{"id":1309,"date":"2015-12-10T14:57:22","date_gmt":"2015-12-10T14:57:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=1309"},"modified":"2024-07-16T10:15:48","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T09:15:48","slug":"quality-of-sludges-and-wastes-from-household-and-small-wastewater-treatment-plants-and-their-utilization-in-agriculture-management","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2015\/12\/quality-of-sludges-and-wastes-from-household-and-small-wastewater-treatment-plants-and-their-utilization-in-agriculture-management\/","title":{"rendered":"Quality of sludges and wastes from household and small wastewater treatment plants and their utilization in agriculture management"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

Souhrn<\/h2>\n

C\u00edlem \u010dl\u00e1nku je p\u0159edstavit d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projekt\u016f TA02020128 a\u00a0TA02021032. Tyto \u010d\u00e1sti \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed zpracov\u00e1valy problematiku kvality kal\u016f a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch odpad\u016f z\u00a0domovn\u00edch a\u00a0mal\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren (do\u00a0p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1\u2009000 EO) vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch aktiva\u010dn\u00ed, anaerobn\u00ed a\u00a0extenzivn\u00ed (tzv.\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed, nebo tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9) procesy \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed i\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny s\u00a0vertik\u00e1ln\u00edmi nebo horizont\u00e1ln\u00edmi filtry a\u00a0stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Tyto \u010dist\u00edrny se uplat\u0148uj\u00ed pro \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpadn\u00edch vod tak\u00e9 v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice, a\u00a0to pro zdroje velikosti od\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch dom\u016f a\u017e po\u00a0obce do\u00a02\u2009000 EO. V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce zahrnovaly monitoring, vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0anal\u00fdzy kal\u016f r\u016fzn\u011b odvodn\u011bn\u00fdch a\u00a0stabilizovan\u00fdch. D\u00e1le monitoring a\u00a0anal\u00fdzy ostatn\u00edch odpad\u016f produkovan\u00fdch na\u00a0sledovan\u00fdch \u010cOV, z\u00a0objekt\u016f mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f (vegetace makrofyt, filtra\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l kolmatovan\u00fd kalem) a\u00a0ze stabiliza\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed (sedimenty, vegetace makrofyt). Prezentov\u00e1ny jsou v\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdz vzork\u016f kal\u016f a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f z\u00a0n\u011bkolika \u010cOV velikosti do\u00a0p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 800 EO z\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2006 a\u017e 2014 a\u00a0v\u00fdsledky pokusn\u00e9ho kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto materi\u00e1l\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n

C\u00edlem \u010dl\u00e1nku je p\u0159edstavit d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projekt\u016f TA02020128 a\u00a0TA02021032 (informace o\u00a0projektech jsou dostupn\u00e9 na\u00a0webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch nap\u0159.\u00a0www.vuv.cz). Prezentovan\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 problematiku kvality kal\u016f a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch odpad\u016f z\u00a0domovn\u00edch a\u00a0mal\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren (do\u00a0p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1\u2009000 EO) vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch aktiva\u010dn\u00ed, anaerobn\u00ed a\u00a0extenzivn\u00ed (tzv.\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed nebo tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9) procesy \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed i\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny s\u00a0vertik\u00e1ln\u00edmi nebo horizont\u00e1ln\u00edmi filtry a\u00a0stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee. Tyto \u010dist\u00edrny se uplat\u0148uj\u00ed pro \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpadn\u00edch vod tak\u00e9 v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice, a\u00a0to pro zdroje velikosti od\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch dom\u016f a\u017e po\u00a0obce do\u00a02\u2009000 EO. Prezentov\u00e1ny jsou v\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdz vzork\u016f kal\u016f a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f z\u00a0\u010cOV z\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2006 a\u017e 2014 a\u00a0v\u00fdsledky pokusn\u00e9ho kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto materi\u00e1l\u016f.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed kalu ke\u00a0hnojen\u00ed p\u016fdy je t\u0159eba v\u011bnovat pozornost mo\u017en\u00e9 kontaminaci p\u016fdy, podzemn\u00ed, pop\u0159.\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 vody a\u00a0ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Vylou\u010den\u00ed kontaminace p\u016fdy a\u00a0rostlin na\u00a0n\u00ed p\u011bstovan\u00fdch lze dos\u00e1hnout dodr\u017een\u00edm koncentra\u010dn\u00edch limit\u016f kontaminuj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0kalu. V\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice je v\u00a0platnosti vyhl\u00e1\u0161ka \u010d.\u00a0382\/2001 Sb., kde vedle technick\u00fdch a\u00a0organiza\u010dn\u00edch podm\u00ednek aplikace jsou vymezeny kvalitativn\u00ed ukazatele, jejich\u017e dodr\u017een\u00ed je nezbytn\u00e9 pro eliminov\u00e1n\u00ed negativn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f kalu vlivem p\u0159\u00edtomnosti kontaminant\u016f. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm ukazatelem pro p\u0159\u00edpadnou aplikaci, zejm\u00e9na kv\u016fli okam\u017eit\u00e9 mo\u017enosti kontaminace, je mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace kal\u016f. Proto jsou zm\u00edn\u011bnou vyhl\u00e1\u0161kou stanoveny i\u00a0dv\u011b kategorie kal\u016f z\u00a0hlediska jejich mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace a\u00a0pou\u017eitelnosti v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 pro zem\u011bd\u011blskou aplikaci jsou jen stabilizovan\u00e9 kaly.<\/p>\n\"rozkosny-1\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a01. Pohled na\u00a0jednotliv\u00e9 sekce anaerobn\u011b\u00ad\u2011aerobn\u00edch \u010cOV (vlevo pro 5 EO, vpravo pro 200 EO)
\nFig. 1. View of individual sections of anaerobic\u00ad\u2011aerobic WWTP (left WWTP 5 p.\u00a0e., right WWTP 200 p.\u00a0e.)<\/h6>\n

Stabilizace kal\u016f, anaerobn\u00ed i\u00a0aerobn\u00ed, vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0technick\u00fdch parametr\u016f p\u0159i tomto zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 u\u00a0anaerobn\u00ed stabilizace z\u00a0doby zdr\u017een\u00ed kalu ve\u00a0fermentoru a\u00a0teploty, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e technick\u00fd stupe\u0148 vyhnit\u00ed lze hodnotit z\u00a0\u00fabytku organick\u00e9 hmoty. Je v\u0161eobecn\u011b zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee hygienick\u00e9 vlastnosti kalu se jeho stabilizac\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b zlep\u0161uj\u00ed, p\u0159esto v\u0161ak ani dokonale stabilizovan\u00fd kal nen\u00ed materi\u00e1lem zcela nez\u00e1vadn\u00fdm [1]. Na\u00a0\u00farovni Evropsk\u00e9 unie je platn\u00e1 sm\u011brnice pro pou\u017eit\u00ed kal\u016f v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed [2]. Z\u00a0hlediska procesu hygienizace pat\u0159\u00ed mezi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy technick\u00e1 norma TNV 758090 [3].<\/p>\n

Metodika<\/h2>\n

V\u00a0obdob\u00ed 2006 a\u017e 2014 prob\u011bhlo vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed kal\u016f objekt\u016f mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed extenzivn\u00edch (ko\u0159enov\u00fdch) \u010cOV, sediment\u016f do\u010di\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed extenzivn\u00edch \u010cOV, kolmatovan\u00fdch filtra\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f a\u00a0biomasy makrofyt.<\/p>\n

Z\u00a0extenzivn\u00edch \u010cOV byly sledov\u00e1ny dv\u011b domovn\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny, projektovan\u00e9 pro zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed 4 EO a\u00a020 EO, a\u00a0dv\u011b komun\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dist\u00edrny s\u00a0projektov\u00fdm zat\u00ed\u017een\u00edm 200 a\u00a0800 EO, napojen\u00e9 na\u00a0jednotn\u00e9 kanaliza\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b [4].<\/p>\n\"rozkosny-2\"<\/a>\n

Obr.\u00a02. \u0160t\u011brbinov\u00e1 usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e komun\u00e1ln\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010cOV
\nFig. 2. Slot (Imhoff) settling tank used as a\u00a0part of municipal constructed wetland WWTP<\/h6>\n

Technologick\u00e1 linka ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010cOV:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u010cOV 800 EO\u00a0\u2013 \u0161t\u011brbinov\u00e1 n\u00e1dr\u017e (obr.\u00a02<\/em>) jako objekt mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, navazuj\u00edc\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9 filtry horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00a0podpovrchov\u00fdm kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edm proud\u011bn\u00edm a\u00a0do\u010di\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e;<\/li>\n
  2. \u010cOV 200 EO\u00a0\u2013 usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e pod\u00e9lnou prizmatick\u00e9ho tvaru s\u00a0bo\u010dn\u00ed vyhn\u00edvac\u00ed komorou (obr.\u00a03<\/em>), navazuj\u00edc\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9 filtry horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00a0podpovrchov\u00fdm kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edm proud\u011bn\u00edm a\u00a0do\u010di\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e. N\u00e1vrhov\u00e9 parametry jsou obvykl\u00e9 t\u011bmto syst\u00e9m\u016fm [5]. Napojen\u00ed \u010cOV na\u00a0jednotn\u00e9 kanaliza\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b znamen\u00e1 vnos smyv\u016f ze st\u0159e\u0161n\u00edch konstrukc\u00ed, z\u00a0komunikac\u00ed a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch zpevn\u011bn\u00fdch ploch. Tyto smyvy obsahuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed prachu a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch pevn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic a\u00a0mohou b\u00fdt zat\u00ed\u017eeny t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdmi kovy a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi polutanty [6\u20138].<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Technologick\u00e1 linka obou domovn\u00edch ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010cOV zahrnuje biologick\u00fd septik (obr.\u00a04<\/em>) jako objekt mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0navazuj\u00edc\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00fd filtr horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00a0podpovrchov\u00fdm kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edm proud\u011bn\u00edm. Na\u00a0ob\u011b \u010dist\u00edrny jsou napojeny pouze spla\u0161kov\u00e9 vody produkovan\u00e9 \u010dty\u0159mi obyvateli v\u00a0prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b (\u010cOV pro 4 EO) a\u00a0deseti obyvateli ve\u00a0druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b (\u010cOV pro 20 EO).<\/p>\n\"rozkosny-3\"<\/a>\n

    Obr.\u00a03. \u0160t\u011brbinov\u00fd lap\u00e1k p\u00edsku (vlevo) a\u00a0pohled na\u00a0usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e s\u00a0bo\u010dn\u00ed vyhn\u00edvac\u00ed komorou (vpravo) komun\u00e1ln\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010cOV
    \nFig. 3. Slot sand trap (left) and a\u00a0view of settling tank with lateral digestion chamber (right) used as a\u00a0part of municipal constructed wetland WWTP<\/h6>\n

    Druh\u00e1 \u010dist\u00edrna byla dimenzov\u00e1na na\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a\u017e 20 EO, z\u00a0d\u016fvodu v\u00edkendov\u00fdch a\u00a0pr\u00e1zdninov\u00fdch spole\u010densk\u00fdch a\u00a0kulturn\u00edch akc\u00ed v\u00a0are\u00e1lu objektu.\u00a0V\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu TA02021032 byl vyvinut\u00fd inovovan\u00fd septik (obr.\u00a05<\/em>), kter\u00fd byl tak\u00e9 sledov\u00e1n v\u00a0poloprovozn\u00edm re\u017eimu.\u00a0Druhou skupinu sledovan\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren odpadn\u00edch vod tvo\u0159ily \u010dist\u00edrny anaerobn\u011b\u00ad\u2011aerobn\u00ed typu Anacomb s\u00a0n\u00e1vrhov\u00fdm zat\u00ed\u017een\u00edm od\u00a05 EO do\u00a0200 EO\u00a0[9, 10] (obr.\u00a01<\/em>). Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0typ tzv.\u00a0\u201ebalen\u00fdch\u201c (vestavn\u00fdch) \u010dist\u00edren kombinuj\u00edc\u00edch\u00a0sekci \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody v\u00a0anaerobn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch a\u00a0sekci \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vody s\u00a0provzdu\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm, tedy sekci typickou pro aktiva\u010dn\u00ed \u010dist\u00edrny (obr.\u00a01<\/em>).<\/p>\n\"rozkosny-4\"<\/a>\n

    Obr.\u00a04. P\u0159\u00edklad sledovan\u00e9ho biologick\u00e9ho v\u00edcekomorov\u00e9ho septiku domovn\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00e9 \u010cOV\u00a0\u2013 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed na\u00a0pozemku, p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00e9 otvory
    \nFig. 4. An example of multi\u00ad\u2011compartment biological septic tank of a\u00a0household constructed wetland WWTP\u00a0\u2013 situation at the land, access holes<\/h6>\n

    Vzorky kal\u016f byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny \u010dasov\u011b jako bodov\u00e9, ale prostorov\u011b sm\u011bsn\u00e9. Vzorky byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny z\u00a0kalov\u00e9 sekce anaerobn\u00edch a\u00a0aktiva\u010dn\u00edch \u010cOV. U\u00a0extenzivn\u00edch \u010cOV byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny z\u00a0objekt\u016f mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (vyhn\u00edvac\u00edch prostor \u0161t\u011brbinov\u00fdch usazovac\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed, prostor septik\u016f a\u00a0akumula\u010dn\u00edch prostor lap\u00e1k\u016f p\u00edsku). Vzorky sediment\u016f z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 jako \u010dasov\u011b bodov\u00e9, ale prostorov\u011b sm\u011bsn\u00e9, a\u00a0to pomoc\u00ed p\u00edstov\u00e9ho odb\u011br\u00e1ku. Vzorky byly um\u00edst\u011bny do\u00a0vzorkovnice z\u00a0PE a\u00a0v\u00a0chladnu p\u0159epraveny do\u00a0laborato\u0159e. V\u00a0laborato\u0159i byly vzorky homogenizov\u00e1ny, lyofilizov\u00e1ny a\u00a0d\u00e1le zpracov\u00e1ny k\u00a0anal\u00fdz\u00e1m\u00a0\u2013 stanoven\u00ed su\u0161iny, ztr\u00e1ty \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm, makroelementy (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Fe), t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy (tabulka 2 a\u00a04<\/em>), ukazatele mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed fek\u00e1ln\u00ed koliformn\u00ed bakterie a\u00a0enterokoky, obsah dus\u00edku a\u00a0fosforu. Anal\u00fdzy byly prov\u00e1d\u011bny podle akreditovan\u00fdch postup\u016f. Vzorky materi\u00e1lu kolmatovan\u00e9ho unikl\u00fdm kalem byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny z\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f jako \u010dasov\u011b a\u00a0prostorov\u011b bodov\u00e9. Vzorky byly odeb\u00edr\u00e1ny z\u00a0povrchu (vrstva 0\u201310\u2008cm) a\u00a0z\u00a0hloubky (vrstva 30\u201340\u2008cm) v\u017edy v\u00a0hlavn\u00ed \u010dist\u00edc\u00ed z\u00f3n\u011b, mimo rozd\u011blovac\u00ed a\u00a0sb\u011brn\u00e9 z\u00f3ny s\u00a0hrub\u0161\u00edm kamenivem. Pro stanoven\u00ed nutrient\u016f, makroelement\u016f a\u00a0rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f byla separov\u00e1na frakce pod 0,063\u2008mm. Vzorky biomasy byly sb\u00edr\u00e1ny v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b makrofyt kosen\u00edm ze \u010dtverce 0,25\u2009\u00d7\u20090,25\u2008m v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu cel\u00e9ho roku. Po\u00a0odb\u011bru byla biomasa vysu\u0161ena a\u00a0d\u00e1le analyzov\u00e1na.<\/p>\n\"rozkosny-5\"<\/a>\n

    Obr.\u00a05. P\u0159\u00edklad sledovan\u00e9ho biologick\u00e9ho v\u00edcekomorov\u00e9ho septiku vyvinut\u00e9ho v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu TA02021032 Anasep\u00a0\u2013 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed na\u00a0pozemku, pohled do\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch sekc\u00ed b\u011bhem provozu
    \nFig. 5. An example of multi\u00ad\u2011compartment biological septic tank developed within the research project TA02021032 Anasep\u00a0\u2013 situation at the land, view of individual compartments during operation<\/h6>\n

    V\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n

    Vyhodnocen\u00ed vzork\u016f kal\u016f a\u00a0sediment\u016f z\u00a0extenzivn\u00edch (ko\u0159enov\u00fdch) \u010cOV<\/h3>\n

    S\u00a0v\u00fdjimkou jednoho vzorku se zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm obsahem m\u011bdi nebylo v\u00a0cel\u00e9m obdob\u00ed sledov\u00e1n\u00ed 2006 a\u017e 2014 zji\u0161t\u011bno p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed obsahu rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f (t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f) a\u00a0l\u00e1tek (PCB, AOX) z\u00a0hlediska vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0382\/2001 Sb. (limity pro t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy jsou uvedeny v\u00a0tabulce 2<\/em>). Obsah rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f ve\u00a0vzorc\u00edch kal\u016f z\u00a0usazovac\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren byl n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: 5\u20139\u2008mg\/kg As, 0,1\u20130,9\u2008mg\/kg Cd, 32\u201354\u2008mg\/kg Cr, 62\u2013586\u2008mg\/kg Cu, 0,1\u20130,7\u2008mg\/kg Hg, 24\u201336\u2008mg\/kg Ni, 18\u201355\u2008mg\/kg Pb, 165\u20131 120\u2008mg\/kg Zn.\u00a0Rozsah obsahu AOX byl zji\u0161t\u011bn v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 10\u2013152\u2008mg\/kg (limit dle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0382\/2001 Sb. je 500\u2008mg\/kg). Rozsah obsahu PCB byl zji\u0161t\u011bn v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 0,01\u20130,28\u2008mg\/kg (limit dle vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky \u010d.\u00a0382\/2001 Sb. je 0,6\u2008mg\/kg). Ve\u00a0vzorc\u00edch sediment\u016f z\u00a0do\u010di\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed byl zji\u0161t\u011bn men\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl organick\u00fdch spaliteln\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (o\u00a0p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 50 a\u017e 70\u00a0%) ne\u017e v\u00a0kalech z\u00a0p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 je patrn\u00fd \u00fabytek obsahu m\u011bdi, zinku a\u00a0PCB z\u0159ejm\u011b v\u00a0souvislosti s\u00a0jejich dobrou akumulac\u00ed nejen do\u00a0kalu, ale i\u00a0do\u00a0makrofytn\u00ed vegetace ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f [11]. Sediment n\u00e1dr\u017ee za\u00a0\u010cOV pro 200 EO byl v\u00fdrazn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b zat\u00ed\u017een\u00fd ne\u017e sediment z\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ee za\u00a0\u010cOV pro 800 EO. Detailn\u00ed \u00fadaje k\u00a0obsahu rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f obou n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed publikovali Rozko\u0161n\u00fd a\u00a0Sedl\u00e1\u010dek [4]. Anal\u00fdzy mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kal\u016f a\u00a0sediment\u016f (enterokoky, termotolerantn\u00ed koliformn\u00ed bakterie) neprok\u00e1zaly nadlimitn\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, vzorky vyhovovaly limit\u016fm stanoven\u00fdm vyhl\u00e1\u0161kou \u010d.\u00a0382\/2001 Sb. Mno\u017estv\u00ed fek\u00e1ln\u00edch koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno v\u00a0kalech v\u00a0rozp\u011bt\u00ed hodnot 1\u2009\u00d7\u2009103<\/sup>\u20131\u2009\u00d7\u2009105<\/sup> KTJ\/g su\u0161iny. Mno\u017estv\u00ed enterokok\u016f bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 1\u2009\u00d7\u2009105<\/sup>\u20139\u2009\u00d7\u2009105<\/sup> KTJ\/g su\u0161iny. P\u0159\u00edtomnost salmonel nebyla zji\u0161t\u011bna. Ve\u00a0vzorc\u00edch sediment\u016f do\u010di\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee \u010cOV pro 800 EO bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno mno\u017estv\u00ed fek\u00e1ln\u00edch koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 0\u20136\u2009\u00d7\u2009102<\/sup> KTJ\/g su\u0161iny, enterokok\u016f 0\u20131\u2009\u00d7\u2009103<\/sup> KTJ\/g su\u0161iny. Mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace je tedy v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kal\u016f z\u00a0p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0prakticky spl\u0148uje limity I. kategorie kal\u016f podle zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky a\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b t\u011b\u017eby je mo\u017en\u00e9 je aplikovat obecn\u011b na\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 pozemky.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 1. Obsah makroelement\u016f a\u00a0nutrient\u016f ve\u00a0vzorc\u00edch pevn\u00fdch matric anaerobn\u011b\u00ad\u2011aerobn\u00edch \u010cOV Anacomb (hodnoty uvedeny jako: min\u2013max\/pr\u016fm\u011br)
    \nTable 1. Contents of macroelements and nutrients in samples of solid matrices of the anaerobic\u00ad\u2011aerobic WWTPs Anacomb (range of min\u2013max values\/average value of the whole data set)<\/h5>\n    \"rozkosny-tabulka-1\"<\/a>\n

    Vyhodnocen\u00ed vzork\u016f kal\u016f ze septik\u016f domovn\u00edch extenzivn\u00edch (ko\u0159enov\u00fdch) \u010cOV<\/h3>\n

    Obsah rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f ve\u00a0vzorc\u00edch kal\u016f ze septik\u016f domovn\u00edch ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren byl n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: 2\u20134\u2008mg\/kg As, 1\u20131,5\u2008mg\/kg Cd, 8\u201343\u2008mg\/kg Cr, 128\u2013161\u2008mg\/kg Cu, 0,3\u20130,6\u2008mg\/kg Hg, 10\u201328\u2008mg\/kg Ni, 8\u201314\u2008mg\/kg Pb, 550\u20131 100\u2008mg\/kg Zn.\u00a0Vzorky m\u011bly su\u0161inu 3\u20136\u00a0% a\u00a0ztr\u00e1tu \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm 60\u201385\u00a0%. Obsah dus\u00edku byl v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 20\u201330\u2008g\/kg
    \nsu\u0161iny a\u00a0obsah fosforu 5\u201314\u2008g\/kg su\u0161iny. Slo\u017een\u00edm tedy kaly ze septik\u016f prakticky \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed kal\u016f z\u00a0balen\u00fdch \u010cOV kategorie do\u00a010 EO (tabulky 1 a\u00a02<\/em>). Mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nebylo z\u00a0d\u016fvodu finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f provedeno.<\/p>\n

    Vyhodnocen\u00ed vzork\u016f kal\u016f z\u00a0aktiva\u010dn\u00edch a\u00a0anaerobn\u00edch \u010cOV typu Anacomb<\/h3>\n

    Obsahy t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f ve\u00a0v\u0161ech vzorc\u00edch kal\u016f z\u00a0uveden\u00fdch \u010cOV nep\u0159ekra\u010dovaly limitn\u00ed hodnoty stanoven\u00e9 pro vyu\u017eit\u00ed kal\u016f v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed (tabulka 2<\/em>). V\u00fdjimkou byl kal z\u00a0jedn\u00e9 \u010cOV kategorie do\u00a0200 EO s\u00a0nadlimitn\u00edm obsahem zinku (tabulka 2<\/em>).\u00a0Kal z\u00a0jin\u00e9 \u010cOV do\u00a0200 EO se v\u00a0koncentraci zinku bl\u00ed\u017eil stanoven\u00e9mu limitu. Mno\u017estv\u00ed kov\u016f a\u00a0makroelement\u016f v\u00a0kalech se li\u0161ilo tak\u00e9 podle typu vod napojen\u00fdch na\u00a0jednotliv\u00e9 \u010cOV, proto\u017ee do\u00a0\u010d\u00e1sti z\u00a0nich byly napojeny tak\u00e9 men\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 provozovny. U\u00a0kal\u016f \u010cOV kategorie do\u00a010 EO byly zji\u0161t\u011bny men\u0161\u00ed obsahy chromu, arsenu, rtuti, niklu, olova a\u00a0zinku. V\u00a0tabulce 1<\/em> jsou uvedeny obsahy dus\u00edku, fosforu a\u00a0makroelement\u016f. Su\u0161ina kal\u016f a\u00a0obsah spaliteln\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek se u\u00a0obou kategori\u00ed \u010cOV pohybovaly v\u00a0prakticky stejn\u00e9m rozmez\u00ed.\u00a0Oproti kal\u016fm anaerobn\u011b stabilizovan\u00fdm z\u00a0objekt\u016f mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed extenzivn\u00edch \u010cOV obsahovaly kaly v\u0161ech balen\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren kategorie do\u00a010 EO v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed mikroorganism\u016f (ukazatele enterokoky a\u00a0fek\u00e1ln\u00ed koliformn\u00ed bakterie). Mno\u017estv\u00ed fek\u00e1ln\u011b koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed se pohybovalo v\u00a0rozp\u011bt\u00ed 1\u2009\u00d7\u2009105<\/sup>\u20133,7\u2009\u00d7\u2009107<\/sup> KTJ\/g su\u0161iny a\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed enterokok\u016f v\u00a0rozp\u011bt\u00ed\u00a02,5\u2009\u00d7\u200910<\/span>4<\/sup>\u20131,6\u2009\u00d7\u200910<\/span>7<\/sup> KTJ\/g su\u0161iny. Pro p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed kal\u016f v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed by bylo nutn\u00e9 jejich dal\u0161\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, nebo odvoz ke\u00a0zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci kalov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010cOV, co\u017e se u\u00a0v\u0161ech sledovan\u00fdch lokalit prov\u00e1d\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Filtra\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f<\/h3>\n

    Zm\u011bny filtra\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f podrobn\u011b zkoumala nap\u0159.\u00a0Hy\u00e1n-kov\u00e1 [12], \u0160vehla a\u00a0kol. [11], Such\u00fd a\u00a0kol. [13]\u00a0apod. Auto\u0159i uv\u00e1d\u00ed zm\u011bny p\u00f3rovitost a\u00a0hydraulick\u00e9 vodivosti filtra\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f v\u00a0d\u016fsledku kolmatace v\u00a0\u010dase. Procentn\u00ed pod\u00edl kalu v\u00a0su\u0161in\u011b filtra\u010dn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu se pohyboval v\u00a0jednotk\u00e1ch procent. V\u00a0\u010d\u00e1stech ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f n\u011bkolika \u010cOV nejv\u00edce zasa\u017een\u00fdch kolmatac\u00ed byly zji\u0161t\u011bny hodnoty 10 a\u017e 16\u00a0% kalu v\u00a0su\u0161in\u011b materi\u00e1lu. Se vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed od\u00a0n\u00e1toku vod do\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f pod\u00edl kalu klesal, a\u00a0to u\u00a0v\u0161ech \u010cOV sledovan\u00fdch v\u00a0mnoha studi\u00edch v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdmi autory. Tyto poznatky potvrzuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 pr\u016fzkumy filtra\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f \u010cOV Dra\u017eovice, Host\u011bt\u00edn, Myslibo\u0159ice, Ol\u0161\u00ed nad Oslavou a\u00a0Pavl\u00ednov prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 V\u00daV TGM,\u00a0v.v.i., Brno v\u00a0letech 2008 a\u017e 2012. Pod\u00edl spaliteln\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (ztr\u00e1ta \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm) v\u00a0su\u0161in\u011b filtra\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f\u00a0obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch jednotky procent kalu byl zji\u0161t\u011bn do\u00a03\u00a0%. V\u00a0roce 2012 byly odebr\u00e1ny vzorky z\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f \u010cOV Dra\u017eovice pro zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed obsahu nutrient\u016f, makroelement\u016f a\u00a0rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Ztr\u00e1ta \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm vzork\u016f z\u00a0oblasti n\u00e1tokov\u00fdch z\u00f3n \u010dinila 13 a\u017e 19\u00a0%, z\u00a0oblasti odtokov\u00fdch z\u00f3n do\u00a05\u00a0%. Obsah vybran\u00fdch prvk\u016f ve\u00a0frakci pod 0,063\u2008mm byl n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: celkov\u00fd dus\u00edk 19\u201336,4\u2008g\/kg su\u0161iny, celkov\u00fd fosfor 2,5\u20138,5\u2008g\/kg, Na\u00a00,5\u20131,1\u2008g\/kg, K\u00a03\u201310\u2008g\/kg, Ca 19\u201385\u2008g\/kg, Mg 4,9\u20138,6\u2008g\/kg,\u00a0Al 12,6\u201335,2\u2008g\/kg, Fe 8\u201327\u2008g\/kg, Mn 0,27\u20130,37\u2008g\/kg su\u0161iny. Obsah rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f ve\u00a0stejn\u00e9 frakci byl v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch rozmez\u00edch: As 4,9\u20139,9\u2008mg\/kg, Cd 0,5\u20131,1\u2008mg\/kg,\u00a0Cr 20,3\u201395,3\u2008mg\/kg, Cu 123\u2013453\u2008mg\/kg, Hg 0,18\u20130,64\u2008mg\/kg, Ni 26,9\u201337,2\u2008mg\/kg, Pb 13,6\u201342,7\u2008mg\/kg, Zn 679\u2013310\u2008mg\/kg su\u0161iny. Mno\u017estv\u00ed rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f tedy op\u011bt nep\u0159ekra\u010duje limitn\u00ed hodnoty dan\u00e9 vyhl\u00e1\u0161kou o\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00ed kal\u016f v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a\u00a0v\u0161echny zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 \u00fadaje odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed vzork\u016f kalu z\u00a0let 2006 a\u017e 2012 odebran\u00fdch z\u00a0usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee, co\u017e bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat. Such\u00fd a\u00a0kol. [13] uv\u00e1d\u00ed ve\u00a0vzorc\u00edch separovan\u00fdch kal\u016f z\u00a0kolmatovan\u00fdch filtra\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f sedmi ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2\u20136\u00a0let n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty: celkov\u00fd fosfor 3\u2008g\/kg su\u0161iny, Na\u00a00,6\u2008g\/kg, K\u00a02,1\u2008g\/kg, Mg 3,7\u2008g\/kg, Ca 77\u2008g\/kg, Al 6\u2008g\/kg, Fe 5\u2008g\/kg, Mn 0,08\u2008g\/kg, As 2\u2008mg\/kg, Cd 0,2\u2008mg\/kg, Cr 40,2\u2008mg\/kg, Cu 18,5\u2008mg\/kg, Hg 0,08\u2008mg\/kg, Ni 14,9\u2008mg\/kg, Pb 15,5\u2008mg\/kg a\u00a0Zn 273\u2008mg\/kg. Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 hodnoty tedy \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed n\u00e1mi proveden\u00fdm rozbor\u016fm. Mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kolmatovan\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vlastn\u00edch kal\u016f z\u00a0mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, obsah fek\u00e1ln\u00edch koliformn\u00edch bakteri\u00ed byl v\u00a0rozp\u011bt\u00ed 4,4\u2009\u00d7\u2009104<\/sup>\u20131\u2009\u00d7\u2009106<\/sup> KTJ\/g su\u0161iny, obsah enterokok\u016f 7,6\u2009\u00d7\u2009103<\/sup>\u20139\u2009\u00d7\u2009105<\/sup> KTJ\/g su\u0161iny. Lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee po\u00a0vyplaven\u00ed kalu objekt\u016f mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0jejich sedimentace ve\u00a0filtra\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1lech ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0jejich stabilizaci, a\u00a0to v\u00a0aerobn\u00edch a\u017e anaerobn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch podle tlou\u0161\u0165ky vrstvy naplaven\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 2. Obsah rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f a\u00a0slou\u010denin ve\u00a0vzorc\u00edch pevn\u00fdch matric anaerobn\u011b\u00ad\u2011aerobn\u00edch \u010cOV Anacomb (hodnoty uvedeny jako: min\u2013max\/pr\u016fm\u011br)
    \nTable 2. The content of hazardous elements and compounds in samples of solid matrices of the anaerobic\u00ad\u2011aerobic WWTPs Anacomb (range of min\u2013max values\/average value of the whole data set)<\/h5>\n    \"rozkosny-tabulka-2\"<\/a>\n

    Biomasa makrofyt z\u00a0povrchu ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f<\/h3>\n

    Dal\u0161\u00edm odpadem produkovan\u00fdm provozem ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren odpadn\u00edch vod je biomasa makrofytn\u00ed vegetace, kterou jsou os\u00e1zeny tzv.\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00e9 filtry. Provozn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy k\u00a0\u00fadr\u017eb\u011b t\u00e9to vegetace jsou r\u016fzn\u00e9, od\u00a0stavu, kdy nen\u00ed biomasa skl\u00edzena prakticky od\u00a0za\u010d\u00e1tku provozu \u010dist\u00edrny, p\u0159es ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed spalov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0jarn\u00edch obdob\u00edch p\u0159\u00edmo na\u00a0povrchu filtr\u016f, a\u017e po\u00a0kosen\u00ed a\u00a0skl\u00edzen\u00ed v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch obdob\u00edch roku (b\u011bhem vegeta\u010dn\u00edch sezon, na\u00a0podzim, ke\u00a0konci zimy) v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m intervalu (ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b, jednou za\u00a0n\u011bkolik let). S\u00a0v\u00fdvojem aplikace t\u00e9to \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00e9 technologie v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice je mo\u017en\u00e9 konstatovat, \u017ee pravideln\u00e9 skl\u00edzen\u00ed vegetace makrofyt vede k\u00a0jej\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed regeneraci (bez skl\u00edzen\u00ed postupem \u010dasu vegetace \u0159\u00eddne, m\u011bn\u00ed se jej\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0n\u00e1letu a\u00a0rozvoji druhotn\u00e9 vegetace druh\u016f n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch na\u00a0\u017eiviny), lep\u0161\u00ed kontrole povrchu filtr\u016f a\u00a0nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0akumulaci biomasy z\u00a0rozkladu star\u00e9 vegetace na\u00a0povrchu filtr\u016f. Mno\u017estv\u00ed akumulovan\u00e9 hmoty bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno u\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f bez skl\u00edzen\u00ed vegetace po\u00a0dobu cca\u00a010\u00a0let v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 2 a\u017e 4\u2008cm. Charakter materi\u00e1lu se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed kompostu (vlastn\u00ed pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed autorsk\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu). V\u00fdsledky rozbor\u016f vzork\u016f biomasy r\u00e1kosu (Phragmites australis) a\u00a0chrastice (Phalaris arundinacea), tedy dvou z\u00e1kladn\u00edch druh\u016f vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch p\u0159i realizaci ko\u0159enov\u00fdch \u010cOV v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republice, uv\u00e1d\u00ed podrobn\u011b Vymazal a\u00a0kol. [14] a\u00a0Vymazal a\u00a0kol. [15].<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 3. Obsah vybran\u00fdch nutrient\u016f ve\u00a0vzorc\u00edch kompost\u016f z\u00a0extenzivn\u00ed (ko\u0159enov\u00e9) \u010cOV (hodnoty uvedeny jako: 1. s\u00e9rie \/ 2. s\u00e9rie)
    \nTable 3. Content of nutrients in samples of composts from constructed wetland WWTP (1st<\/sup> batch \/ 2nd<\/sup> batch)<\/h5>\n    \"rozkosny-tabulka-3\"<\/a>\n

    Nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se sledovan\u00fdmi materi\u00e1ly<\/h2>\n

    V\u00a0roce 2012 bylo zah\u00e1jeno pokusn\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f z\u00a0extenzivn\u00edch \u010cOV (kaly, kolmatovan\u00fd filtra\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l, makrofytn\u00ed vegetace ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f) kompostov\u00e1n\u00edm. Postupn\u011b bylo p\u0159ipraveno n\u011bkolik sad pokusn\u00fdch kompost\u016f s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm odpadn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f extenzivn\u00edch \u010cOV (stabilizovan\u00fd kal, filtra\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l kolmatovan\u00fd unikl\u00fdm kalem a\u00a0obohacen\u00fd zbytky po\u00a0rozkladu biomasy vegetace, sklizen\u00e1 makrofytn\u00ed vegetace z\u00a0ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f a\u00a0biomasa z\u00a0kosen\u00ed tr\u00e1vn\u00edk\u016f v\u00a0are\u00e1lu \u010cOV). V\u00a0roce 2014 tyto pokusy zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na\u00a0extenzivn\u00ed \u010cOV byly roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny o\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed typy \u010cOV a\u00a0jimi produkovan\u00e9 odpady (kaly z\u00a0procesu \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed) u\u00a0zdroj\u016f do\u00a01\u2009000 EO.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 4. Obsah t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f ve\u00a0vzorc\u00edch kompost\u016f z\u00a0extenzivn\u00ed (ko\u0159enov\u00e9) \u010cOV (hodnoty uvedeny jako: 1. s\u00e9rie \/ 2. s\u00e9rie)
    \nTable 4. Content of heavy metals in samples of composts from constructed wetland WWTP (1st<\/sup> batch \/ 2n<\/sup>d batch)<\/h5>\n

    \"rozkosny-tabulka-4\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    V\u00a0tabulce 3<\/em> a\u017e 5<\/em> jsou uvedeny v\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdz kone\u010dn\u00fdch produkt\u016f (kompost\u016f) z\u00a0procesu kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f a\u00a0kal\u016f produkovan\u00fdch komun\u00e1ln\u00ed ko\u0159enovou \u010cOV pro 800 EO po\u00a0ukon\u010den\u00ed dvou s\u00e9ri\u00ed pokus\u016f.<\/p>\n

    Legenda k\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00ed vzork\u016f K5 a\u017e K8<\/strong><\/h5>\n

    K5\u00a0\u2013 biomasa + filtra\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l s\u00a0kalem unikl\u00fdm z\u00a0usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee (akumulace
    \nkalu po\u00a0dobu cca\u00a013\u00a0let)\u00a0\u2013 horn\u00ed polovina kompost\u00e9ru<\/p>\n

    K6\u00a0\u2013 biomasa + filtra\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l s\u00a0kalem unikl\u00fdm z\u00a0usazovac\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee (akumulace
    \nkalu po\u00a0dobu cca\u00a013\u00a0let)\u00a0\u2013 doln\u00ed polovina kompost\u00e9ru<\/p>\n

    K7\u00a0\u2013 biomasa + kaly z\u00a0objekt\u016f mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 horn\u00ed polovina kom-
    \npost\u00e9ru<\/p>\n

    K8\u00a0\u2013 biomasa + kaly z\u00a0objekt\u016f mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 doln\u00ed polovina kom-
    \npost\u00e9ru<\/p>\n

    <\/h5>\n

    Jak vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z\u00a0dlouhodob\u00fdch sledov\u00e1n\u00ed kal\u016f z\u00a0objekt\u016f mechanick\u00e9ho p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed extenzivn\u00edch \u010cOV, nep\u0159ekra\u010duje jejich kontaminace rizikov\u00fdmi prvky a\u00a0l\u00e1tkami a\u00a0mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed limitn\u00ed hodnoty dan\u00e9 vyhl\u00e1\u0161kou pro pou\u017eit\u00ed kal\u016f v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kal\u016f je v\u0161ak pom\u011brn\u011b prom\u011bnliv\u00e9 v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na\u00a0m\u00ed\u0159e stabilizace. Pro dosa\u017een\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed stability m\u00edry kontaminace by bylo dobr\u00e9 v\u00edce hl\u00eddat prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed procesy, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b zvolit mezistupe\u0148 stabilizace kal\u016f p\u0159ed jejich pou\u017eit\u00edm v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Podobn\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti ze zahrani\u010d\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00ed nap\u0159.\u00a0Oleszkiewicz [16] a\u00a0Uggetti [17]. Jednou z\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed je kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed [17, 18]. Tento proces p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pozitivn\u00ed zm\u011bny vstupn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f a\u00a0jejich ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed kontaminaci. Mo\u017enost uplatn\u011bn\u00ed kal\u016f v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed se v\u0161ak vyv\u00edj\u00ed v\u00a0obdob\u00ed, kdy prov\u00e1d\u00edme sledov\u00e1n\u00ed podle dohody mezi provozovateli a\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsky hospoda\u0159\u00edc\u00edmi subjekty. V\u00a0obdob\u00edch, kdy nen\u00ed z\u00e1jem ze strany t\u011bchto subjekt\u016f o\u00a0kaly, je nutn\u00e9 jejich vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed na\u00a0jin\u00e9 komun\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010cOV s\u00a0kalov\u00fdm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00edm, co\u017e je i\u00a0pro provozovatele finan\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Kaly z\u00a0balen\u00fdch \u010cOV v\u0161ech kategori\u00ed do\u00a0200 EO, kter\u00e9 byly sledov\u00e1ny, jsou vyv\u00e1\u017eeny obvykle dodavateli \u010cOV k\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmu zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci kalov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch komun\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010cOV. Kaly ze septik\u016f domovn\u00edch extenzivn\u00edch (ko\u0159enov\u00fdch) \u010cOV nebyly od\u00a0zah\u00e1jen\u00ed jejich provozu (roky 2010 a\u00a02011) prozat\u00edm vyv\u00e1\u017eeny. Prakticky hlavn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem pro p\u0159\u00edmou aplikaci kal\u016f z\u00a0tzv.\u00a0\u201ebalen\u00fdch\u201c \u010cOV (sledov\u00e1ny vybran\u00e9 typy \u010cOV a\u00a0anaerobn\u00edmi a\u00a0aerobn\u00edmi sekcemi) v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed je jejich zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace. Je tedy nutn\u00e9 kaly odv\u00e1\u017eet k\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed stabilizaci a\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace.<\/p>\n

    Tabulka 5. Mikrobiologick\u00e9 ukazatele ve\u00a0vzorc\u00edch kompost\u016f z\u00a0extenzivn\u00ed \u010cOV (hodnoty uvedeny jako: 1. s\u00e9rie \/ 2. s\u00e9rie)
    \nTable 5. Microbial contamination of the samples of composts from constructed wetland WWTP (1st<\/sup> batch \/2nd<\/sup> batch)<\/h5>\n    \"rozkosny-tabulka-5\"<\/a>\n

    V\u00fdskyt kal\u016f na\u00a0povrchu ko\u0159enov\u00fdch filtr\u016f souvis\u00ed s\u00a0jejich vyplavov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159i hydraulick\u00e9m p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u010cOV a\u00a0nebo s\u00a0jejich bytn\u011bn\u00edm a\u00a0vyplouv\u00e1n\u00edm k\u00a0hladin\u011b, odkud jsou vodou un\u00e1\u0161eny d\u00e1le na\u00a0filtry, v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee v\u00a0usazovac\u00edm prostoru nejsou dostate\u010dn\u011b navr\u017een\u00e9 norn\u00e9 st\u011bny. Vyplavov\u00e1n\u00ed kal\u016f v\u00a0obou p\u0159\u00edpadech je u\u00a0\u0161t\u011brbinov\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed spojeno z\u0159ejm\u011b s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee nejsou dostate\u010dn\u011b prostupn\u00e9 \u0161t\u011brbiny (tak\u00e9 v\u00a0d\u016fsledku bakteri\u00e1ln\u00edch n\u00e1rost\u016f) a\u00a0doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0usazov\u00e1n\u00ed kal\u016f v\u00a0prostoru nad \u0161t\u011brbinami, odkud jsou n\u00e1sledn\u011b vyplavov\u00e1ny, nebo unikaj\u00ed p\u0159i bytn\u011bn\u00ed. U\u00a0jin\u00fdch typ\u016f n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0u\u00a0septik\u016f je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou nevhodn\u00fd n\u00e1vrh konstrukc\u00ed objekt\u016f, nebo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 a\u00a0nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 odkalov\u00e1n\u00ed pozorovan\u00e9 u\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed s\u00a0bo\u010dn\u00edmi vyhn\u00edvac\u00edmi komorami, kdy je kal p\u0159epou\u0161t\u011bn do\u00a0komor ode dna.<\/p>\n

    Biomasu makrofyt je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt pro kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed. Naprosto nevhodn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem \u00fadr\u017eby je spalov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to vegetace, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159\u00edmo na\u00a0povrchu biofiltr\u016f.<\/p>\n

    Kontaminace sediment\u016f do\u010di\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed nep\u0159ekra\u010duje limity pro jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminace odebran\u00fdch vzork\u016f byla velmi n\u00edzk\u00e1. Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 hodnoty umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b t\u011b\u017eby t\u011bchto sediment\u016f.<\/p>\n

    Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

    Pr\u016fzkum zp\u016fsob\u016f hospoda\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0produkovan\u00fdmi odpady sledovan\u00fdch \u010cOV uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee zat\u00edm nejsou zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1ny jako surovina, pouze stabilizovan\u00e9 kaly jsou v\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny pro hnojen\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch pozemk\u016f. Z\u00a0tohoto d\u016fvodu byly pr\u00e1ce zam\u011b\u0159eny na\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed jejich aplikace p\u0159i p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed vybran\u00fdch plodin (v\u00fdsledky pokus\u016f nebyly k\u00a0datu zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku kompletn\u00ed). Prozat\u00edmn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed prok\u00e1zaly v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed odpad\u016f z\u00a0\u010cOV a\u00a0obsah pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed makroelement\u016f vyu\u017eiteln\u00fdch vegetac\u00ed p\u0159i aplikaci v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho produktu kompostov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pozornost je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 v\u011bnovat obsahu t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f, proto\u017ee ke\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed jejich obsahu kompostov\u00e1n\u00edm prakticky nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed, v\u00fdsledn\u00fd obsah je v\u00fdsledkem pom\u011bru m\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch slo\u017eek a\u00a0p\u0159i aplikaci je nutn\u00e9 m\u00edt informace o\u00a0obsahu t\u011bchto kov\u016f v\u00a0p\u016fd\u011b, kde se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 aplikace kompost\u016f. Je nutn\u00e9 zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee biologicky dostupn\u00e1 bude pouze \u010d\u00e1st t\u011bchto rizikov\u00fdch prvk\u016f. Pro praktickou aplikaci je nutn\u00e9 porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0po\u017eadavky a\u00a0limitn\u00edmi hodnotami dan\u00fdmi technickou normou k\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdm kompost\u016fm [19].<\/p>\n

    Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

    Prezentace byla vytvo\u0159ena za\u00a0podpory projekt\u016f TA02020128 V\u00fdzkum mo\u017enost\u00ed optimalizace provozu a\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod z\u00a0mal\u00fdch obc\u00ed pomoc\u00ed extenzivn\u00edch technologi\u00ed a\u00a0TA02021032 Anaerobn\u00ed separ\u00e1tor nerozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a\u00a0nutrient\u016f.<\/em><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The aim of this article is to introduce partial sections of the research projects TA02020128 and TA02021032 (Technology Agency of the Czech Republic). These parts of the projects pay attention to the issue of quality of sludge and other wastes produced in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) using activated sludge process, anaerobic processes (including septics) and extensive (natural) wastewater treatment plants (with horizontal subsurface flow reed-beds), which also include mechanical pre-treatment.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":1177,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[90],"tags":[206,202,207,205,203,204,201,208],"coauthors":[187,188,185,189,186],"class_list":["post-1309","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-waste-management","tag-anaerobic-wwtp","tag-compost","tag-constructed-wetland","tag-household-wwtp","tag-septic","tag-settling-tank","tag-sludge","tag-stabilization-pond"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1309","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1309"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1309\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30300,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1309\/revisions\/30300"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1177"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1309"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1309"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1309"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=1309"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}