{"id":10813,"date":"2020-12-15T09:29:45","date_gmt":"2020-12-15T08:29:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=10813"},"modified":"2024-07-17T11:04:42","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T10:04:42","slug":"interview-with-prof-dr-ing-jiri-maryska-csc-an-expert-in-nanomaterials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2020\/12\/interview-with-prof-dr-ing-jiri-maryska-csc-an-expert-in-nanomaterials\/","title":{"rendered":"Interview with prof. Dr. Ing. Ji\u0159\u00ed Mary\u0161ka, CSc., an expert in nanomaterials"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n

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Pane profesore, zab\u00fdv\u00e1te se vyu\u017eit\u00edm nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f p\u0159i \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod. V\u00a0\u010dem vid\u00edte perspektivy a\u00a0hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdhody t\u00e9to technologie oproti ostatn\u00edm metod\u00e1m \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod?<\/h4>\n

Na\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem je v\u00fdzkum a\u00a0v\u00fdvoj sendvi\u010dov\u00fdch membr\u00e1n s\u00a0funk\u010dn\u00ed vrstvou nanovl\u00e1ken prim\u00e1rn\u011b\u00a0ur\u010den\u00fdch pro \u010d\u00e1sticovou filtraci, ale nap\u0159. tak\u00e9 pro separaci olejov\u00e9 f\u00e1ze apod. Jedn\u00e1 se tedy o\u00a0technologii \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, pop\u0159. do\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod, kter\u00e9 byly v\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edm kroku \u010di f\u00e1zi ji\u017e p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bny, nap\u0159. biologickou \u010disti\u010dkou. V tomto sm\u011bru m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt technologie vyu\u017eit\u00ed nanovl\u00e1kenn\u00fdch membr\u00e1n klasifikov\u00e1na jako proces mikrofiltrace (podle velikosti \u201ep\u00f3r\u016f\u201c membr\u00e1ny) a\u00a0je tak technologi\u00ed dopl\u0148kovou k\u00a0ostatn\u00edm stup\u0148\u016fm kask\u00e1dy komplexn\u00edho filtra\u010dn\u00edho procesu. Jej\u00edm c\u00edlem pak jsou v\u00fdstupn\u00ed vody, kter\u00e9 bude n\u00e1sledn\u011b mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt jako vody technick\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00edklad pro z\u00e1livku v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed nebo v\u00a0potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch a\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch provozech, kde se dnes b\u011b\u017en\u011b u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 voda pitn\u00e1 i\u00a0jako oplachov\u00e1. Tedy t\u00edm v\u00fdsledn\u00fdm c\u00edlem je zadr\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b, \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1sob pitn\u00fdch vod, a\u00a0takto p\u0159isp\u00edvat ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed celkov\u011b. V\u00fdhodou mikrofiltrace je pak vysok\u00e1 filtra\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost dan\u00e1 3D nanovl\u00e1kennou strukturou p\u0159i ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed tlakov\u00e9 ztr\u00e1t\u011b a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch pr\u016ftoc\u00edch v\u00a0porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0jin\u00fdmi filtra\u010dn\u00edmi materi\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Jestli tomu dob\u0159e rozum\u00edm, tak sou\u010dasn\u00e1 generace membr\u00e1n s\u00a0nanovl\u00e1kny nen\u00ed vhodn\u00e1 jako jedin\u00fd stupe\u0148 \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0hlavn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0do\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod ve form\u011b posledn\u00edho stupn\u011b. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1m, \u017ee hlavn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem je citlivost membr\u00e1n na mechanick\u00e9 po\u0161kozen\u00ed a\u00a0ucp\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed mikrop\u00f3r\u016f v\u00a0membr\u00e1n\u011b, nebo se pletu? Kam vlastn\u011b sm\u011b\u0159uje sou\u010dasn\u00fd materi\u00e1lov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti?<\/h4>\n

To je spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka, na kterou v\u0161ak nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed kolegov\u00e9 laboratorn\u011b prokazuj\u00ed, \u017ee membr\u00e1na m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u\u017eita i\u00a0jako jedin\u00fd stupe\u0148 \u010d\u00e1sticov\u00e9 filtrace pro kalov\u00e9 vody. Dokonce vytvo\u0159en\u00fd filtra\u010dn\u00ed kol\u00e1\u010d zvy\u0161uje filtra\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost. Ale je to za cenu v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho poklesu pr\u016ftoku filtrovan\u00e9 tekutiny. Ale i\u00a0zde v\u0161ak existuje n\u011bjak\u00fd p\u0159edstupe\u0148 \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (nap\u0159. koagulace, flokulace \u010di sedimentace). Tedy pro publika\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinnost jsou takov\u00e9 postupy vhodn\u00fdmi n\u00e1m\u011bty. Ale j\u00e1 zast\u00e1v\u00e1m v\u00edce sm\u011br re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed membr\u00e1nov\u00fdch modul\u016f pro do\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed komun\u00e1ln\u00edch i\u00a0technologick\u00fdch vod. A\u00a0tedy \u0159e\u0161it i\u00a0probl\u00e9my s\u00a0v\u00fdkonem (pr\u016ftokem) filtrovan\u00e9 tekutiny, revitalizac\u00ed membr\u00e1nov\u00fdch modul\u016f pro dlouhodob\u011b udr\u017eiteln\u00fd pr\u016ftok a\u00a0kone\u010dn\u011b i\u00a0\u017eivotnost membr\u00e1n, kter\u00e1 je obvykle pl\u00e1nov\u00e1na alespo\u0148 na \u010dty\u0159i roky. To v\u0161ak vy\u017eaduje \u201e\u0161etrn\u00e9\u201c zp\u016fsoby revitalizace modul\u016f, kter\u00e9 neporu\u0161\u00ed jemnou strukturu nanovl\u00e1kenn\u00e9 vrstvy. Tady je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 nejen konstrukce membr\u00e1ny s\u00a0n\u011bkolika vrstvami, kter\u00e9 zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed jej\u00ed filtra\u010dn\u00ed, mechanick\u00e9 a\u00a0chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm parametry, za kter\u00fdch je mo\u017en\u00e9 prov\u00e9st revitalizaci. Tedy jsem zast\u00e1ncem v\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00e9 filtrace, jej\u00edm\u017e jedn\u00edm stupn\u011bm je i\u00a0membr\u00e1nov\u00e1 mikrofiltrace. Jako mo\u017en\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed pak vid\u00edm do\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00edch vod z\u00a0biologick\u00fdch \u010dist\u00edren pro jejich dal\u0161\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed jako vod u\u017eitkov\u00fdch jak pro z\u00e1livku v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, tak i\u00a0pro splachov\u00e1n\u00ed WC nebo um\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed apod. Nap\u0159\u00edklad vyu\u017e\u00edt nanovl\u00e1kenn\u00fdch membr\u00e1n jako druh\u00fd stupe\u0148 dom\u00e1c\u00edch \u010cOV je nejen ekologicky vhodn\u00e9, ale i\u00a0ekonomicky v\u00fdhodn\u00e9. Pokud dom\u00e1c\u00ed \u010cOV vy\u010dist\u00ed nap\u0159. 200\u2013500 litr\u016f vody v\u00a0\u0161estihodinov\u00fdch cyklech, posta\u010d\u00ed membr\u00e1nov\u00fd modul o\u00a0aktivn\u00ed plo\u0161e membr\u00e1n cca 4\u20138\u00a0m2<\/sup>, kter\u00fd do\u010dist\u00ed zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd objem za 2\u20133 hodiny, a\u00a0tedy zbyde i\u00a0\u010das na revitalizaci a\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpravu na dal\u0161\u00ed cyklus. Membr\u00e1novou technologii zalo\u017eenou na mikrofiltraci pomoc\u00ed nanovl\u00e1kenn\u00fdch struktur je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt i\u00a0pro velk\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 \u010dist\u00edrny a\u00a0z\u00e1m\u011brem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt i\u00a0do\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jen \u010d\u00e1sti v\u00fdstupn\u00edch vod pro dal\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Tedy do \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b vypou\u0161t\u011bt jen \u010d\u00e1st v\u00fdstupn\u00edch vod.<\/p>\n

Na va\u0161i druhou \u010d\u00e1st ot\u00e1zky \u2013 mohu jen potvrdit, \u017ee nov\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny dosahuj\u00ed na po\u010d\u00e1tku filtrace standardn\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pr\u016ftok (s\u00edtov\u00e1 filtrace p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed brzy v\u00a0hloubkovou), kter\u00fd postupn\u011b kles\u00e1 (tvorba tzv. filtra\u010dn\u00edho kol\u00e1\u010de), a\u00a0p\u0159i vhodn\u00e9m zp\u016fsobu revitalizace lze dlouhodob\u011b udr\u017eet pr\u016ftok na 50\u201320 % po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho stavu. S\u00a0t\u00edm je nutn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edtat p\u0159i projektov\u00e1n\u00ed filtra\u010dn\u00edho stupn\u011b. M\u00edra poklesu pr\u016ftoku pak tak\u00e9 z\u00e1vis\u00ed na kvalit\u011b \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0p\u0159edchoz\u00edch stupn\u00edch. Pro jasnost rad\u011bji zd\u016frazn\u00edm \u2013 abychom dos\u00e1hli kvalit pitn\u00e9 vody, je nutn\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho (do\u010dis\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edho) stupn\u011b za mikrofiltraci. T\u00edm i\u00a0zd\u016fvod\u0148uji, pro\u010d jsem zast\u00e1ncem v\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f pro \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod.<\/p>\n

Kam sm\u011b\u0159uje sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum v\u00a0membr\u00e1nov\u00fdch technologi\u00edch je velmi \u0161irok\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka, na kterou si netrouf\u00e1m podat stru\u010dnou odpov\u011b\u010f. Kone\u010dn\u011b to dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 i\u00a0existence Membr\u00e1nov\u00e9 platformy, kter\u00e1 sdru\u017euje \u0159adu firem a\u00a0v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch pracovi\u0161\u0165, a\u00a0tedy i\u00a0v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch t\u00e9mat. Membr\u00e1nov\u00e9 technologie jsou zam\u011b\u0159eny jednak na \u010d\u00e1sticovou filtraci (s\u00edtovou, mikro, ultra, nano), ale i\u00a0na chemickou \u00fapravu vod, nap\u0159. pro odsolov\u00e1n\u00ed. Na\u0161e zku\u0161enosti jsou jednak v\u00a0oblasti s\u00edtov\u00e9 filtrace pro p\u0159ed\u00fapravu odpadn\u00ed vody, a\u00a0pak p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro mikrofiltrace se z\u00e1chytem pevn\u00e9ho pod\u00edlu o\u00a0velikosti od cca 300 nm. Tato technologie je pak \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 pro do\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00edch vod z\u00a0\u010cOV, r\u016fzn\u00fdch oplachov\u00fdch vod z\u00a0potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu nebo i\u00a0vod de\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch. Vyhovuje nejen stupn\u011bm vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, ale i\u00a0po\u017eadovan\u00fdm pr\u016ftokem a\u00a0kone\u010dn\u011b i\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161\u00ed po\u0159izovac\u00edch i\u00a0provozn\u00edch n\u00e1klad\u016f. Uv\u00e1\u017e\u00edme-li sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ceny vodn\u00e9ho a\u00a0sto\u010dn\u00e9ho, kter\u00e9 se pohybuj\u00ed okolo 100 K\u010d\/m3<\/sup>, lze n\u00e1vratnost vyu\u017eit\u00ed nanovl\u00e1kenn\u00e9 membr\u00e1nov\u00e9 technologie odhadnout na 9\u201315 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, co\u017e se mi jev\u00ed jako p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 pro potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kazn\u00edky.<\/p>\n

Technick\u00e1 univerzita v\u00a0Liberci (TUL), na kter\u00e9 p\u016fsob\u00edte, je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 sv\u00fdm \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumem v\u00a0oblasti nanotechnologi\u00ed\u00a0a\u00a0nanomateri\u00e1l\u016f. To jsou ale pom\u011brn\u011b obecn\u00e9 pojmy a\u00a0mnoz\u00ed na\u0161i \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i si mo\u017en\u00e1 neum\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b p\u0159edstavit, co\u00a0znamenaj\u00ed. Mohl byste tyto pojmy kr\u00e1tce p\u0159edstavit a\u00a0nast\u00ednit, jak\u00e9 vid\u00edte mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed ve vodn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed? Ur\u010dit\u011b se nejedn\u00e1 jen o\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159i \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod.<\/h4>\n

Nanomateri\u00e1ly a\u00a0nanotechnologie jsou dnes v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm sm\u011brem v\u00fdzkumu, a\u00a0to nejen na na\u0161\u00ed Technick\u00e9 univerzit\u011b, ale i\u00a0na dal\u0161\u00edch univerzit\u00e1ch, a\u00a0to nejen v\u00a0\u010cR. Na TUL jsme zam\u011b\u0159eni p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na v\u00fdzkum p\u0159\u00edpravy nanovl\u00e1ken, jejich technologick\u00e9 \u00fapravy a\u00a0aplikace. Tyto aplikace jsou zam\u011b\u0159eny jednak do oblasti \u201ehigh-tech\u201c textilu, povrchov\u00fdch \u00faprav ve stroj\u00edrenstv\u00ed, filtrac\u00ed tekutin (tedy kapalin i\u00a0plyn\u016f), do oblasti zdravotnictv\u00ed jako nosi\u010de l\u00e9\u010div \u2013 nap\u0159. pro kryty ran, ale nap\u0159. t\u00e9\u017e jako zvukov\u011b-pohltiv\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hluku. Za nanomateri\u00e1ly se pova\u017euj\u00ed takov\u00e9 struktury, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed alespo\u0148 v\u00a0jednom rozm\u011bru velikost men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 100 nm. V\u00a0tomto sm\u011bru jsou nanovl\u00e1kna pon\u011bkud na hran\u011b t\u00e9to definice, proto\u017ee jejich pr\u016fm\u011bry jsou obvykle v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 80\u2013300 nm. Tak\u017ee se technicky vzato jedn\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e o\u00a0submikronov\u00e9 struktury. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b nen\u00ed asi ani snahou d\u00e1le sni\u017eovat jejich pr\u016fm\u011br, proto\u017ee to ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b aplikac\u00ed neposkytuje k\u00fd\u017een\u00fd benefit, p\u0159itom se zhor\u0161uj\u00ed jejich mechanick\u00e9 vlastnosti, a\u00a0tedy jejich dal\u0161\u00ed technologick\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed je obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (ov\u0161em existuj\u00ed oblasti jako nanofotonika, kde je krit\u00e9rium na co nejmen\u0161\u00ed rozm\u011bry; dostat se na hranu difrak\u010dn\u00edho limitu). V\u00a0uplynul\u00e9 dob\u011b jsme r\u016fzn\u00fdmi technikami p\u0159ipravili celou \u0161k\u00e1lu takov\u00fdch membr\u00e1n, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed jednak pou\u017eit\u00fdmi materi\u00e1ly, jejich povrchovou \u00fapravou, technologi\u00ed laminace a\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00fdm podkladov\u00fdm a\u00a0kryc\u00edm materi\u00e1lem. N\u00e1sledn\u011b jsme zm\u011b\u0159ili jejich fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti a\u00a0p\u0159ipravili i\u00a0n\u00e1vrh provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednek. Tyto membr\u00e1ny s\u00a0nanovl\u00e1kennou funk\u010dn\u00ed vrstvou pak mohou zachyt\u00e1vat \u010d\u00e1stice jak na sv\u00e9m povrchu, tak i\u00a0ve sv\u00e9 struktu\u0159e.<\/p>\n

Nanovl\u00e1kenn\u00e1 vrstva samotn\u00e1 m\u00e1 velkou porozitu bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se 100 %, velikosti p\u00f3r\u016f jsou od n\u011bkolika set nanometr\u016f a\u00a0velk\u00fd specifick\u00fd povrch a\u017e des\u00edtky m2<\/sup> na 1 g nanovl\u00e1ken. Takov\u00e9 charakteristiky pak ur\u010duj\u00ed mal\u00fd hydraulick\u00fd odpor, a\u00a0tedy membr\u00e1na m\u00e1 dostate\u010dn\u00fd filtra\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdkon i\u00a0p\u0159i ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch tlakov\u00fdch sp\u00e1dech n\u011bkolika kPa. Vysok\u00fd specifick\u00fd povrch nanovl\u00e1kenn\u00e9 struktury pak umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00e1zat na tento povrch l\u00e9\u010diva p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b v\u00a0enkapsulovan\u00e9 form\u011b a\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edvat takto upraven\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly jako aktivn\u00ed kryty ran. Pro tyto \u00fa\u010dely se pak vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed biokompatibiln\u00ed polymern\u00ed materi\u00e1ly (n\u011bkdy i\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho p\u016fvodu), kter\u00e9 nezp\u016fsobuj\u00ed alergick\u00e9 reakce. Nav\u00edc se po\u017eaduje biodegradabilita v\u00a0\u0159\u00e1du dn\u016f a\u017e t\u00fddn\u016f a\u00a0vst\u0159eb\u00e1n\u00ed do tk\u00e1\u0148ov\u00fdch soustav. Takov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly se po\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i\u00a0ve tk\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e9m in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed jako tzv. scaffoldy.<\/p>\n

Ale zp\u011bt na filtra\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly a\u00a0k\u00a0va\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zce ohledn\u011b jejich mo\u017enost\u00ed p\u0159i vyu\u017eit\u00ed ve vodn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. T\u011bch aplikac\u00ed je cel\u00e1 \u0159ada a\u00a0membr\u00e1ny mohou poslou\u017eit nejen pro do\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod a\u00a0jejich dal\u0161\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed. Mohou tak\u00e9 recyklovat vody v\u00a0n\u00e1pojov\u00e9m a\u00a0obecn\u011b potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu. Jako p\u0159\u00edklad m\u016f\u017eeme uv\u00e9st spot\u0159ebu vody v\u00a0pivov\u00e1renstv\u00ed, kde na 1 litr piva se spot\u0159ebuje 4\u20138 litr\u016f pitn\u00e9 vody. P\u0159itom nap\u0159\u00edklad oplachov\u00e9 vody by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvat po do\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed opakovan\u011b. Dal\u0161\u00ed aplikac\u00ed je vyu\u017eit\u00ed membr\u00e1n pro odd\u011blen\u00ed suspenz\u00ed nap\u0159. typu voda-olej. I\u00a0tady by se u\u017e\u00edvala membr\u00e1nov\u00e1 technologie po p\u0159edchoz\u00edm uplatn\u011bn\u00ed gravita\u010dn\u00ed metody separace. Tedy vyu\u017eit\u00ed membr\u00e1n ve vodn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed je cel\u00e1 \u0159ada.<\/p>\n

Membr\u00e1nov\u00e9 technologie, jak se zd\u00e1, mohou b\u00fdt jedn\u00edm z\u00a0efektivn\u00edch prvk\u016f cirkul\u00e1rn\u00ed ekonomiky a\u00a0sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby na vodn\u00ed zdroje. Da\u0159\u00ed se tyto technologie zav\u00e1d\u011bt do praxe v\u00a0podob\u011b fin\u00e1ln\u00edch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, nebo jsme dosud ve f\u00e1zi prototyp\u016f a\u00a0poloprovozn\u00edch test\u016f? M\u016f\u017eete uv\u00e9st ji\u017e n\u011bjak\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed aplikace v\u00a0oblasti vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, kde byly v\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu TUL aplikov\u00e1ny?<\/h4>\n

Membr\u00e1nov\u00e9 technologie jako takov\u00e9 jsou dnes uplat\u0148ov\u00e1ny v\u00a0\u0159ad\u011b aplikac\u00ed a\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vod, resp. jejich \u00faprava pro recyklaci je jednou z mo\u017enost\u00ed jejich uplatn\u011bn\u00ed, i\u00a0kdy\u017e velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou pro hospoda\u0159en\u00ed se zdroji pitn\u00fdch vod. Jak jsem ji\u017e uvedl, na\u0161\u00ed snahou je uv\u00e9st vyv\u00edjen\u00e9 nanovl\u00e1kenn\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny do praxe. Je vhodn\u00e9 v\u0161ak poznamenat, \u017ee mikrofiltra\u010dn\u00ed membr\u00e1ny ji\u017e na trhu jsou. Na\u0161e sou\u010dasn\u00e9 z\u00e1m\u011bry lze charakterizovat poloprovozn\u00edmi ov\u011b\u0159ovac\u00edmi testy. Pro jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 upravit provozn\u00ed podm\u00ednky tak, aby membr\u00e1ny dosahovaly o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fd pr\u016ftok, dostate\u010dnou \u00fa\u010dinnost a\u00a0tak\u00e9 dlouhodobou \u017eivotnost. To jsou obvykl\u00e9 po\u017eadavky z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak jdou proti sob\u011b, a\u00a0proto je v\u00fdsledek v\u017edy n\u011bjak\u00fdm kompromisem. Dlouhodob\u00e9 testy (2,5 roku) m\u00e1me p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve filtraci de\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 vody, kterou m\u016f\u017eeme pou\u017e\u00edt n\u00e1sledn\u011b jako vodu pro technick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely (splachov\u00e1n\u00ed, myt\u00ed,\u2026). V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti je na\u0161\u00edm c\u00edlem uplatn\u011bn\u00ed mikrofiltrace pro do\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00edch vod z\u00a0\u010cOV a\u00a0nasazen\u00ed t\u00e9to technologie jako dopl\u0148kov\u00e9 pro instalaci mal\u00fdch \u010cOV (1\u201315 m3<\/sup>\/den). P\u0159ipravujeme i\u00a0za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by mohlo do\u010distit i\u00a0vody z\u00a0\u201evelk\u00fdch\u201c firemn\u00edch nebo m\u011bstsk\u00fdch \u010cOV. Zde by filtrace umo\u017enila do\u010distit 20\u2013100 m3<\/sup>\/den. Pro dobr\u00fd v\u00fdkon filtra\u010dn\u00edch modul\u016f je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 m\u00edt vstupn\u00ed vodu ve stabilizovan\u00e9 kvalit\u011b, na kterou jsou nastaveny i\u00a0provozn\u00ed podm\u00ednky. Dlouhodob\u011b jsme testovali mo\u017enosti filtrace i\u00a0ve firm\u011b\u00a0Saint Goben v\u00a0Litomy\u0161li. I\u00a0zde se uk\u00e1zala mo\u017enost vyu\u017eit\u00ed membr\u00e1nov\u00e9ho \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pomoc\u00ed nanovl\u00e1ken a\u00a0p\u0159itom byla vstupn\u00ed voda v\u00fdznamn\u011b kaln\u00e1 a\u00a0s\u00a0lubrikanty, kter\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny zalepovaly. Z\u00a0tohoto p\u0159\u00edkladu je vid\u011bt, \u017ee uplatn\u011bn\u00ed membr\u00e1nov\u00e9ho \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pomoc\u00ed nanovl\u00e1ken mohou b\u00fdt velmi rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b je v\u017edy vhodn\u00e9 vstupn\u00ed vodu upravit nap\u0159. s\u00edtovou filtrac\u00ed nebo usazen\u00edm kal\u016f. Takov\u00e1 \u00faprava v\u017edy zlep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon membr\u00e1nov\u00e9ho modulu. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti testujeme filtra\u010dn\u00ed poloprovozn\u00ed modul i\u00a0v\u00a0pivova\u0159e Konr\u00e1d. I\u00a0zde z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1me prvn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti z\u00a0recyklace oplachov\u00fdch vod kontaminovan\u00fdch kvasinkami. Prvn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky jsou zat\u00edm \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9, ale neradi bychom to zak\u0159ikli. Na rozd\u00edl od jin\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed, kde se kal usazuje ve spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti n\u00e1dr\u017ee, jsou zde kvasinky vyplavov\u00e1ny na hladinu, a\u00a0mus\u00edme tedy jejich odb\u011br a\u00a0\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed syst\u00e9m\u016f nastavit jinak. Asi bychom m\u011bli v\u00edce zku\u0161enost\u00ed s\u00a0vodou, kdyby n\u00e1m sou\u010dasn\u00e1 epidemiologick\u00e1 situace nep\u0159eru\u0161ila experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed pl\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e zmi\u0148uji TUL, ned\u00e1 mi to, abych se neoptal, v\u00a0\u010dem\u00a0spat\u0159ujete siln\u00e9 str\u00e1nky Va\u0161\u00ed univerzity? Pro\u010d by studenti, kte\u0159\u00ed se cht\u011bj\u00ed v\u011bnovat ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m spojen\u00fdm s\u00a0vodn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00edm, m\u011bli j\u00edt studovat pr\u00e1v\u011b na TUL?<\/h4>\n

Technick\u00e1 univerzita v\u00a0Liberci je men\u0161\u00ed univerzitou v\u00a0\u010cR a\u00a0obsluhuje cca 3\u00a0% vysoko\u0161kol\u00e1k\u016f. Profil univerzity tvo\u0159\u00ed sedm fakult a\u00a0\u00dastav pro nanomateri\u00e1ly, pokro\u010dil\u00e9 technologie a\u00a0inovace. Silnou str\u00e1nkou univerzity vid\u00edm v\u00a0mo\u017enostech interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce mezi fakultami a\u00a0zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdm \u00fastavem, kter\u00fd byl z\u0159\u00edzen p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve spolupr\u00e1ci Fakulty strojn\u00ed, Fakulty textiln\u00ed a\u00a0Fakulty mechatroniky, informatiky a\u00a0mezioborov\u00fdch studi\u00ed. Bez podpory t\u011bchto fakult by bylo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 na na\u0161\u00ed univerzit\u011b takov\u00fd \u00fastav z\u0159\u00eddit. V\u00fdhody vid\u00edm p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0tom, \u017ee jsme schopni se na interdisciplin\u00e1rn\u00edch t\u00e9matech domluvit s\u00a0fakultami. Pr\u00e1v\u011b toto m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt na velk\u00fdch univerzit\u00e1ch obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale mohu se m\u00fdlit. Odpov\u011b\u010f na va\u0161i druhou ot\u00e1zku bych formuloval asi takto: Kdybych cht\u011bl studovat standardn\u00ed formy vodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a\u00a0biologick\u00e9ho \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod, asi bych volil n\u011bkter\u00fd obor na V\u0160CHT, kde je tato t\u00e9matika dlouhodob\u011b rozv\u00edjena. U\u00a0n\u00e1s se zab\u00fdv\u00e1me alternativn\u00edmi metodami \u00fapravy ji\u017e p\u0159ed\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00fdstupn\u00ed vody z\u00a0\u010cOV nebo jin\u00e9 \u201em\u00edrn\u011b\u201c kontaminovan\u00e9 vody s\u00a0c\u00edlem filtrace bakteri\u00ed, resp. organick\u00fdch a\u00a0anorganick\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic. Takto upravenou vodu p\u0159ipravujeme k\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmu technick\u00e9mu vyu\u017eit\u00ed nebo k\u00a0z\u00e1saku in situ a\u00a0je snaha touto formou vylep\u0161ovat sr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9-odtokov\u00e9 bilance v\u00a0oblasti. \u0160et\u0159en\u00ed vodou a\u00a0sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed odtoku z\u00a0regionu je jist\u011b t\u00e9matem sou\u010dasnosti i\u00a0budoucnosti. Tak\u017ee z\u00e1jemc\u016fm o\u00a0takovouto t\u00e9matiku bych doporu\u010dil studium oboru \u201eAplikovan\u00e9 v\u011bdy v\u00a0in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed\u201c, ve kter\u00e9m je mo\u017en\u00e9 zvolit si studijn\u00ed obor zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na nanomateri\u00e1ly. Tento studijn\u00ed obor je akreditov\u00e1n na Fakult\u011b mechatroniky, informatiky a\u00a0mezioborov\u00fdch studi\u00ed a\u00a0je ur\u010den p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro nadan\u00e9 studenty, kte\u0159\u00ed uva\u017euj\u00ed o\u00a0kari\u00e9\u0159e v\u00a0oblasti v\u011bdy a\u00a0v\u00fdzkumu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Interview with prof. Dr. Ing. Ji\u0159\u00ed Mary\u0161ka, CSc., an expert in the field of nanomaterials, on the topic of using nanomaterials technology in wastewater treatment.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":10811,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[120,2340,2341,213],"coauthors":[399],"class_list":["post-10813","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-from-the-world-of-water-management","tag-interview","tag-nanomaterials","tag-nanotechnologies","tag-wastewater"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10813","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10813"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10813\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30607,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10813\/revisions\/30607"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10811"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10813"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10813"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10813"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=10813"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}