn\u00ed dob\u011b vzhledem k\u00a0\u010dast\u00e9mu v\u00fdskytu v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem. Souvislosti jsou spat\u0159ov\u00e1ny ve\u00a0zm\u011bn\u00e1ch extremit klimatick\u00fdch jev\u016f v\u00a0r\u00e1mci hydrologick\u00e9ho roku, na\u00a0jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b jde o\u00a0neb\u00fdvale such\u00e1 obdob\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdmi teplotami vzduchu a\u00a0nedostatkem sr\u00e1\u017eek, na\u00a0druh\u00e9 stran\u011b jsou zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1ny intenzivn\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eky spadl\u00e9 v\u00a0kr\u00e1tk\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m intervalu. Tyto skute\u010dnosti poukazuj\u00ed na\u00a0pot\u0159ebu nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed protierozn\u00ed ochrany navr\u017een\u00e9 obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v\u00a0za\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch vzniku proces\u016f KoP\u00da.<\/p>\n<p>I\u00a0p\u0159es ukon\u010den\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhy komplexn\u00edch pozemkov\u00fdch \u00faprav je z\u00a0pohledu erozn\u00ed i\u00a0hydrologick\u00e9 ochrany \u00fazem\u00ed nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed samotn\u00e1 realizace navr\u017een\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Tiskov\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho kontroln\u00edho \u00fa\u0159adu ze dne 1.\u00a06.\u00a02015 z\u00a0kontroln\u00ed akce prob\u011bhl\u00e9 na\u00a0Ministerstvu zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, St\u00e1tn\u00edm pozemkov\u00e9m \u00fa\u0159ad\u011b v\u00a0Praze a\u00a0na\u00a0St\u00e1tn\u00edm zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9m interven\u010dn\u00edm fondu v\u00a0Praze v\u00a0r\u00e1mci ji\u017e ukon\u010den\u00e9ho Programu rozvoje venkova \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky na\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2007\u20132013 uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee od\u00a0roku 1995 bylo realizov\u00e1no pouze 9\u00a0% ze v\u0161ech navrhovan\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed. Z\u00a0navrhovan\u00fdch protierozn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed bylo realizov\u00e1no jen 7\u00a0% a\u00a0z\u00a0navrhovan\u00fdch vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed pouze 10\u00a0%. Zde hraje nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed roli financov\u00e1n\u00ed prvk\u016f PSZ, kter\u00e9 v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice, na\u00a0rozd\u00edl od\u00a0okoln\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f, kde jsou opat\u0159en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b hrazena obcemi i\u00a0vlastn\u00edky pozemk\u016f, hrad\u00ed v\u00a0pln\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161i st\u00e1t. V\u00a0letech 2007\u20132014 vynalo\u017eilo MZe na\u00a0pozemkov\u00e9 \u00fapravy z\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f celkem 13 miliard K\u010d [9].<\/p>\n<h3>Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><em>P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek vznikl za\u00a0podpory projektu QJ1520268 Nov\u00e9 postupy optimalizace syst\u00e9m\u016f integrovan\u00e9 ochrany \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0kontextu jejich ekonomick\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnosti \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho v\u00a0r\u00e1mci programu KUS Ministerstva zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed \u010cR.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Under the project New procedures of optimization of integrated protection area systems in the context of their economic sustainability, analysis of plans of collective equipment was done within the complex process of land consolidation based on data from all branches of the State Land Office in the Litava basin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":1224,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[211,209,212,210],"coauthors":[179,180],"class_list":["post-1314","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hydraulics-hydrology-and-hydrogeology","tag-erosion","tag-land-consolidation","tag-litava-basin","tag-plan-of-collective-equipment"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1314","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1314"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1314\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30299,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1314\/revisions\/30299"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1224"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1314"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1314"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1314"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1314"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}