\u00a0<\/em>D\u016fvodem\u00a0litteringu nen\u00ed ani m\u00edstn\u00ed poplatek za popelnice, proto\u017ee odhazov\u00e1n\u00ed drobn\u00e9ho odpadu vznik\u00e1 p\u0159i aktivit\u00e1ch spojen\u00fdch s\u00a0pohybem na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm prostranstv\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e op\u011bt doch\u00e1z\u00edme k\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou odhazov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadk\u016f je pohodl\u00ed ob\u010dan\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed nejsou ochotni odn\u00e9st smet\u00ed do odpadkov\u00e9ho ko\u0161e a\u00a0o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee je za n\u011b na ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m prostranstv\u00ed n\u011bkdo uklid\u00ed.<\/p>\n Littering \u00fazce souvis\u00ed s\u00a0nestandardn\u00edm chov\u00e1n\u00edm ob\u010dan\u016f a\u00a0jeho m\u00edra je ur\u010dov\u00e1na po\u010dtem kus\u016f pohozen\u00e9ho odpadu. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b druhu odpadk\u016f lze ur\u010dit aktivity, p\u0159i nich\u017e se lid\u00e9 dopou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed odhazov\u00e1n\u00ed litteru. Pro porovn\u00e1n\u00ed jsou s\u00a0kapacitou n\u00e1dob na odpadky sledov\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 hmotnost a\u00a0objem pohozen\u00e9ho odpadu.<\/p>\n Intenzita litteringu z\u00e1vis\u00ed na:<\/p>\n Nej\u010dast\u011bji jsou voln\u011b pohazov\u00e1ny drobn\u00e9 odpadky jako cigaretov\u00e9 nedopalky, obaly a\u00a0zbytky j\u00eddla. Ty jsou v\u00a0mal\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed sice m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1padn\u00e9, ale pokud se ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00ed nach\u00e1zej\u00ed mimo odpadkov\u00e9 ko\u0161e, jsou nep\u0159ehl\u00e9dnuteln\u00e9. Zna\u010dn\u00fd vliv na mno\u017estv\u00ed odhozen\u00fdch obal\u016f m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 v\u011bk lid\u00ed; \u010dast\u011bji se tohoto chov\u00e1n\u00ed dopou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed mlad\u00ed, svobodn\u00ed lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0man\u017eelsk\u00fdmi p\u00e1ry odhazuj\u00ed odpad v\u00a0mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed intenzit\u011b. Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00fd z\u00e1jem o\u00a0ve\u0159ejn\u00fd po\u0159\u00e1dek maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 turist\u00e9, ti oproti rezident\u016fm dbaj\u00ed na \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 odhazov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadk\u016f do odpadkov\u00fdch ko\u0161\u016f mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b [13, 14]. V\u00a0celkov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku pozitivn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje mno\u017estv\u00ed litteru i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtomnost \u017eeny v\u00a0mu\u017esk\u00e9m kolektivu. D\u00e1le plat\u00ed, \u017ee pokud jsou lid\u00e9 ji\u017e zvykl\u00ed na d\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed nepo\u0159\u00e1dku z\u00a0minulosti, jen obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00e9 n\u00e1vyky a\u00a0je t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed p\u0159im\u011bt je ke zm\u011bn\u011b chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v\u0161echny tyto faktory jsou ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1ny skute\u010dnost\u00ed, \u017ee littering je intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tam, kde je slab\u00fd spole\u010densk\u00fd tlak na udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho po\u0159\u00e1dku a\u00a0kde sch\u00e1zej\u00ed informace o\u00a0jeho n\u00e1sledc\u00edch.<\/p>\n Z\u00a0estetick\u00e9ho hlediska vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed littering nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro st\u00e1l\u00e9 obyvatele dan\u00e9 oblasti, kte\u0159\u00ed pro ni sice nep\u0159edstavuj\u00ed jedin\u00fd zdroj financ\u00ed, ale sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kvality m\u00edsta m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit jejich odliv a\u00a0t\u00edm negativn\u011b ovlivnit stav rozpo\u010dtu obc\u00ed a\u00a0m\u011bst. Neestetick\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed p\u016fsob\u00ed odpudiv\u011b zejm\u00e9na na turisty, pro n\u011b\u017e se tak sni\u017euje atraktivnost nav\u0161t\u011bvovan\u00e9 lokality. V\u00a0krajn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mohou nep\u0159\u00edv\u011btiv\u00e9 reference v\u00a0zahrani\u010d\u00ed v\u00e9st a\u017e k\u00a0poklesu cestovn\u00edho ruchu ve zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 oblasti. Je tedy v\u00a0z\u00e1jmu ka\u017ed\u00e9 obce s\u00a0probl\u00e9mem voln\u011b odhozen\u00e9ho odpadu bojovat [15\u201317].<\/p>\n Littering je negativn\u00edm jevem nejen z\u00a0estetick\u00e9ho hlediska, ale zp\u016fsobuje i\u00a0\u0159adu dal\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f, jako jsou zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f, ucp\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed odtokov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f a\u00a0ohro\u017een\u00ed \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f.<\/p>\n V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice se o\u00a0litteringu p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nemluv\u00ed, t\u0159eba\u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0velice roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd probl\u00e9m, kter\u00fd se v\u00a0lidsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti vyskytuje od sam\u00e9ho jej\u00edho po\u010d\u00e1tku. Lid\u00e9 odhazovali odpad v\u017edy, ale s\u00a0rostouc\u00ed vysp\u011blost\u00ed civilizace se za\u010dal druh odhazovan\u00e9ho odpadu m\u011bnit a\u00a0\u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edce vyvol\u00e1vat probl\u00e9my v\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed [18].<\/p>\n V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice se term\u00edn littering p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1. V\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed legislativ\u011b se vyskytuje ozna\u010den\u00ed uli\u010dn\u00ed smetky, je\u017e lze pova\u017eovat za ekvivalent slova litter. Uli\u010dn\u00ed smetky jsou odpady, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch prostranstv\u00ed, a\u00a0odpady ulo\u017een\u00e9 do uli\u010dn\u00edch ko\u0161\u016f. Ve vyhl\u00e1\u0161ce \u010d. 8\/2021 Sb. o\u00a0Katalogu odpad\u016f1<\/sup> a\u00a0posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed odpad\u016f pat\u0159\u00ed do skupiny komun\u00e1ln\u00edho odpadu.<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00edm pojmem, pod n\u00edm\u017e se skr\u00fdv\u00e1 neleg\u00e1ln\u011b odlo\u017een\u00fd odpad, je \u010dern\u00e1 skl\u00e1dka. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0neleg\u00e1ln\u011b odlo\u017een\u00fd odpad na m\u00edstech, kter\u00e1 k\u00a0tomu nejsou ur\u010dena ze z\u00e1kona. O\u00a0\u010dern\u00e9 skl\u00e1dce mluv\u00edme v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy je odpad ponech\u00e1n vn\u011b kontejneru pro n\u011bj ur\u010den\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n Na ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m prostranstv\u00ed jsou sb\u00edr\u00e1ny i\u00a0exkrementy, je\u017e jsou podle Katalogu odpad\u016f za\u0159azeny do kategorie zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed trus, mo\u010d a\u00a0hn\u016fj. Ve smyslu neleg\u00e1ln\u011b zanechan\u00e9ho odpadu lze na n\u011bj tak\u00e9 pohl\u00ed\u017eet jako na litter. Ve chv\u00edli, kdy se ps\u00ed exkrementy odklid\u00ed spolu se sm\u011bsn\u00fdm uli\u010dn\u00edm odpadem, za\u0159azuj\u00ed se dle Katalogu odpad\u016f do kategorie uli\u010dn\u00ed smetky.<\/p>\n V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice se problematika voln\u011b pohozen\u00e9ho odpadu (litteringu) \u0159e\u0161\u00ed pomoc\u00ed p\u0159enesen\u00e9 pravomoci, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mu spad\u00e1 do p\u016fsobnosti obc\u00ed. Uplatn\u011bn\u00ed zde nach\u00e1z\u00ed tzv. princip subsidiarity, jen\u017e je jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch princip\u016f evropsk\u00e9 legislativy. Jde o\u00a0p\u0159enesen\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f na co nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 a\u00a0co nejbl\u00ed\u017ee ob\u010dan\u016fm.<\/p>\n Problematika voln\u011b pohozen\u00e9ho odpadu je v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice upravena z\u00e1konem \u010d. 541\/2020 Sb., o\u00a0odpadech. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b z\u00e1kona o\u00a0odpadech jsou zpracov\u00e1ny koncep\u010dn\u00ed dokumenty, kter\u00e9 navrhuj\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed c\u00edle a\u00a0zp\u016fsoby, jak p\u0159edch\u00e1zet vzniku odpadu a\u00a0jak s\u00a0n\u00edm zach\u00e1zet. V\u00a0z\u00e1kon\u011b o\u00a0odpadech je odpad popisov\u00e1n jako movit\u00e1 v\u011bc, j\u00ed\u017e se osoba zbavuje \u010di m\u00e1 \u00famysl nebo povinnost se j\u00ed zbavit. Povinnost\u00ed p\u016fvodce odpadu je nakl\u00e1dat s\u00a0n\u00edm pouze zp\u016fsobem stanoven\u00fdm t\u00edmto z\u00e1konem a\u00a0jin\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vn\u00edmi p\u0159edpisy vydan\u00fdmi na ochranu \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a\u00a0zdrav\u00ed lid\u00ed pro dan\u00fd druh a\u00a0kategorii odpadu. Nepodnikaj\u00edc\u00ed fyzick\u00e1 osoba m\u016f\u017ee sv\u016fj odpad p\u0159edat podle\u00a0\u00a7 59\u00a0obci, a\u00a0to na m\u00edstech obc\u00ed ur\u010den\u00fdch. Obec je povinna vymezit a\u00a0ur\u010dit m\u00edsta, kter\u00e1 budou slou\u017eit k\u00a0odkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed komun\u00e1ln\u00edho odpadu, a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u00e1 informovat obyvatele o\u00a0povinnosti komun\u00e1ln\u00ed odpad na tato m\u00edsta odkl\u00e1dat. Informov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatel prob\u00edh\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad pomoc\u00ed obecn\u00ed vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky.<\/p>\n Z\u00e1kon \u010d. 477\/2001 Sb., o\u00a0obalech m\u00e1\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0legislativn\u00edmi p\u0159edpisy Evropsk\u00e9 unie\u00a0\u2013 za \u00fakol chr\u00e1nit \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159edch\u00e1zen\u00edm vzniku odpadu z\u00a0obal\u016f, a\u00a0to sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm jejich hmotnosti, objemu, \u0161kodlivosti a\u00a0obsahu chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Obalem se rozum\u00ed jak\u00fdkoli v\u00fdrobek zhotoven\u00fd z\u00a0materi\u00e1lu libovoln\u00e9 povahy ur\u010den\u00fd k\u00a0ochran\u011b, manipulaci, dod\u00e1vce, pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b prezentaci v\u00fdrobku, kter\u00fd je ur\u010den spot\u0159ebiteli nebo jin\u00e9mu koncov\u00e9mu u\u017eivateli. Subjekt, jen\u017e uv\u00e1d\u00ed obal na trh, je povinen zajistit, aby hmotnost a\u00a0objem obalu byly co nejmen\u0161\u00ed p\u0159i dodr\u017een\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016f kladen\u00fdch na zabalen\u00fd v\u00fdrobek a\u00a0p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed jeho p\u0159ijatelnosti pro spot\u0159ebitele nebo koncov\u00e9ho u\u017eivatele, a\u00a0to z\u00e1rove\u0148 se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed odpadu z\u00a0obal\u016f, kter\u00e9 bude nezbytn\u00e9 odstranit.<\/p>\n N\u00e1klady obc\u00ed na odpadov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed v\u00a0posledn\u00edch letech rostou. Jeliko\u017e sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed celkov\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f jsou i\u00a0n\u00e1klady spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0litteringem a\u00a0\u010dern\u00fdmi skl\u00e1dkami, jsou obce nuceny neust\u00e1le zdokonalovat syst\u00e9m sb\u011bru odpadu a\u00a0navy\u0161ovat v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0n\u00e1r\u016fstem litteringu po\u010det odpadkov\u00fdch ko\u0161\u016f. V\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed tabulce jsou uvedeny n\u00e1klady, je\u017e obce vynakl\u00e1daly na celkov\u00e9 hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0odpady, a\u00a0n\u00e1klady, kter\u00e9 byly vynalo\u017eeny na \u00fadr\u017ebu a\u00a0svoz odpadkov\u00fdch ko\u0161\u016f.<\/p>\n Za zobrazen\u00e9 obdob\u00ed jsou n\u00e1klady spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0\u00fadr\u017ebou odpadkov\u00fdch ko\u0161\u016f na \u00farovni cca 4 %, co\u017e je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 400 mil. korun z\u00a0rozpo\u010dtu obc\u00ed v\u00a0\u010cR v\u00a0roce 2012. Do n\u00e1klad\u016f spojen\u00fdch s\u00a0litteringem mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zahrnuto i\u00a0zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed obyvatel\u016fm, kter\u00e9 vych\u00e1zelo na cca 7 K\u010d na obyvatele za rok; posledn\u00ed polo\u017ekou v\u00a0boji proti litteringu jsou samotn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na \u00faklid prostranstv\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho voln\u011b pohozen\u00fdm odpadem, je\u017e \u010dinily cca 75 K\u010d na obyvatele za rok, co\u017e dohromady tvo\u0159ilo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 13 % celkov\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f vynalo\u017een\u00fdch na odpadov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.<\/p>\n P\u0159i pohledu na celkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0odpady je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee pokud obce dopl\u00e1cej\u00ed z\u00a0vlastn\u00edch zdroj\u016f p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 30 % ro\u010dn\u011b na boj s\u00a0odpadem, zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd 13% pod\u00edl litteringu na t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1stce nen\u00ed zanedbateln\u00fd. Tato \u010d\u00e1stka spolu s\u00a0n\u00e1klady na odstran\u011bn\u00ed \u010dern\u00fdch skl\u00e1dek (viz tab. 4<\/em>) by mohla b\u00fdt efektivn\u011bji vynalo\u017eena nap\u0159\u00edklad na obnovu st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho invent\u00e1\u0159e, svozov\u00e9 techniky, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed slu\u017eeb odpadov\u00e9 obslu\u017enosti obce apod.<\/p>\n V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se obec rozhodne \u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9m s\u00a0litteringem, m\u016f\u017ee se s\u00a0pomoc\u00ed n\u011bkolika n\u00e1stroj\u016f pokusit zm\u011bnit chov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatel a\u00a0n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f problematick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed. N\u00e1stroje, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee vyu\u017e\u00edt, se daj\u00ed rozd\u011blit do n\u011bkolika skupin podle toho, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se sna\u017e\u00ed zm\u011bnit chov\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatel. Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny jsou n\u00e1stroje ekonomick\u00e9, administrativn\u00ed, dobrovoln\u00e9 a\u00a0informa\u010dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n Ekonomick\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje mohou napravit situaci, v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e tr\u017en\u00ed procesy nep\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed uspokojiv\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky. St\u00e1t se pomoc\u00ed t\u011bchto n\u00e1stroj\u016f sna\u017e\u00ed zastoupit tr\u017en\u00ed nab\u00eddku v\u00a0podob\u011b ceny a\u00a0t\u00edm doc\u00edlit optim\u00e1ln\u00ed situace. K\u00a0dispozici jsou environment\u00e1ln\u00ed dan\u011b, poplatky a\u00a0subvence.<\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak lze sn\u00ed\u017eit v\u00fdskyt litteringu, je pou\u017e\u00edvat obaly z\u00a0rozlo\u017eiteln\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, co\u017e je \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed i\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na fakt, \u017ee 10 % obal\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 odlo\u017eeno v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. K\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu rozkladu tam dojde za 300 i\u00a0v\u00edce let a\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 obaly jsou v\u00a0ter\u00e9nu nerozlo\u017eiteln\u00e9. Jako dal\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed se je\u0161t\u011b ned\u00e1vno nab\u00edzelo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tzv. oxo-plast\u016f, kter\u00e9 by se v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b rozlo\u017eily d\u00edky p\u016fsoben\u00ed ultrafialov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0mechanick\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byly oxo-plasty spolu s\u00a0ostatn\u00edmi jednor\u00e1zov\u00fdmi plasty od roku 2021 zak\u00e1z\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n C\u00edlem osv\u011bty by m\u011blo b\u00fdt zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pov\u011bdom\u00ed ob\u010dan\u016f o\u00a0tom, \u017ee odhazov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadu v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b nebo na ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m prostranstv\u00ed je nep\u0159ijateln\u00e9. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee je t\u0159eba osv\u011btou dos\u00e1hnout zm\u011bny chov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00e9 ze skupin ob\u010dan\u016f, je nutn\u00e9 tuto probl\u00e9movou skupinu nejd\u0159\u00edve identifikovat. Po jej\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 identifikaci m\u016f\u017eeme ur\u010dit, kter\u00fd zp\u016fsob bude nejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. K\u00a0tomu, abychom dok\u00e1zali ovlivnit c\u00edlovou skupinu, je t\u0159eba vzbudit jej\u00ed pozornost. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b neefektivn\u00ed osv\u011btov\u00e9 kampan\u011b lze p\u0159istoupit k\u00a0ud\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edch postih\u016f. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00a7\u00a05\u00a0z\u00e1kona \u010d. 251\/2016 Sb2<\/sup>., o\u00a0p\u0159estupc\u00edch, je mo\u017en\u00e9 stanovit v\u00fd\u0161i pokuty a\u017e 20\u00a0000 K\u010d, a\u00a0to za zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho prostranstv\u00ed, ve\u0159ejn\u011b p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9ho objektu nebo ve\u0159ejn\u011b prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u010di v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b zanedb\u00e1n\u00ed \u00faklidu ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho prostranstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice lze vyu\u017e\u00edt poplatek za ulo\u017een\u00ed odpadu na skl\u00e1dku, m\u00edstn\u00ed poplatek za provoz syst\u00e9mu shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed, sb\u011bru, p\u0159epravy, t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed, vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpad\u016f, d\u00e1le poplatek za komun\u00e1ln\u00ed odpad, poplatek na podporu sb\u011bru, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, vyu\u017eit\u00ed a\u00a0odstran\u011bn\u00ed autovrak\u016f, registra\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0eviden\u010dn\u00ed poplatky dle z\u00e1kona o\u00a0obalech. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b litteringu p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0\u00favahu pouze syst\u00e9m z\u00e1loh na obaly a\u00a0materi\u00e1ly. V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice funguje tento syst\u00e9m u\u00a0sklen\u011bn\u00fdch obal\u016f. O\u00a0jeho roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed na dal\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1pojov\u00e9 obaly se sna\u017e\u00ed projekt Z\u00e1lohujme.cz. N\u00e1zory na m\u00edru vlivu t\u011bchto iniciativ na\u00a0rozsah litteringu se r\u016fzn\u00ed [10, 21].<\/p>\n V\u00a0problematice litteringu lze sd\u00edlet a\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edvat informace z\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch vysp\u011bl\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Zku\u0161enosti ze zahrani\u010d\u00ed ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee nejv\u00edce vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje jsou dobrovoln\u00e9, ekonomick\u00e9 a\u00a0v\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e sankce. Vzhledem k\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dku na ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m prostranstv\u00ed je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 toto chov\u00e1n\u00ed postihovat, proto\u017ee po\u010det lid\u00ed vyhrazen\u00fdch ke kontrole jeho dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed je v\u017edy nedostate\u010dn\u00fd.<\/p>\n Na z\u00e1klad\u011b zku\u0161enost\u00ed z\u00a0USA je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee kampan\u011b, je\u017e by m\u011bly slou\u017eit ke vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed lid\u00ed v\u00a0oblasti problematiky litteringu, maj\u00ed jen mal\u00fd v\u00fdsledn\u00fd efekt. Jako \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed se uk\u00e1zala finan\u010dn\u00ed motivace, na kterou reaguje pozitivn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161ina populace. Coby \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed voln\u011b pohozen\u00fdch odpad\u016f se v\u00a0USA nejv\u00edce osv\u011bd\u010dil z\u00e1lohovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m pro jednor\u00e1zov\u00e9 obaly. D\u00edky z\u00e1lohovac\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu nastalo v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed pohozen\u00e9ho litteru. Mno\u017estv\u00ed n\u00e1pojov\u00fdch obal\u016f se zmen\u0161ilo o\u00a070 a\u017e 84 % a\u00a0celkov\u011b se littering sn\u00ed\u017eil o\u00a034 a\u017e 47 %.<\/p>\n Syst\u00e9m z\u00e1lohov\u00e1n\u00ed vybran\u00fdch n\u00e1pojov\u00fdch obal\u016f je zaveden ve v\u00edce ne\u017e 30\u00a0st\u00e1tech sv\u011bta a\u00a0v\u00a0USA je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n v\u00a011 st\u00e1tech. Tento syst\u00e9m nem\u00e1 negativn\u00ed dopad na cenu n\u00e1poj\u016f. Celkov\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0recyklaci p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 500 obal\u016f na obyvatele za rok. \u00da\u010dinnost tohoto syst\u00e9mu je patrn\u00e1, pokud porovn\u00e1me v\u00fdsledky se st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 obaly nez\u00e1lohuj\u00ed. Ty recykluj\u00ed pouze 191 obal\u016f na obyvatele za rok [22].<\/p>\n Littering je celosv\u011btov\u00fd probl\u00e9m, a\u00a0to nejen ekologick\u00fd a\u00a0estetick\u00fd, ale i\u00a0ekonomick\u00fd. Negativn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje turistickou p\u0159ita\u017elivost a\u00a0kvalitu \u017eivota rezident\u016f m\u00edst zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch odpadky. Sni\u017euje cenu nemovitost\u00ed a\u00a0v\u00a0kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku n\u00e1klady na jeho odstran\u011bn\u00ed zaplat\u00edme my v\u0161ichni v\u00a0podob\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch poplatk\u016f za odvoz odpad\u016f. Proto bychom k\u00a0jeho p\u0159edch\u00e1zen\u00ed ani \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nem\u011bli b\u00fdt lhostejn\u00ed.<\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek byl\u00a0podpo\u0159en z\u00a0Institucion\u00e1ln\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f na rozvoj v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 organizace\u00a0\u2013 V\u00daV TGM, v. v. i. v\u00a0r\u00e1mci intern\u00edho grantu \u010d. 3600.52.22\/2020.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author. \u00davod P\u0159i nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0odpady a\u00a0\u00fadr\u017eb\u011b ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch ploch zainteresovan\u00e9 strany \u010del\u00ed probl\u00e9mu v\u00fdskytu litteringu. Littering je popisov\u00e1n jako ekologick\u00fd, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0estetick\u00fd probl\u00e9m, ale m\u00e1lokdy je zmi\u0148ov\u00e1n i\u00a0jeho ekonomick\u00fd dopad. Uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si rozsahu jeho vlivu je prvn\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm… Read more »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":12375,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[90],"tags":[2489,1484,1623,2321],"coauthors":[334,2765,1586],"class_list":["post-13137","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-waste-management","tag-littering","tag-tgm-wri","tag-waste-management","tag-waste-treatment"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13137","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13137"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13137\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30624,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13137\/revisions\/30624"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12375"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13137"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13137"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13137"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=13137"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Volosinova-tabulka-1.jpg\")
<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n
Tab. 2. Vazba mezi napln\u011bnost\u00ed ko\u0161\u016f, jejich volnou kapacitou a\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00edm pohozen\u00fdch odpad\u016f [11]<\/em><\/h5>\n
<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\u00a0<\/em>Jak na jev litteringu reaguje legislativa \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky?<\/h2>\n
N\u00e1klady spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0litteringem a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edklady \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed tohoto fenom\u00e9nu<\/h2>\n
Tab. 3. V\u00fdvoj celkov\u00fdch n\u00e1klad\u016f na hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0komun\u00e1ln\u00edm odpadem a\u00a0v\u00fdvoj n\u00e1klad\u016f na odpadkov\u00e9 ko\u0161e v\u00a0obc\u00edch v\u00a0letech 2003\u20132012 (K\u010d\/obyvatel\/rok) <\/em><\/h5>\n
<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\u00a0<\/em>Tab. 4. N\u00e1klady odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed v\u00a0obc\u00edch v\u00a0letech 2004\u20132018 (K\u010d\/obyvatel\/rok) [19] <\/em><\/h5>\n
<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\u00a0<\/em>Tab. 5. Rozd\u011blen\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f na podporu odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed [20]<\/em><\/h5>\n
<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\nTab. 6. M\u00edra sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed litteringu na z\u00e1klad\u011b z\u00e1lohovac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu [22]<\/em><\/h5>\n
<\/a>\nZ\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n