{"id":10769,"date":"2020-12-15T09:29:41","date_gmt":"2020-12-15T08:29:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/?p=10769"},"modified":"2024-07-17T11:03:45","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T10:03:45","slug":"possibilities-of-combined-ways-of-treatment-for-selected-waste-types-using-an-experimental-equipment-for-physical-waste-treatment-with-the-intention-of-their-further-use","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/2020\/12\/possibilities-of-combined-ways-of-treatment-for-selected-waste-types-using-an-experimental-equipment-for-physical-waste-treatment-with-the-intention-of-their-further-use\/","title":{"rendered":"Possibilities of combined ways of treatment for selected waste types using an experimental equipment for physical waste treatment with the intention of their further use"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4><i class=\"fa fa-exclamation-circle fa-3x pull-left\"><\/i> This article is available in Czech only. For translation or more information on this topic, please contact author.<\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Souhrn<\/h2>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek prezentuje mo\u017enosti origin\u00e1ln\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f, chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9ho evropsk\u00fdm patentem a\u00a0zam\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed se nad perspektivami jeho dal\u0161\u00edho rozvoje. Toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jednotliv\u00e1 nebo kombinovan\u00e1 p\u016fsoben\u00ed ultrazvuku, fokusovan\u00e9ho mikrovlnn\u00e9ho pole, jiskrov\u00e9ho v\u00fdboje, elektrostatick\u00e9ho pole a\u00a0UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed\u00a0za \u00fa\u010delem\u00a0sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed odpad\u016f, dan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek\u00a0pro dal\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed (materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 nebo energetick\u00e9), a\u00a0to samostatn\u011b nebo v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi technologick\u00fdmi postupy, nap\u0159. s\u00a0biotechnologiemi.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti jsou zn\u00e1my miliony r\u016fzn\u00fdch chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00fd den jsou syntetizov\u00e1ny dal\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed. Chemizace nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch odv\u011btv\u00ed pr\u016fmyslu je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou n\u00e1r\u016fstu masov\u00e9 kontaminace prost\u0159ed\u00ed cizorod\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami. Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0odpad\u016f\u00a0je v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b v\u011bt\u0161inou n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd technologick\u00fd proces, kter\u00fd je sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n k\u00a0materi\u00e1lov\u00e9mu a\u00a0energetick\u00e9mu vyu\u017eit\u00ed odpad\u016f\u00a0\u2013 vede k\u00a0z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed druhotn\u00fdch surovin. Tyto suroviny jsou po zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny znovu nap\u0159. ve v\u00fdrob\u011b, a\u00a0proto jsou dnes mnohdy na sv\u011btov\u00fdch\u00a0trz\u00edch ji\u017e velmi cen\u011bnou obchodn\u00ed\u00a0komoditou.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0souladu se strategi\u00ed nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0odpady, jej\u00ed hierarchizac\u00ed, se v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti klade d\u016fraz na materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 \u010di energetick\u00e9 znovuvyu\u017eit\u00ed surovin.<\/p>\n<p>U\u017e kolem\u00a0roku 1960 byly publikov\u00e1ny prvn\u00ed informace ohledn\u011b p\u016fsoben\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch silov\u00fdch pol\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na elektromagnetick\u00fdch, na \u010dlov\u011bka a\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se t\u00e9to problematice samostatn\u011b, a\u00a0nebo v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0biotechnologiemi, v\u011bnuje \u0159ada pracovi\u0161\u0165, v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed publikace jsou uvedeny v\u00a0p\u0159ehledu literatury [1\u20136].<\/p>\n<p>Jednou z\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f jsou fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed zp\u016fsoby \u00fapravy. V\u00a0letech 2007\u20132011 bylo v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdmi pracovn\u00edky V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho \u00fastavu vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho T. G. Masaryka, v. v. i., Praha v\u00a0r\u00e1mci projektu M\u017dP VaV SP\/2f2\/98\/07 \u201eV\u00fdzkum v\u00a0oblasti odpad\u016f jako n\u00e1hrady prim\u00e1rn\u00edch surovinov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f\u201c zapo\u010dat v\u00fdvoj za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edmi postupy. Koncept za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byl zaps\u00e1n jako u\u017eitn\u00fd vzor\u00a0\u2013 \u010d\u00edslo z\u00e1pisu: Int. 21084, \u00da\u0159ad pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho vlastnictv\u00ed dne 2. 7. 2010 [7]. Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a\u00a0zp\u016fsobu fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadu byl ud\u011blen dne 22. 8. 2014 evropsk\u00fd patent EP 2388068 [8].<\/p>\n<h3>Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a\u00a0zp\u016fsob fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadu\u00a0\u2013 oblast techniky\/technologie<\/h3>\n<p>Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fapravu materi\u00e1l\u016f (zejm\u00e9na pevn\u00fdch matric odpa\u00add\u016f) koncep\u010dn\u011b spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0jednotliv\u00e9m nebo ve vybran\u00e9m kombinovan\u00e9m p\u016fsoben\u00ed vybran\u00fdch silov\u00fdch pol\u00ed (mikrovlnn\u00e9 pole, ultrazvuk, UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, jiskrov\u00fd v\u00fdboj, elektrostatick\u00e9 pole\u00a0\u2013 studen\u00e1 plazma a\u00a0pop\u0159. i\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch).<\/p>\n<h3>Dosavadn\u00ed stav techniky<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jsou dostupn\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, nebo jsou zn\u00e1m\u00e9 popisy agre\u00adg\u00e1t\u016f pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch silov\u00fdch pol\u00ed. Zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kombinovan\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed v\u00edce silov\u00fdch pol\u00ed na sledovanou matrici je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9, nebo\u0165 komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou konstruovan\u00e1 pro p\u0159esn\u011b vy\u00admezen\u00fd \u00fa\u010del, co\u017e br\u00e1n\u00ed jejich propojov\u00e1n\u00ed do sestavy. Sestaven\u00ed a\u00a0slad\u011bn\u00ed kombinovan\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fapravu materi\u00e1l\u016f z\u00a0komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00fdch gener\u00e1tor\u016f\u00a0\u2013 zdroj\u016f silov\u00fdch p\u016fsoben\u00ed nebyla mo\u017en\u00e1. V\u00a0sestav\u011b bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed jen zdroje UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00fd byl b\u011b\u017en\u011b komer\u010dn\u011b dostupn\u00fd a\u00a0byl takto p\u0159evzat a\u00a0po drobn\u00e9 \u00faprav\u011b pou\u017eit. Dal\u0161\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 gener\u00e1tory silov\u00fdch pol\u00ed musely b\u00fdt sestavov\u00e1ny individu\u00e1ln\u011b s\u00a0ohledem pro zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9 v\u00edce\u00adalternativn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 jednotliv\u00e9 i\u00a0kombinovan\u00e9, a\u00a0to z\u00a0vhodn\u00fdch elektronick\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1stek, s\u00a0ohledem na v\u00fdkon, v\u00fddr\u017e\u00a0\u2013 celkovou dobu pou\u017eit\u00ed a\u00a0cenu apod. Kone\u010dn\u00fdm c\u00edlem za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed kombinac\u00ed p\u016fsoben\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch jev\u016f silov\u00fdch pol\u00ed nejl\u00e9pe v\u00a0superpozici (synergick\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed).<\/p>\n<h3>Podstata technick\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Navr\u017een\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fapravu odpad\u016f je sestaveno z jednotliv\u00fdch gener\u00e1tor\u016f fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch silov\u00fdch pol\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch v pr\u016f\u00adhledn\u00e9m boxu s vetkanou, uzemn\u011bnou Faradayovou klec\u00ed s otv\u00edrac\u00edm vstupn\u00edm \u2013 manipula\u010dn\u00edm otvorem. Na dn\u011b boxu je voln\u011b polo\u017een podstavec z elektricky nevodiv\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, na kter\u00e9m le\u017e\u00ed plastov\u00e1 n\u00e1doba \u2013 vana, pro vlo\u017een\u00ed sledovan\u00e9 matrice pro expozici vzork\u016f. Dno n\u00e1doby tvo\u0159\u00ed siln\u00e1 vrstva plastu s velmi vysok\u00fdm ohmick\u00fdm odporem. Na dnu n\u00e1doby p\u0159i expozici elektrostatick\u00fdm polem je voln\u011b polo\u017eena elektricky dob\u0159e vodiv\u00e1 kovov\u00e1 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eka. Nad n\u00e1dobou je bu\u010f vno\u00ad\u0159en\u00e1 do vzorku, nebo voln\u011b zav\u011b\u0161en\u00e1 nad vzorkem druh\u00e1 kovov\u00e1 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eka. Ob\u011b m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky jsou napojeny elektrick\u00fdm vodi\u010dem na gener\u00e1tor elek\u00adtrostatick\u00e9ho pole\u00a0\u2013 studen\u00e9 plazmy. Un\u00e1\u0161ec\u00ed most s\u00a0posuvem nese gener\u00e1tor UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0gener\u00e1tor jiskrov\u00e9ho v\u00fdboje. Posun mostu je zrealizov\u00e1n elektrick\u00fdm pohonem s\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed zm\u011bny rychlosti pohybu ve dvou stupn\u00edch a\u00a0s\u00a0pohybem ve dvou sm\u011brech (tam a\u00a0zp\u011bt). P\u0159i dojezdu na konec vymezen\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy pojezdu doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0automatick\u00e9mu p\u0159e\u00adklopen\u00ed sm\u011bru pohybu pomoc\u00ed koncov\u00fdch dojezdov\u00fdch p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010d\u016f. D\u00e9lka pojezdu je mechanicky nasta\u00adviteln\u00e1. Expozice elektrick\u00fdm jiskrov\u00fdm v\u00fdbojem je realizov\u00e1na jisk\u0159i\u0161t\u011bm, kter\u00e9 je um\u00edst\u011bno na un\u00e1\u0161ec\u00edm most\u011b. Gener\u00e1tory silov\u00fdch pol\u00ed mohou pracovat sou\u010das\u00adn\u011b, v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch kombinac\u00edch n\u00e1slednost\u00ed nebo samostatn\u011b. Aktu\u00e1ln\u011b nelze zrealizovat spole\u010dn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed silov\u00e9ho elektrostatick\u00e9ho pole\u00a0\u2013 studen\u00e9 plazmy a\u00a0elektrick\u00e9ho jiskrov\u00e9ho v\u00fdboje (nebezpe\u010d\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00ed elektroniky jiskrov\u00fdm v\u00fdbojem). Sch\u00e9ma konceptu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno na <em>obr. 1<\/em>.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-1.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-10769];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"582\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10754 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-1-300x218.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-1-768x559.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/582;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 1. Sch\u00e9ma za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00fapravu odpadu<br \/>\nVysv\u011btlivky: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5\u00a0\u2013 gener\u00e1tory silov\u00fdch pol\u00ed (jiskrov\u00fd v\u00fdboj\u00a0\u2013 vysokotepeln\u00e1 plazma, mikrovlnn\u00e9 pole, ultrazvuk, UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, elektrostatick\u00e9 pole\u00a0\u2013 studen\u00e1 plazma), 6\u00a0\u2013 plastov\u00e1 vana (n\u00e1doba na vzorek), 7\u00a0\u2013 zkouman\u00fd vzorek, 8\u00a0\u2013 Faradayova klec,\u20289\u00a0\u2013 posuvn\u00fd most, 10, 11\u00a0\u2013 vodiv\u00e1 kovov\u00e1 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eka, 12 a, b\u00a0\u2013 p\u0159\u00edvodn\u00ed kabely VN<br \/>\nFig. 1. Diagram of the device for physical waste pre-treatment<br \/>\nLegend: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5\u00a0\u2013 force field generators (spark discharge\u00a0\u2013 high-temperature plasma, microwave field, ultrasound, UV radiation, electrostatic field \u2013 non-thermal plasma),\u20286\u00a0\u2013 plastic vessel (container for a\u00a0sample), 7\u00a0\u2013 sample investigated, 8\u00a0\u2013 Faraday cage,\u20289\u00a0\u2013 carrier bridge, 10, 11\u00a0\u2013 conductive metal mesh, 12 a, b\u00a0\u2013 HV supply cables<\/h6>\n<h3>P\u0159edm\u011bt pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a\u00a0zp\u016fsob fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadu je mo\u017eno vyu\u017e\u00edt samostatn\u011b nebo ve vhodn\u00e9 kombinaci s\u00a0jin\u00fdmi technologiemi a\u00a0postupy. Pou\u017eit\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je c\u00edleno na sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu h\u016f\u0159e rozlo\u017eiteln\u00fdch, vysoce \u0161kodliv\u00fdch polutant\u016f, nap\u0159. na polycyklick\u00e9 aromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky (PAHs), perzistentn\u00ed organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (POPs), nap\u0159. polychlorovan\u00e9 bifenyly (PCB), xenobiotika apod.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bylo laboratorn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no pro sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed koncentrace problematick\u00fdch polutant\u016f ve vybran\u00fdch typech odpad\u016f za \u00fa\u010delem jejich znovuvyu\u017eit\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 materi\u00e1lov\u00e9ho (hnojiv\u00e9 nebo rekultiva\u010dn\u00ed sm\u011bsi) a\u00a0nebo energetick\u00e9ho (tvorby tuh\u00fdch alternativn\u00edch v\u00edceslo\u017ekov\u00fdch sm\u011bsn\u00fdch paliv). Jednalo se nap\u0159. o\u00a0\u010dist\u00edrensk\u00e9 kaly z\u00a0komun\u00e1ln\u00edch a\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch \u010dis\u00adt\u00edren odpadn\u00edch vod, pap\u00edrensk\u00e9 kaly, plasty, odpady z\u00a0\u00fapravy uhl\u00ed, odpady z\u00a0potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch pokusech s\u00a0fokusovan\u00fdm mikrovlnn\u00fdm polem (MW) byl zji\u0161t\u011bn maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fabytek sumy 15 PAHs 43,92 %, s\u00a0ultrazvukov\u00fdm p\u016fsoben\u00edm nebylo zji\u0161t\u011bno prokazateln\u011b sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu PAHs, s\u00a0ultrafialov\u00fdm z\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm (UV) byl zji\u0161t\u011bn maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fabytek sumy 15 PAHs 9,92 %, s\u00a0jiskrov\u00fdm v\u00fdbojem byl maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fabytek sumy 15 PAHs 12,39 %, s\u00a0p\u016fsoben\u00edm elektrostatick\u00e9ho pole byl maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fabytek sumy 15 PAHs 45,07 %. Zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00ed degradace bylo tak\u00e9 dosahov\u00e1no nap\u0159. i\u00a0u\u00a0AOX, specificky perzistuj\u00edc\u00edch PCB, a\u00a0to p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed\u00a0kombinovan\u00fdch fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch technik \u00fapravy odpad\u016f. V\u00fd\u0161e degradace je mnohdy z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na dostupn\u00fdch v\u00fdkonech za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. V\u00fdkon gener\u00e1tor\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch silov\u00fdch pol\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byl limitov\u00e1n finan\u010dn\u00edmi prost\u0159edky, kter\u00e9 byly k\u00a0dispozici pro v\u00fdzkum t\u00e9to oblasti v\u00a0dob\u011b \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu. U\u00a0n\u00e1mi navr\u017een\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byla projektem ov\u011b\u0159ena spr\u00e1vnost koncepce a\u00a0jeho funk\u010dnost.<\/p>\n<p>P\u016fsoben\u00ed na odpadn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly za pomoci v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed lze vhodn\u011b kombinovat s\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi chemick\u00fdmi nebo biochemick\u00fdmi technologiemi a\u00a0postupy. Vhodn\u00e9 se jev\u00ed biotechnologie (biodegradace), kdy fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed postupy slou\u017e\u00ed k\u00a0iniciaci\u00a0\u2013 otev\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0zp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bn\u00ed matric pro dal\u0161\u00ed p\u016fsoben\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Biodegradace nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch \u0161kodliv\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v\u00a0\u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 perspektivn\u00ed metody, kdy jsou slo\u017eit\u00e9 a\u00a0ekologicky z\u00e1vadn\u00e9 polutanty p\u016fsoben\u00edm mikroorganism\u016f rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1ny na l\u00e1tky jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed (nez\u00e1vadn\u00e9). Principem biodegrada\u010dn\u00edch technologi\u00ed je optimalizace \u017eivinov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f (pro podporu r\u016fstu vybran\u00fdch mikroorganism\u016f schopn\u00fdch degradovat c\u00edlov\u00e9 kontaminanty) a\u00a0aplikace vhodn\u011b vybran\u00fdch izolovan\u00fdch kmen\u016f mikroorganism\u016f s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou degrada\u010dn\u00ed schopnost\u00ed [9].<\/p>\n<p>Biologick\u00e9 metody dekontaminace vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed nebo inokulovan\u00e9 mikroorganismy (houby, bakterie a\u00a0ostatn\u00ed mikroorganismy) k\u00a0rozkladu (metabolizaci) organick\u00fdch polutant\u016f obsa\u017een\u00fdch v\u00a0p\u016fd\u00e1ch nebo podzemn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i aplikaci biodegrada\u010dn\u00edch metod je t\u0159eba vych\u00e1zet z\u00a0faktu, \u017ee tento proces je velice komplexn\u00ed. \u00dasp\u011b\u0161nost \u010di ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161nost z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na t\u011bchto faktorech [10\u201312]: chemick\u00fdch (druh kontaminantu, pH prost\u0159ed\u00ed, koncentrace makro a\u00a0mikrobiogenn\u00edch prvk\u016f, obsah vody, chemick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed kontaminovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, chemick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed a\u00a0koncentrace vhodn\u00fdch nutri\u010dn\u00edch roztok\u016f apod.), mikrobiologick\u00fdch (degrada\u010dn\u00ed aktivita mikroorganism\u016f) a\u00a0fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch (teplota, rozpustnost ve vod\u011b, sorpce na pevn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice).<\/p>\n<p>Vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch faktor\u016f m\u00e1 vliv na pr\u016fb\u011bh biodegradace, je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu technologick\u00fdch postup\u016f a\u00a0jejich aplikac\u00ed je t\u0159eba tyto faktory vz\u00edt v\u00a0\u00favahu a\u00a0v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby je upravit tak, aby biodegrada\u010dn\u00ed proces byl co nejm\u00e9n\u011b limitov\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p>Rychlost samovoln\u00e9ho biodegrada\u010dn\u00edho procesu na sanovan\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch je bez vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f velmi n\u00edzk\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f: n\u00edzk\u00e9 pozad\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ry, nep\u0159\u00edtomnost specifick\u00e9 mikrofl\u00f3ry, velmi n\u00edzk\u00e1 rozpustnost p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdch polutant\u016f, nehomogenn\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed polutant\u016f, nedostatek kysl\u00edku (p\u0159i aerobn\u00ed biodegradaci), nedostatek dopl\u0148kov\u00fdch \u017eivin.<\/p>\n<p>Vhodn\u00fdm sana\u010dn\u00edm postupem je mo\u017en\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161it rychlost biologick\u00fdch proces\u016f o\u00a0n\u011bkolik \u0159\u00e1d\u016f. Aplikovan\u00e9 bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed kmeny mus\u00ed v\u017edy spl\u0148ovat n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed podm\u00ednky:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>jedn\u00e1 se o b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 p\u016fdn\u00ed bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed kmeny (v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nesm\u00ed j\u00edt o kmeny geneticky manipulovan\u00e9),<\/li>\n<li>bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed kmeny jsou netoxick\u00e9 a nepatogenn\u00ed a jejich u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed je schv\u00e1leno St\u00e1tn\u00edm zdravotn\u00edm \u00fastavem a hlavn\u00edm hygienikem \u010cR,<\/li>\n<li>p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed do sanovan\u00e9ho ekosyst\u00e9mu enzymatick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, napom\u00e1haj\u00edc\u00ed rozkladu polutant\u016f na kone\u010dn\u00e9 oxida\u010dn\u00ed produkty; pokud v\u00fdsledn\u00fdm produktem ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bakteri\u00e1ln\u00edho kmenu nen\u00ed oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd, voda a biomasa, mus\u00ed na jeho \u010dinnost navazovat jin\u00fd bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed kmen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Rozklad organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek pomoc\u00ed mikroorganism\u016f je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho zp\u016fsobu kolob\u011bhu uhl\u00edku v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. Proces biodegradace je zalo\u017een na schopnosti mikrofl\u00f3ry vyu\u017e\u00edvat p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 \u0161kodliviny jako zdroj uhl\u00edku a\u00a0energie ke sv\u00e9mu r\u016fstu.<\/p>\n<p>Bylo identifikov\u00e1no v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 druh\u016f mikroorganism\u016f schopn\u00fdch degradovat uhlovod\u00edky, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e po\u0159ad\u00ed jejich d\u016fle\u017eitosti je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: heterotrofn\u00ed bakterie, houby, aerobn\u00ed bakterie, aktinomycety, fototrofy a\u00a0oligotrofn\u00ed bakterie. Nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 bakterie se \u0159ad\u00ed k\u00a0rod\u016fm <em>Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Micrococcus <\/em>a\u00a0<em>Corynebacterium<\/em> [13]. Intenzivn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti potvrzuje, \u017ee uplatn\u011bn\u00ed vedle bakteri\u00ed najdou i\u00a0jin\u00e9 mikroorganismy v\u010detn\u011b hub a\u00a0\u0159as. Pro lep\u0161\u00ed orientaci slou\u017e\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ehled [14].<\/p>\n<h3>P\u0159ehled aerobn\u00edch mikroorganism\u016f degraduj\u00edc\u00edch uhlovod\u00edky<\/h3>\n<p>Bakterie: <em>Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Torulopsis, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Chlorella, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Aeromonas, Moraxelia, Beijerinckia, Flavobacterium, Achromobacter, Nocardia, Micrococcus, Rhodococcus, Sarcina, Acetobacter.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Houby: <em>Phyktochytrum, Phizophlyctis, Mucor, Phytophthora, Thraustochytrum, Aspergillus, Cunninghariela, Syncephalastrum, Girbeltella, Absidia, Zygorrhynchus, Penicillium, Choanephora, Phycomyces, Circinella, Thamnidium, Rhizopus, Basidiobolus, Conidiobolus, Smittium, Saproiegnia, Saccharomyces, Emericellopsis, Neuropora, Sordana, Claviceps, Candida, Debaryomyces, Streptomyces.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0158asy: <em>Oscillatoria, Microcoleus, Anabaena, Agmenellum, Nortoc, Coccochloris, Aphanocapsa, Porphyridium, Petalonia, Ulva, Cylindrotheca, Amphora, Nitzschia, Navidula, Chlorella, Dunaliella, Chlamydomonas.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Vzhledem ke komplexnosti biodegrada\u010dn\u00edch proces\u016f maj\u00ed tyto mikroorganismy nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metabolick\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed. Skladba mikrobn\u00ed populace v\u00a0otev\u0159en\u00e9m biologick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu je do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry d\u00e1na teplotou prost\u0159ed\u00ed (nej\u010dast\u011bji jsou zde zastoupeny mesofiln\u00ed druhy s\u00a0teplotn\u00edm optimem v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 14\u201340\u00a0\u00b0C).<\/p>\n<p>Vzorky \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kal\u016f byly podrobeny laboratorn\u00edm biodegrada\u010dn\u00edm experiment\u016fm v\u00a0prostor\u00e1ch Katedry environment\u00e1ln\u00edho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed V\u0160B\u00a0\u2013 TUO. Pro biodegradaci byla pou\u017eita sm\u011bs bakteri\u00ed <em>Pseudomonas putida<\/em> a\u00a0<em>Rhodococcus<\/em> sp., kter\u00e9 byly z\u00edsk\u00e1ny z\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 sb\u00edrky mikroorganism\u016f p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159i P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 fakult\u011b Masarykovy univerzity v\u00a0Brn\u011b. \u010cesk\u00e1 sb\u00edrka mikroorganism\u016f disponuje zna\u010dn\u00fdm spektrem mikroorganism\u016f, k\u00a0nim\u017e je vytvo\u0159ena podp\u016frn\u00e1 datab\u00e1ze s\u00a0jejich degrada\u010dn\u00edmi schopnostmi a\u00a0specifick\u00fdmi vlastnostmi a\u00a0podm\u00ednkami kultivace.<\/p>\n<p>Pro spr\u00e1vnou kultivaci byly \u017eiviny zaji\u0161t\u011bny nutri\u010dn\u00edmi roztoky\u00a0\u2013 kultiva\u010dn\u00edmi m\u00e9dii, a\u00a0to M1 pro <em>Pseudomonas putida<\/em> a\u00a0M96 pro <em>Rhodococcus <\/em>sp.<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1st vzork\u016f byla biodegradov\u00e1na bez p\u0159ed\u00fapravy a\u00a0u\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch byly vzorky p\u0159ed vlastn\u00ed biodegradac\u00ed podrobeny fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00faprav\u011b na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00fapravu v\u00a0laborato\u0159\u00edch V\u00daV TGM, v. v. i. Pro p\u0159ed\u00fapravu byly zkou\u0161eny r\u016fzn\u00e9 postupy\u00a0\u2013 fokusovan\u00e9 mikrovlnn\u00e9 pole, ultrazvukov\u00e1 vana, jiskrov\u00fd v\u00fdboj, elektrostatick\u00e9 pole a\u00a0UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Vlastn\u00ed biodegradace prob\u00edhaly po dobu maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 4 t\u00fddn\u016f. Pot\u00e9 byly vzorky zfiltrov\u00e1ny a\u00a0po citliv\u00e9m usu\u0161en\u00ed provedeny speci\u00e1ln\u00ed chemick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy. Vzhledem k\u00a0charakteristice dan\u00e9ho vzorku kalu byly stanovov\u00e1ny zejm\u00e9na polycyklick\u00e9 aromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky (PAHs) a\u00a0polychlorovan\u00e9 bifenyly (PCBs).<\/p>\n<p>Nejlep\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdsledku kombinovan\u00fdch technik se dos\u00e1hlo u\u00a0nev\u00e1pn\u011bn\u00e9ho \u010dist\u00edrensk\u00e9ho kalu po biodegradaci s\u00a0bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed kulturou v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00fapravou elektrostatick\u00fdm polem, kdy do\u0161lo k\u00a0odstran\u011bn\u00ed 54,0 % p\u016fvodn\u00edho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sumy 15 PAHs.<\/p>\n<p>Lze konstatovat, \u017ee kombinace p\u016fsoben\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00fapravy a\u00a0biodegrada\u010dn\u00edch postup\u016f se jev\u00ed perspektivn\u00ed z\u00a0hlediska \u00fa\u010dinnosti a\u00a0spektra p\u016fsoben\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Vize, projektov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0vlastn\u00ed realizace v\u00fdstavby za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byla limitov\u00e1na finan\u010dn\u00edmi prost\u0159edky. V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se \u0159e\u0161\u00ed optimalizace a\u00a0dostavba, a\u00a0to zejm\u00e9na \u010d\u00e1sti za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f elektrostatick\u00fdm polem, d\u00e1le koncepce SW pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0regulaci. V\u00a0t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi v\u00fdzkumu a\u00a0v\u00fdvoje za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se bude jednat o\u00a0postupnou optimalizaci silov\u00e9 VN \u010d\u00e1sti a\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed s\u00a0regulac\u00ed, m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch jakostn\u00edch parametr\u016f procesu, m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0regulaci dopl\u0148kov\u00fdch parametr\u016f procesu, p\u0159enos dat a\u00a0vizualizace. Koncept za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je zachov\u00e1n, nebude m\u011bn\u011bn. Pouze bude \u0159e\u0161ena optimalizace za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ve v\u0161ech sm\u011brech (v\u00fdkonov\u00e9, m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0regulace, archivace a\u00a0p\u0159enos dat, vizualizace).<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch prac\u00edch jsou aktu\u00e1ln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny vybran\u00e9 gener\u00e1tory silov\u00fdch pol\u00ed, a\u00a0to UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, jiskrov\u00e9ho v\u00fdboje, elektrostatick\u00e9 pole\u00a0\u2013 studen\u00e9 plazmy. Proces fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadu je zobrazen na <em>obr. 2<\/em>.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-2.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-10769];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"666\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10756 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-2-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-2-768x639.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/666;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 2. Fotodokumentace za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fapravu odpad\u016f\u00a0\u2013 EP 2388068 (elektrostatick\u00e9 pole, jiskrov\u00fd v\u00fdboj, UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed)<br \/>\nFig. 2. Photographic evidence of the device for physical waste treatment\u00a0\u2013 EP 2388068 (electrostatic field, spark discharge, UV radiation)<\/h6>\n<p>Pokud je zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00fdm fin\u00e1ln\u00edm produktem vyu\u017eit\u00ed upraven\u00fdch odpadn\u00edch l\u00e1tek alternativn\u00ed palivo, pak je t\u0159eba z\u00a0vytipovan\u00fdch, upraven\u00fdch odpad\u016f vytvo\u0159it recepturu, zku\u0161ebn\u00ed vzorky alternativn\u00edch paliv laboratorn\u011b otestovat, ud\u011blat v\u00fdb\u011br receptur a\u00a0postup\u016f pro tvorbu alternativn\u00edch paliv.<\/p>\n<p>Podle nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0nejperspektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed receptury p\u0159ipravit v\u00edceslo\u017ekov\u00e9 sm\u011bsn\u00e9 alternativn\u00ed palivo na b\u00e1zi odpad\u016f. Pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed paliva pro ov\u011b\u0159ovac\u00ed spaln\u00e9 zkou\u0161ky zhomogenizovat, podle pot\u0159eby upravit na granule nebo pelety. Minim\u00e1ln\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed vyroben\u00e9ho paliva pro spaln\u00e9 zkou\u0161ky je d\u00e1no jeho sypnou hmotnost\u00ed. Pro certifikaci paliva je nutno spaln\u00e9 zkou\u0161ky v\u017edy prov\u00e1d\u011bt v\u00a0akreditovan\u00e9 laborato\u0159i.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edprava a\u00a0testov\u00e1n\u00ed tuh\u00fdch alternativn\u00edch v\u00edceslo\u017ekov\u00fdch sm\u011bsn\u00fdch paliv jsou zobrazeny na <em>obr. 3<\/em>.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-3.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-10769];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"666\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10758 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-3-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-3-768x639.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/666;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 3. Fotodokumentace\u00a0\u2013 alternativn\u00ed v\u00edceslo\u017ekov\u00e9 palivo na b\u00e1zi odpad\u016f, upraven\u00fdch na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fapravu odpad\u016f podle EP 2388068 \u201eDevice for physical waste treatment\u201c\u00a0\u2013 homogenizace slo\u017eek p\u0159ed granulac\u00ed ve spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0V\u00daHU a. s., Most, spaln\u00e9 zkou\u0161ky na certifikovan\u00e9m testovac\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed V\u0160B\u00a0\u2013 TUO v\u00a0Ostrav\u011b, uk\u00e1zky fin\u00e1ln\u00edho granulovan\u00e9ho v\u00edceslo\u017ekov\u00e9ho tuh\u00e9ho alternativn\u00edho paliva<br \/>\nFig. 3. Photographic evidence\u00a0\u2013 alternative multicomponent fuel based on fuels treated on the device for physical waste treatment as per EP 2388068 \u201cDevice for Physical Waste treatment\u201d\u00a0\u2013 homogenisation of components at the stage before granulation in cooperation with Czech Brown Coal Research Institute, Inc. (V\u00daHU a.s.) in Most, combustion testing on a\u00a0certified testing equipment at VSB\u00a0\u2013 Technical University in Ostrava, examples of final granulated multicomponent solid alternative fuel<\/h6>\n<p>Cel\u00fd proces znovuvyu\u017eit\u00ed vybran\u00fdch druh\u016f odpad\u016f (materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 \u010di energetick\u00e9) byl pod d\u016fkladnou chemickou analytickou kontrolou, toxikologick\u00fdm a\u00a0genotoxikologick\u00fdm sledov\u00e1n\u00edm. Projekt vygeneroval dv\u011b speci\u00e1ln\u00ed certifikovan\u00e9 metodiky, a\u00a0to Metodiku pro skupinov\u00e9 stanoven\u00ed fenol\u016f v\u00a0kalech a\u00a0Metodiku stanoven\u00ed genotoxick\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f l\u00e1tek obsa\u017een\u00fdch v\u00a0\u010dist\u00edrensk\u00fdch kalech pomoc\u00ed Amesova fluktua\u010dn\u00edho testu.<\/p>\n<p>Prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed optimalizace\u00a0\u2013 dostavba za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 aktu\u00e1ln\u011b v\u00a0nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed zdroje VN na 20 kV, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a\u00a0regulace. Proces fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadu je zobrazen na <em>obr. 4\u20136<\/em>.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-4.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-10769];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"404\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10760 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-4.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-4-300x152.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-4-768x388.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/404;\" \/><\/a>\n<h6>Obr. 4. Elektrick\u00fd rozvad\u011b\u010d pro nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd zdroj VN, \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed jednotka pro elektrostatick\u00e9 pole<br \/>\nFig. 4. Electrical switchboard for increased HV source, control unit for electrostatic field<\/h6>\n<p><strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-5.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-10769];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"184\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10762 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-5.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-5-300x69.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-5-768x177.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/184;\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h6>Obr. 5. V\u00fdboj na hrotu elektrody<br \/>\nFig. 5. Discharge on the tip of electrode<\/h6>\n<p><strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-6.jpg\" rel=\"shadowbox[sbpost-10769];player=img;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"596\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10764 lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-6.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-6-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Sezima-6-768x572.jpg 768w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 800px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 800\/596;\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h6>Obr. 6. Optimalizovan\u00e9 zku\u0161ebn\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f v\u00a0laborato\u0159i<br \/>\nFig. 6. Optimised testing and experimental equipment<\/h6>\n<h2>Diskuse a z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n<p>Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed\u00a0odpad\u016f\u00a0vede k\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu op\u011btovn\u00e9mu vyu\u017eit\u00ed, a\u00a0proto jsou v\u00a0dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b nov\u00e9 techniky a\u00a0technologie v\u00edt\u00e1ny a\u00a0ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m \u010dase i\u00a0spole\u010dnost\u00ed podporov\u00e1ny, a\u00a0to v\u00a0r\u00e1mci napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed trvale udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho rozvoje.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fapravu materi\u00e1l\u016f (zejm\u00e9na pevn\u00fdch matric odpad\u016f) koncep\u010dn\u011b spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0jednotliv\u00e9m nebo kombinovan\u00e9m p\u016fsoben\u00ed vybran\u00fdch silov\u00fdch pol\u00ed, a\u00a0to bu\u010f jako samostatn\u00e1 technologie anebo v\u00a0kombinaci s\u00a0jin\u00fdmi dal\u0161\u00edmi. V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vystav\u011bno jako zku\u0161ebn\u00ed laboratorn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, po optimalizaci a\u00a0dostavb\u011b v\u00fdhledov\u011b i\u00a0jako za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9. Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vyu\u017eito tak\u00e9 jako speci\u00e1ln\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro testov\u00e1n\u00ed odolnosti materi\u00e1l\u016f v\u016f\u010di r\u016fzn\u00fdm kombinovan\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dink\u016fm silov\u00fdch pol\u00ed nebo jako za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nebo hygienizaci vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fdch nov\u00fdch slou\u010denin a\u00a0materi\u00e1l\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b prob\u00edh\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce s\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdmi pracovi\u0161ti, zejm\u00e9na dislokovan\u00fdmi na vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch, a\u00a0zku\u0161ebn\u00ed testov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f v\u00a0r\u00e1mci u\u017eivatelsk\u00e9 optimalizace za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. D\u00e1le jsou vedena jedn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0v\u00fdrobci zku\u0161ebn\u00edch laboratorn\u00edch a\u00a0pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch technick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a\u00a0tak\u00e9 s\u00a0odborn\u00fdmi odpad\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi firmami, zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edmi se zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm vybran\u00fdch druh\u016f odpad\u016f za \u00fa\u010delem dal\u0161\u00edho vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u010di bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 likvidace. Trvale je budov\u00e1na s\u00ed\u0165 profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch partner\u016f. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci komercionalizace patentu je pro dal\u0161\u00ed rozvoj, vyu\u017eit\u00ed a\u00a0uplatn\u011bn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed hled\u00e1n v\u00fdznamn\u00fd a\u00a0siln\u00fd strategick\u00fd partner.<\/p>\n<h3>Pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><em>V\u0161em z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdm na tomto projektu v\u00fdzkumu a\u00a0v\u00fdvoje vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f jako n\u00e1hrady prim\u00e1rn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f a\u00a0Ministerstvu \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed za finan\u010dn\u00ed, odbornou a\u00a0metodickou podporu p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed projektu. V\u00fdzkum a\u00a0v\u00fdvoj byl podpo\u0159en projektem Ministerstva \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky (VaV SP\/2f2\/98\/07).<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article presents possibilities of a\u00a0unique device for industrial waste treatment using a\u00a0patented process, and outlines possible future directions. This device, using different physical processes, individually or in synergy, e.g. combined effects of ultrasonic waves, focused microwave field, arc discharges, electrostatic field and the exposure to ultra-violet radiation, is intended to degrade dangerous substances in waste, reducing its hazardous properties for the environment and to prepare the waste for future applications (material or energy), i.e. separately or in combination with other technology processes, such as biotechnology.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":10767,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[90,89],"tags":[2325,2324,220,2322,2323,385,2321],"coauthors":[1419,2307,2308],"class_list":["post-10769","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-waste-management","category-water-technology-water-supply-waste-water-treatment","tag-biodegradation","tag-biotechnology","tag-environment","tag-physical-waste-treatment","tag-reducing-hazardous-properties","tag-waste","tag-waste-treatment"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10769","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10769"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10769\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30606,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10769\/revisions\/30606"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10767"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10769"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10769"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10769"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=10769"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}