V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm obdob\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt zmapov\u00e1no obdobn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem cel\u00e9 povod\u00ed V\u00fdrovky.<\/p>\n
Stru\u010dn\u00fd souhrn metodiky<\/h2>\n\n- Z\u00e1jmov\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed byla vymezena jako katastr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed (k. \u00fa.) pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du 1-04-06 V\u00fdrovka.<\/li>\n
- Katastr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed byla lokalizov\u00e1na tak, aby tvo\u0159ila souvisl\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed od pramene V\u00fdrovky v\u00a0horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du 1-04-06 od nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch parti\u00ed povod\u00ed do 300 m n. m.<\/li>\n
- Jako hlavn\u00ed podklady byly pou\u017eity archivn\u00ed mapy stabiln\u00edho katastru a sou\u010dasn\u00e1 ortofotomapa \u010cR. Archivn\u00ed mapy byly\u2028georeferencov\u00e1ny a pot\u00e9 byly podklady vektorizov\u00e1ny.<\/li>\n
- Prostorov\u00e9 zm\u011bny byly zji\u0161t\u011bny pomoc\u00ed anal\u00fdzy v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS za pomoci n\u00e1stroj\u016f Symetrical difference a\u00a0Intersection. V\u00fdsledkem je kategorizace mok\u0159ad\u016f na segmenty kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed, zmizel\u00e9 a\u00a0nov\u00e9.<\/li>\n
- D\u00e1le byly u\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch kategori\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f pops\u00e1ny trajektorie jejich zm\u011bn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Vymezen\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Vymezen\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0povod\u00ed V\u00fdrovky (povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du 1-04-06), v\u00a0m\u00edrn\u011b zvln\u011bn\u00e9, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b zalesn\u011bn\u00e9 planin\u011b klesaj\u00edc\u00ed pozvolna do Polabsk\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017einy (obr.\u00a01<\/em>). P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed podle r\u00e1mcov\u00e9ho typu p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed krajiny do m\u00edrn\u011b tepl\u00fdch krajin p\u00e1nv\u00ed a\u00a0pahorkatin a\u00a0\u010d\u00e1st do m\u00edrn\u011b chladn\u00e9 krajiny pahorkatin a\u00a0vrchovin a\u00a0do tepl\u00e9 krajiny n\u00ed\u017ein, podle funk\u010dn\u00edch typ\u016f krajiny pak do krajiny poln\u00ed a\u00a0krajiny lesn\u011b-poln\u00ed [1] v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 300\u2013555 m n. m. Dominuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed typy jsou hn\u011bdozem, kambizem kysel\u00e1 a\u00a0luvizem pseudoglejov\u00e1. Toto \u00fazem\u00ed bylo vymezeno pomoc\u00ed hranic sou\u010dasn\u00fdch k. \u00fa. z\u00e1rove\u0148 hranicemi povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du. Bylo vybr\u00e1no celkem 24 k. \u00fa. o\u00a0souhrnn\u00e9 rozloze 101,024 km2<\/sup>, z\u00a0\u010deho\u017e 91,372 km2<\/sup> pat\u0159\u00ed do povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du 1-04-06 V\u00fdrovka, a\u00a0tvo\u0159\u00ed tak \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed (obr.<\/em> 1<\/em> a\u00a02<\/em>). Povod\u00ed V\u00fdrovky bylo zvoleno proto, \u017ee se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na rozvod\u00ed d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00ed Doln\u00ed Vltava a\u00a0Horn\u00ed a\u00a0st\u0159edn\u00ed Labe, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 175\u2013555 m\u00a0n. m. v\u00a0celkem p\u011bti typech krajiny \u010cR podle Romportla [1], a\u00a0je tud\u00ed\u017e vhodn\u00e1 k\u00a0anal\u00fdz\u00e1m v\u00fdvoje krajiny podle v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho po\u010dtu krajinn\u00fdch typ\u016f. Tato krajina doznala intenzivn\u00edch zm\u011bn, kde byly mok\u0159ady vesm\u011bs p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bny na jin\u00e9 typy vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny. V\u00a0t\u00e9to krajin\u011b z\u00e1rove\u0148 mok\u0159ady do velk\u00e9 m\u00edry chyb\u00ed a\u00a0jsou zde v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 z\u00a0d\u016fvodu zlep\u0161en\u00ed vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu v\u00a0krajin\u011b, zejm\u00e9na zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed dopad\u016f z\u00e1plav a\u00a0d\u00e9letrvaj\u00edc\u00edch such\u00fdch obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\")
<\/a>\nObr. 1. Lokalizace \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du V\u00fdrovka; podkladov\u00e1 data \u010c\u00daZK [4] a\u00a0DIBAVOD [7]
\nFig. 1. Localization of the study area within of the V\u00fdrovka river basin; underlying data of \u010c\u00daZK [4] and DIBAVOD [7]<\/h6>\n
\u0158e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed k. \u00fa.: Be\u010dv\u00e1ry, C\u00edrkvice u\u00a0Kol\u00edna, Doubrav\u010dany, Drahobudice, Hat\u011b, Horn\u00ed Jel\u010dany, Hryzely, Chmeli\u0161t\u011b, Man\u010dice u\u00a0Ra\u0161ovic, Nesm\u011b\u0148 u\u00a0Z\u00e1smuk, Ra\u0161ovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic, Sobo\u010dice, Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 Janovice, Vav\u0159inec, Vr\u0161ice, Z\u00e1smuky a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov celou rozlohou. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e9 k. \u00fa. Bl\u00e1to, Koch\u00e1nov u\u00a0Mitrova a\u00a0Sta\u0148kovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic, zhruba polovina \u00fazem\u00ed k. \u00fa. Janovick\u00e1 Lhota, Sud\u011bjov a\u00a0Mitrov u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic a\u00a0mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st k. \u00fa. Opatovice II. [2].<\/p>\n
Cel\u00e9 povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du 1-04-06 V\u00fdrovka m\u00e1 rozlohu 543,045 km2 <\/sup>(\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed tedy cca p\u011btinu rozlohy tohoto povod\u00ed) a\u00a0soused\u00ed s\u00a0<\/sup>t\u011bmito povod\u00edmi III. \u0159\u00e1du v d\u00edl\u010d\u00edm povod\u00ed Horn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed Labe: 1-04-01 Labe od Doubravy po Cidlinu, 1-04-04 Cidlina od Byst\u0159ice po \u00fast\u00ed a Labe od Cidliny po Mrlinu, 1-04-05 Mrlina a Labe od Mrliny po V\u00fdrovku a 1-04-07 Labe od V\u00fdrovky po Jizeru. V d\u00edl\u010d\u00edm povod\u00ed Doln\u00ed Vltavy je sousedn\u00edm povod\u00edm III. \u0159\u00e1du 1-09-03 S\u00e1zava od \u017delivky po \u00fast\u00ed [3].<\/p>\nMapov\u00e9 poklady a\u00a0jejich zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\nHistorick\u00fd stav krajiny a\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h3>\n
Pro mapov\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00e9ho stavu krajiny a\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed byly pou\u017eity C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 povinn\u00e9 otisky map stabiln\u00edho katastru (SK), kter\u00e9 jsou \u010dlen\u011bny podle tehdej\u0161\u00edch hranic katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed. Byly mapov\u00e1ny v\u00a0letech 1838 (\u010c\u00e1slavsk\u00fd kraj) a\u00a01841 (Kou\u0159imsk\u00fd kraj). Jsou k\u00a0dispozici na webu \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho archivu zem\u011bm\u011b\u0159ictv\u00ed a\u00a0katastru [2]. Jednotliv\u00e9 mapov\u00e9 listy byly spojeny do celk\u016f podle p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti k\u00a0historick\u00e9mu katastr\u00e1ln\u00edmu \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0grafick\u00e9m programu Adobe Photoshop CS5.v12.<\/p>\n
V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee hranice historick\u00e9ho a\u00a0nov\u00e9ho k. \u00fa. nebyly toto\u017en\u00e9 a\u00a0\u010d\u00e1st \u00fazem\u00ed nov\u00e9ho k. \u00fa. by chyb\u011bla, byla zpracov\u00e1na tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st sousedn\u00edho historick\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. V\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed do\u0161lo k\u00a0t\u011bmto p\u0159\u00edpad\u016fm nap\u0159. u\u00a0k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice (obr. 2<\/em>), kde do\u0161lo ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m \u00fazem\u00ed se sousedn\u00edmi k. \u00fa. Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 Janovice, Man\u010dice a\u00a0Sud\u011bjov [3]. D\u00e1le sou\u010dasn\u00e9 k. \u00fa. Sud\u011bjov se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 tak\u00e9 na \u010d\u00e1sti historick\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed k. \u00fa. \u017dandov. Do\u0161lo k\u00a0p\u0159ipojen\u00ed podstatn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti k. \u00fa. Mitrov ke k. \u00fa. Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 Janovice a\u00a0cel\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho k. \u00fa. Bl\u00e1to bylo historicky sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice.<\/p>\n<\/a>\nObr. 2. Zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed zm\u011bn hranic k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice [3]
\nFig. 2. Image of boundaries changes of the Ra\u0161ovice cadastral area [3]<\/h6>\n
Takto zpracovan\u00e9 podklady byly georeferencov\u00e1ny v\u00a0sou\u0159adn\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu S-JTSK East North pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje Georeferencing v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v\u00a0programu ArcMAP 10.7.1. Jako referen\u010dn\u00ed vrstvy pro georeferencov\u00e1n\u00ed byly pou\u017eity vrstvy Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapy \u010cR v\u00a0m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1 : 10 000, sou\u010dasn\u00e9 hranice k. \u00fa. a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e1 ortofotomapa. V\u0161echny uveden\u00e9 podklady byly p\u0159ipojeny pomoc\u00ed WMS slu\u017eby, kter\u00e1 je k\u00a0dispozici na Geoport\u00e1lu \u010c\u00daZK [3].<\/p>\n
Sledovan\u00e9 kategorie mok\u0159ad\u016f vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0legendy map SK a\u00a0byly definov\u00e1ny tak, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 sledovat v\u00fdvoj toto\u017en\u00fdch kategori\u00ed jak na map\u00e1ch SK, tak v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0historick\u00e9 kategorie mokr\u00e9 louky, mokr\u00e9 louky s\u00a0d\u0159evinami a\u00a0ba\u017einy a\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly. V\u00fdjimku tvo\u0159\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e1 kategorii podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lesy, kter\u00e9 se na map\u00e1ch SK nevyskytuj\u00ed. Obdobn\u011b byly klasifikov\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 ostatn\u00ed (nemok\u0159adn\u00ed) kategorie land use\/cover. Jednalo se o\u00a0ornou p\u016fdu, lesy, k\u0159oviny a\u00a0d\u0159eviny, louky a\u00a0pastviny, z\u00e1stavbu, komunikace, vodn\u00ed plochy, vodn\u00ed toky a\u00a0sukcesn\u00ed travnat\u00e9 plochy na orn\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, tj. plochy, v\u011bt\u0161inou podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e nebylo mo\u017eno sou\u010dasn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem obd\u011bl\u00e1vat a\u00a0na jejich m\u00edst\u011b vznikaly pov\u011bt\u0161inou mok\u0159adn\u00ed anebo travinn\u00e9 biotopy a\u010dkoli na v\u0161ech podkladech byly d\u00e1le vedeny jako orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, nicm\u00e9n\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00fdch i\u00a0historick\u00fdch ortofotomap a\u00a0ter\u00e9nn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu byla ur\u010dena tato kategorie.<\/p>\n
Sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav krajiny a\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h3>\n
Typy vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed\/krajinn\u00e9ho pokryvu (land use\/land cover) sou\u010dasn\u00e9 krajiny a\u00a0st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed typy mok\u0159ad\u016f byly identifikov\u00e1ny metodou manu\u00e1ln\u00ed visu\u00e1ln\u00ed intepretace s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm kombinace n\u011bkolika r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f podklad\u016f. Hlavn\u00edm zdrojem dat byla sou\u010dasn\u00e1 ortofotomapa, kter\u00e1 je k\u00a0dispozici na Geoport\u00e1lu \u010c\u00daZK\u00a0[4]. Pro verifikaci informac\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch z\u00a0ortofotomapy byly vyu\u017eity n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed dodate\u010dn\u00e9 podklady:<\/p>\n
\n- LPIS\u00a0\u2013 pro ur\u010den\u00ed typu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch pozemk\u016f, k\u00a0dispozici je vektorov\u00e1 vrstva na webu Ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho registru p\u016fdy [5];<\/li>\n
- hranice porostn\u00ed p\u016fdy\u00a0\u2013 pro odli\u0161en\u00ed lesn\u00edch porost\u016f od nelesn\u00ed d\u0159evinn\u00e9 vegetace, WMS slu\u017eba je k\u00a0dispozici na Geoport\u00e1lu \u00daH\u00daL [6], vrstva hranic porostn\u00ed p\u016fdy je p\u0159evzata z\u00a0Oblastn\u00edch pl\u00e1n\u016f rozvoje les\u016f;<\/li>\n
- DIBAVOD\u00a0\u2013 pro kontrolu lokalizace vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a\u00a0vodn\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0pro ur\u010den\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159adn\u00edch biotop\u016f byly pou\u017eity vrstvy vodn\u00ed toky, n\u00e1dr\u017ee a\u00a0ba\u017einy a\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 jsou dostupn\u00e9 na webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed b\u00e1ze vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch dat [7]; vrstva ba\u017einy a\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly byla, podle dostupn\u00fdch metadat, aktualizov\u00e1na 6. 4. 2006, jako zdroj p\u016fvodn\u00edch dat je uveden ZABAGED \u00ae, tato vrstva byla verifikov\u00e1na na podklad\u011b Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapy \u010cR v\u00a0m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1 : 10 000 [3];<\/li>\n
- p\u0159i konfliktu vrstev Ba\u017einy a\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly z\u00a0DIBAVOD [7], resp. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapy \u010cR [4], a\u00a0Hranice lesn\u00ed p\u016fdy z\u00a0\u00daH\u00daL [6] byl jako zp\u016fsob vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed\/krajinn\u00e9ho pokryvu (land use\/cover) volen podm\u00e1\u010den\u00fd les, p\u0159esto\u017ee na historick\u00fdch mapov\u00fdch podkladech nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 odli\u0161it podm\u00e1\u010den\u00fd les od ostatn\u00edch typ\u016f lesa, nicm\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159i ter\u00e9nn\u00edm pr\u016fzkumu bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee v\u00a0t\u011bchto lokalit\u00e1ch se v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed nach\u00e1z\u00ed lesn\u00ed porost tvo\u0159en\u00fd vlhkomiln\u00fdmi d\u0159evinami (p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b ol\u0161inami), nikoli klasick\u00e1 ba\u017eina \u010di mo\u010d\u00e1l.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Anal\u00fdza prostorov\u00fdch zm\u011bn mok\u0159ad\u016f na \u00farovni krajiny<\/h2>\n
Prostorov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza zm\u011bn mok\u0159ad\u016f na \u00farovni krajiny prob\u011bhla v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm programu ArcMAP 10.7.1 za pomoci n\u00e1stroje Symetrical difference pro tvorbu nov\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd prvk\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159enos atribut\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b kombinac\u00ed dvou p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se t\u0159\u00edd prvk\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1stroje Intersection. V\u0161echny krajinn\u00e9 segmenty byly interpretov\u00e1ny jako polygony, bez ohledu na to, zda jde o\u00a0enkl\u00e1vy, nebo koridory v\u00a0krajin\u011b [8], z\u00a0d\u016fvodu nezbytnosti vytvo\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fdhradn\u011b polygonov\u00e9 vrstvy pro n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 GIS prostorov\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy. V\u00fdsledkem anal\u00fdzy byla kategorizace mok\u0159ad\u016f podle jejich \u010dasoprostorov\u00e9 dynamiky, a\u00a0to na segmenty kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed, zmizel\u00e9 a\u00a0nov\u00e9. Kategorie kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f znamen\u00e1 v\u00fdskyt na stejn\u00e9 lokalit\u011b jak na map\u00e1ch stabiln\u00edho katastru, tak v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti (podle DIBAVOD [7] a\u00a0ortofotomapy [4] a\u00a0p\u0159i verifikaci dat tak\u00e9 podle ter\u00e9nn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu), zmizel\u00e9 mok\u0159ady jsou na dan\u00e9 lokalit\u011b zaznamen\u00e1ny jen na map\u00e1ch stabiln\u00edho katastru a\u00a0nov\u00e9 mok\u0159ady naopak jen na sou\u010dasn\u00fdch podkladech.<\/p>\n
V\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\nRozloha historick\u00fdch a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h3>\n
Historick\u00e9 mok\u0159ady jsou tvo\u0159eny sou\u010dtem ploch mok\u0159ad\u016f zmizel\u00fdch a\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch. V\u00a0prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed byla plocha mok\u0159ad\u016f na \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed 687,74 ha, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje 7,52 % rozlohy \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. Naproti tomu v\u00a0roce 2019 mok\u0159ady zauj\u00edmaly jen 9,29 ha, tj. pouze 0,1 % rozlohy \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. Celkov\u00e1 rozloha mok\u0159ad\u016f se tedy zmen\u0161ila zhruba p\u011btasedmdes\u00e1tkr\u00e1t.<\/p>\n
Podstatnou \u010d\u00e1st rozlohy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed tvo\u0159ily mokr\u00e9 louky, a\u00a0to 679,63 ha (tj. 98,82 % rozlohy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f), n\u00e1sledovaly mokr\u00e9 louky s\u00a0d\u0159evinami o\u00a0plo\u0161e 7,34 ha (1,07 %). Zbytek rozlohy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, 0,77 ha (0,11 %), p\u0159ipadal na ba\u017einy a\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly (tabulka 1<\/em>).<\/p>\nTabulka 1. Zm\u011bna rozlohy mok\u0159adn\u00edch ploch v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed
\nTable 1. Change of wetlands in the study area<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nSou\u010dasn\u00e9 mok\u0159ady jsou tvo\u0159eny sou\u010dtem ploch mok\u0159ad\u016f nov\u00fdch a\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti mezi mok\u0159adn\u00edmi typy nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed plochu zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lesy a\u00a0mokr\u00e9 louky. Pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed 3,91 ha, resp. 3,74 ha (tj. 42,1 %, resp. 40,23 %). Zbytek rozlohy sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, 1,07 ha (0,11 %), p\u0159ipadal na mokr\u00e9 louky s\u00a0d\u0159evinami. Klasick\u00e9 ba\u017einy a\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly z\u00a0t\u00e9to krajiny vymizely (tabulka 1<\/em>).<\/p>\nNa cel\u00e9m z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed o\u00a0souhrnn\u00e9 plo\u0161e 91,372 km2<\/sup> (24 k. \u00fa.) zmizel\u00e9 mok\u0159ady zauj\u00edmaly plochu 681,51 ha, co\u017e je 99,1 % plochy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed mok\u0159ady pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed plochu 6,22 ha (0,9\u00a0% plochy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f). Mok\u0159ady nov\u00e9 se rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed na plo\u0161e 3,07 ha, co\u017e je cca 220\u00d7 m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e plocha zmizel\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f (tabulky 2\u20134<\/em>). Z\u00a0t\u011bchto \u00fadaj\u016f je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st plochy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f z\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed zmizela a\u00a0tato ztr\u00e1ta nebyla kompenzov\u00e1na vznikem mok\u0159ad\u016f nov\u00fdch.<\/p>\nTabulka 2. Trajektorie zm\u011bn rozlohy zmizel\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f v \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed
\nTable 2. Trajectory of changes of the disappeared wetlands in the study area<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nTrajektorie zm\u011bn mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h3>\n
Naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed vymizela (681,51 ha, tj. 98,65 %) (tabulka 2<\/em>), kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0nov\u00e9 mok\u0159ady tvo\u0159\u00ed pouze nepatrn\u00fd zlomek plochy v\u0161ech typ\u016f mok\u0159ad\u016f podle stability (obr. 2<\/em>). U\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a06,22 ha (0,9 %) a\u00a0u\u00a0nov\u00fdch o\u00a03,07 ha (0,45 %) (tabulky 3<\/em> a\u00a04<\/em>).<\/p>\nTabulka 3. Trajektorie zm\u011bn rozlohy nov\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed
\nTable 3. Trajectory of changes of the new wetlands in the study area<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nNa m\u00edst\u011b zmizel\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti dominantn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, kter\u00e1 tvo\u0159\u00ed 49,68 % jejich p\u016fvodn\u00ed plochy. V\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 louky a\u00a0pastviny (19,27 %) a\u00a0k\u0159oviny a\u00a0d\u0159eviny (13,3 %). Les se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 na 8,89 % a\u00a0z\u00e1stavba na 5,15 % plochy p\u016fvodn\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f. M\u00e9n\u011b jsou zastoupeny vodn\u00ed plochy. Komunikace a\u00a0vodn\u00ed toky zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed pouze nev\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl z\u00a0plochy zmizel\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f. Mokr\u00e9 louky se nejv\u00edce zm\u011bnily z\u00a050,1 % na ornou p\u016fdu. Ba\u017einy s\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly se zm\u011bnily ze 40,39 % na vodn\u00ed plochy a\u00a0ze\u00a023,66 % na louky a\u00a0pastviny. Na m\u00edst\u011b mokr\u00fdch luk s\u00a0d\u0159evinami se nejv\u00edce vyskytuj\u00ed louky a\u00a0pastviny (42,08 %), k\u0159oviny a\u00a0d\u0159eviny (27,32 %) a\u00a0z\u00e1stavba (25,07\u00a0%) (tabulka 2<\/em>).<\/p>\nNov\u011b vznikl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lesy (1,98 ha). Mokr\u00e9 louky a\u00a0mokr\u00e9 louky s d\u0159evinami se jako nov\u00e9 mok\u0159ady rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed na plo\u0161e 0,84\u00a0ha, resp. 0,25\u00a0ha. Nov\u00e9 mok\u0159ady se vyskytuj\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na m\u00edst\u011b b\u00fdval\u00fdch les\u016f (50,98\u00a0%), orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy (20,71 %) a\u00a0vodn\u00edch ploch (19,13 %). D\u00e1le jsou v\u00fdznamn\u011bji zastoupeny jen louky a\u00a0pastviny (6,25 %). Minim\u00e1ln\u011b jsou zastoupeny vodn\u00ed toky a\u00a0komunikace (tabulka 3<\/em>).<\/p>\nU\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed plochu mokr\u00e9 louky (4,29 ha). Plochu 1,93 ha zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lesy. Mokr\u00e9 louky s\u00a0d\u0159evinami tvo\u0159\u00ed plochu o\u00a0rozloze 0,803 ha. V\u0161echny typy kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na m\u00edst\u011b historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk (tabulka 4<\/em>).<\/p>\nTabulka 4. Trajektorie zm\u011bn rozlohy kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed
\nTable 4. Trajectory of changes of the continuous wetlands in the study area<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nDiskuse<\/h2>\n
V\u00fdsledky dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed zcela z\u00e1sadn\u00ed \u00fabytek mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, kdy se z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00ed rozlohy v\u00a0letech 1838\u20131843 zachovalo pouze 1,35 % mok\u0159ad\u016f. I\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na anal\u00fdzu prostorov\u00fdch zm\u011bn mok\u0159ad\u016f (tabulka 2<\/em>), kdy polovinu zmizel\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f zaujala orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, lze sledovan\u00e9 zm\u011bny p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst na vrub zejm\u00e9na zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed produkce zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, co\u017e je v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0trendy v\u00fdvoje land use v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00fdch zem\u00edch [9\u201311]. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 je i\u00a0zm\u011bna slo\u017een\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f\u00a0\u2013 zat\u00edmco v\u00a019. stolet\u00ed dominovaly mokr\u00e9 louky (98,82 %, oproti 40,23 % dnes), v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 krajin\u011b m\u00edrn\u011b p\u0159eva\u017euje kategorie podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lesy (42,15 %) nad mokr\u00fdmi loukami (40,19 %). D\u016fvodem je z\u0159ejm\u011b fakt, \u017ee do\u0161lo ke zm\u011bn\u011b funkce mok\u0159ad\u016f\u00a0\u2013 zat\u00edmco v\u00a0minulosti plnily mokr\u00e9 louky do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry funkci produk\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0byly vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny pro sklize\u0148 sena nebo r\u00e1kosu [12], a\u00a0to nejen u\u00a0n\u00e1s, ale tak\u00e9 v\u00a0jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch, nap\u0159. ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku [13], v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti mokr\u00e9 louky p\u0159estaly b\u00fdt obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1ny a\u00a0za\u010daly zar\u016fstat vlivem sukcese [12].<\/p>\nTato pr\u00e1ce je realizov\u00e1na formou p\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e9 studie, nen\u00ed souhrnn\u011b mapov\u00e1no cel\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR. Jeliko\u017e je \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e9 (24 k. \u00fa., rozloha 91,372 km2<\/sup>), je zde p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee z\u00edskan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky budou pro tento typ krajiny reprezentativn\u00ed. Z hlediska metodiky bylo zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed kategorie podm\u00e1\u010den\u00fdch les\u016f k sou\u010dasn\u00fdm mok\u0159ad\u016fm, a\u010dkoli na map\u00e1ch SK se tato kategorie nevyskytuje. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b pokud bychom tuto kategorii ponechali jako ba\u017einy a mo\u010d\u00e1ly, neodpov\u00eddalo by to skute\u010dnosti, a pokud bychom ji ponechali jako les, zkreslilo by to plochu sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f. V \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed takto ba\u017einy a mo\u010d\u00e1ly \u00fapln\u011b vymizely, ale pokud bychom podm\u00e1\u010den\u00fd les p\u0159ekvalifikovali, tak by ba\u017einy a mo\u010d\u00e1ly zaznamenaly n\u00e1r\u016fst na 512 % z p\u016fvodn\u00ed plochy. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b tato kategorie se vyskytuje p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice na \u00fazem\u00ed Ratajsk\u00e9 obory, kde je p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd les, bez velk\u00fdch smrkov\u00fdch monokultur, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed posti\u017een k\u016frovcovou kalamitou, a\u00a0jedn\u00e1 se opravdu o\u00a0vlhkomiln\u00e9 d\u0159evinn\u00e9 porosty zapojen\u00e9 do okoln\u00edho lesa. Podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lesy se vyskytuj\u00ed jak na m\u00edst\u011b historick\u00e9ho lesa (1,57 ha), tak na m\u00edst\u011b mokr\u00fdch luk a\u00a0mokr\u00fdch luk s\u00a0d\u0159evinami (1,46 ha, resp. 0,47 ha), kter\u00e9 byly obklopeny lesem. Zat\u00edmco na m\u00edst\u011b lesa se ned\u00e1 ur\u010dit, zda historicky ji\u017e tyto lokality nebyly podm\u00e1\u010deny, na m\u00edst\u011b mokr\u00fdch luk je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee doch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed vlivem sukcese, proto\u017ee mokr\u00e9 louky p\u0159estaly b\u00fdt hospod\u00e1\u0159sky vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny. Je p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee v\u00a0doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed V\u00fdrovky se ji\u017e sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ba\u017einy a\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly budou vyskytovat, jeliko\u017e tomu napov\u00eddaj\u00ed v\u00fdsledky studi\u00ed zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se krajinou n\u00ed\u017ein [14, 15].<\/p>\nRybn\u00edky jako typ mok\u0159ad\u016f nebyly uva\u017eov\u00e1ny. Jako mok\u0159ad byl ur\u010den pouze biotop s\u00a0vegeta\u010dn\u00edm pokryvem nikoli s\u00a0otev\u0159enou vodn\u00ed hladinou. Z\u00a0hlediska krajinn\u011b ekologick\u00e9ho i\u00a0vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho jsou rybn\u00edky \u0159azeny mezi vodn\u00ed plochy, nicm\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1rove\u0148 spl\u0148uj\u00ed definici mok\u0159ad\u016f [16]. Pokud bychom k\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016fm za\u0159adily tak\u00e9 rybn\u00edky, tak by se plocha historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f zv\u00fd\u0161ila z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edch 687,74 ha (7,52 % plochy \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed) na 839,02 ha (9,18 %). Plocha sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f by pak \u010dinila 150,35 ha (1,64 %), nam\u00edsto 9,29 ha (0,1 %). Rybn\u00edky by zauj\u00edmaly 18 % plochy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f a\u00a0mokr\u00e9 louky by st\u00e1le byly dominantn\u00edm typem historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, ale nam\u00edsto p\u016fvodn\u00edch 98,82 % by pokr\u00fdvaly jen 81\u00a0%. Rybn\u00edky by tak\u00e9 byly naprosto dominantn\u00edm typem sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, kde by tvo\u0159ily 93,24 %. Tak\u00e9 by za\u0159azen\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f mezi mok\u0159ady zp\u016fsobilo nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pod\u00edlu plochy sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f na plochu historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f z\u00a01,35\u00a0% na 17,92 %. U\u00a0historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f by za\u0159azen\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f nezp\u016fsobilo v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 zm\u011bny ve v\u00fdsledc\u00edch, zat\u00edmco u\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fdch by byl rozd\u00edl markantn\u00ed (tabulka 5<\/em>). Je to d\u00e1no velk\u00fdm v\u00fdskytem mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0minulosti a\u00a0jejich t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u00fdm vymizen\u00edm v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed V\u00fdrovky je p\u0159edpoklad nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed plochy zmizel\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f, proto\u017ee rybn\u00edky byly zazem\u0148ov\u00e1ny kv\u016fli \u00farodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u016fd\u00e1m v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch a\u00a0zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edmu se tlaku na zem\u011bd\u011blskou produkci.<\/p>\nTabulka 5. Zm\u011bna rozlohy mok\u0159adn\u00edch ploch v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159i zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f
\nTable 5. Change of wetlands in the study area, including ponds<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nZa sledovanou dobu se n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t zm\u011bnilo spr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed. Zat\u00edmco v\u00a0polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed pat\u0159ilo sledovan\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b ke Kou\u0159imsk\u00e9mu a\u00a0\u010c\u00e1slavsk\u00e9mu kraji, v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti pat\u0159\u00ed cel\u00e9 do St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9ho kraje, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b do okresu Kutn\u00e1 Hora a\u00a0okresu Kol\u00edn. A\u010dkoli jako \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed je prim\u00e1rn\u011b po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1no cel\u00e9 povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du V\u00fdrovka, je prakti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed zpracov\u00e1vat podle jednotliv\u00fdch k. \u00fa., proto\u017ee takto jsou distribuov\u00e1ny mapy SK a\u00a0je jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed evidence zpracovan\u00e9ho, resp. nezpracovan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Bylo by vhodn\u00e9 z\u00edskan\u00e9 poznatky vyu\u017e\u00edt p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny s\u00a0ohledem na ochranu a\u00a0management mok\u0159ad\u016f, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b vzhledem k\u00a0m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edm se klimatick\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m. Evaporace \u010cR rychle roste, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 evaporace byla mezi lety 2001 a\u00a02018 o\u00a018\u00a0% (519 mm) vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0letech 1971\u20132000 (440 mm). P\u0159i\u010dem\u017e simulace budouc\u00edch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f pomoc\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00edch klimatick\u00fdch model\u016f p\u0159edpov\u00eddaj\u00ed r\u016fst a\u017e o\u00a054 %. Takov\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst by m\u011bl v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro dostupnost povrchov\u00fdch vod a\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blskou produkci v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha v\u00a0\u010cR, jak se ji\u017e prok\u00e1zalo v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha 2014\u20132018 [17].<\/p>\n
Tak\u00e9 by se daly vyu\u017e\u00edt jako n\u00e1vod pro vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho z\u00a0podklad\u016f pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed pl\u00e1n\u016f povod\u00ed 3. pl\u00e1novac\u00edho obdob\u00ed (2022\u20132027). Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zlep\u0161it zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ekologick\u00fd stav vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod, jeliko\u017e za posledn\u00ed hodnocen\u00e9 obdob\u00ed 2016\u20132018 vych\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edm ekologick\u00e9m stavu\/potenci\u00e1lu 94,6 % \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod kategorie \u201e\u0159eka\u201c a\u00a086,3 % \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie \u201ejezero\u201c [18]. N\u011bkter\u00e9 slo\u017eky hodnocen\u00ed ekologick\u00e9ho stavu\/potenci\u00e1lu, jako je zastoupen\u00ed fytoplanktonu, makrozoobentosu, ryb, makrofyt nebo fytobentosu a\u00a0d\u00e1le nasycen\u00ed vody kysl\u00edkem, by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161it p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00edm stavu vodn\u00edch tok\u016f tomu p\u016fvodn\u00edmu, tj. obnovou meandr\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159ilehl\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk vhodn\u00fdch pro rozliv nam\u00edsto zahlouben\u00fdch nap\u0159\u00edmen\u00fdch, \u010dasto vydl\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch koryt. Z\u0159ejm\u011b by bylo vhodn\u00e9 spustit v\u00a0r\u00e1mci mo\u017enost\u00ed jak\u00fdsi reverzn\u00ed proces k\u00a0tomu, co zde prob\u00edhalo ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed (nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00ed koryt, meliorace, likvidace rem\u00edzk\u016f a\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016f apod.). Jestli\u017ee mohlo b\u00fdt v\u011bnov\u00e1no tak velk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed a\u00a0tak mnoho finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f na v\u00fd\u0161e uvedenou p\u0159em\u011bnu na\u0161i krajiny, z\u0159ejm\u011b bude nutn\u00e9 v\u011bnovat tak\u00e9 velk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed a\u00a0mnoho finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f na p\u0159em\u011bnu na\u0161\u00ed krajiny zp\u011bt bl\u00ed\u017ee k\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edmu stavu, kde krajina plnila mnohem l\u00e9pe mimoproduk\u010dn\u00ed funkce, zejm\u00e9na byla mnohem zp\u016fsobilej\u0161\u00ed pro zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n<\/a>\nObr. 3. V\u00fdvoj mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, podkladov\u00e1 data \u010c\u00daZK [4]
\nFig. 3. Development of wetlands in the study area, underlying data of \u010c\u00daZK [4]<\/h6>\n
Mo\u017en\u00e1 \u017ee se v\u00a0oblasti reakce na prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed klimatickou zm\u011bnu a\u00a0s\u00a0t\u00edm spojen\u00e9 udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed bl\u00fdsk\u00e1 na lep\u0161\u00ed \u010dasy. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku b\u0159ezna 2020 byl zve\u0159ejn\u011bn dokument vyz\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed k\u00a0tomu, aby spole\u010dn\u00e1 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 politika EU (SZP) \u0159e\u0161ila tak\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnost, podepsan\u00fd v\u00edce ne\u017e 3\u00a0600 signat\u00e1\u0159i [19]. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 byl publikov\u00e1n \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159ibli\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed tuto v\u00fdzvu a\u00a0s\u00a0n\u00ed spojenou problematiku. V\u00a0z\u00e1sad\u011b \u0161lo o\u00a0to za\u010d\u00edt prosazovat udr\u017eitelnost zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. V\u00a0EU selh\u00e1v\u00e1 SZP, zejm\u00e9na pokud jde o\u00a0biologickou rozmanitost a\u00a0degradaci p\u016fdy. Je zde vyz\u00fdv\u00e1n Evropsk\u00fd parlament, Rada a\u00a0Komise, aby p\u0159ijaly 10 nal\u00e9hav\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 v\u00fdroby potravin, zachov\u00e1n\u00ed biologick\u00e9 rozmanitosti a\u00a0zm\u00edr\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bny klimatu v\u00a0oblasti SZP [20]. Tv\u016frci SZP na v\u00fdzvu reagovali, ale nyn\u00ed jsou z\u0159ejm\u011b na po\u0159adu dne jin\u00e1 nal\u00e9hav\u00e1 t\u00e9mata t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se epidemiologick\u00e9 situace. Zat\u00edm nezb\u00fdv\u00e1 ne\u017e doufat, \u017ee v\u00a0oblasti SZP dojde skute\u010dn\u011b k\u00a0prosazovan\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m.<\/p>\n
Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n
Hlavn\u00edmi v\u00fdsledky byly popis trajektori\u00ed v\u00fdvoje mok\u0159adn\u00edch biotop\u016f na horn\u00edm toku V\u00fdrovky a\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed metodiky sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoje mok\u0159ad\u016f pro pou\u017eit\u00ed na cel\u00e9m povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du V\u00fdrovka. Plocha mok\u0159ad\u016f p\u0159ed polovinou 19. stolet\u00ed byla na \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed 687,74 ha, zat\u00edmco v\u00a0roce 2019 jen 9,29 ha (1,35 % jejich p\u016fvodn\u00ed rozlohy), co\u017e znamen\u00e1 dramatick\u00fd \u00fabytek mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b. Zmizel\u00e9 mok\u0159ady v\u00a0tomto \u00fazem\u00ed zauj\u00edmaly plochu 681,51 ha (98,65 % plochy v\u0161ech typ\u016f mok\u0159ad\u016f podle stability), kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f je 6,22 ha (0,9 %) a\u00a0mok\u0159ady nov\u00e9 zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed plochu 3,07 ha (0,45 %). Na m\u00edst\u011b zmizel\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti nejdominantn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm land use\/cover typem orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, tvo\u0159\u00ed 49,68 % jejich plochy. V\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed louky a\u00a0pastviny a\u00a0k\u0159oviny s\u00a0d\u0159evinami, je to 19,27 %, resp. 13,3 %. Tyto skute\u010dnosti potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee ve sledovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00ed vlivem hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0krajin\u011b zmizel\u00e9 v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 typy mok\u0159ad\u016f a\u00a0\u017ee mok\u0159ady byly p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b nahrazeny ornou p\u016fdou. Z\u00a0toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee sledovan\u00e9 zm\u011bny lze p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst na vrub p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed produkce zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby.<\/p>\n
Tyto v\u00fdsledky ukazuj\u00ed tak\u00e9, jak by m\u011bl vypadat jeden z\u00a0d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch podklad\u016f pro obnovu mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b. Obnova mok\u0159ad\u016f je v\u00a0dob\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, av\u0161ak st\u00e1le opom\u00edjen\u00e1. Tyto biotopy maj\u00ed toti\u017e velk\u00fd polyfunk\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdznam v\u00a0krajin\u011b. Zejm\u00e9na maj\u00ed schopnost zadr\u017eovat vodu v\u00a0obdob\u00ed jej\u00edho p\u0159ebytku a\u00a0posl\u00e9ze v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha vodu uvol\u0148ovat (tzn. \u017ee funguj\u00ed v\u00a0krajin\u011b jako jak\u00e1si houba). Krom\u011b toho, \u017ee zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00ed dopady sucha a\u00a0povodn\u00ed, zlep\u0161uj\u00ed kvalitu vody ve vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch a\u00a0redukuj\u00ed proces eroze.<\/p>\n
Z\u00e1v\u011brem si dovol\u00edm apelovat na to, aby st\u00e1tn\u00ed instituce p\u0159i podpo\u0159e obnovy mok\u0159ad\u016f zohled\u0148ovaly to, kde mok\u0159ady p\u0159irozen\u011b byly a\u00a0kde je pro n\u011b vhodn\u00fd ter\u00e9n. Hlavn\u011b tedy, aby se v\u00a0\u201eboji proti suchu\u201c kone\u010dn\u011b finan\u010dn\u011b podporovaly konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 p\u0159inesou zadr\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b a\u00a0ne jen zpr\u00e1vy \u010di studie, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b predik\u010dn\u00ed modely pro p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f v\u00fdvoje sucha nebo v\u00fdstavba dal\u0161\u00edch velk\u00fdch p\u0159ehrad, pro kter\u00e9 u\u017e v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nen\u00ed ve vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch dostatek vody apod. Pro vymezen\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b je nastaven vcelku jednozna\u010dn\u00fd legislativn\u011b a\u00a0metodicky podpo\u0159en\u00fd postup, v\u010detn\u011b dota\u010dn\u00ed politiky, kter\u00fd v\u0161ak nen\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u016fbec vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
The article is focused on analysis of the change of wetlands coverage and the representation of various types of wetlands in the upper part of the V\u00fdrovka river basin over the last 180 years. The historical maps of the Stable Cadastre, current orthophotographs and GIS layers of actual localization and classification of different types of land cover were used as data sources. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":10741,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[1983,1980,279,2314,2315,1981],"coauthors":[1421],"class_list":["post-10745","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-informatics-cartography-in-water-management","tag-agricultural-management","tag-archival-maps","tag-gis","tag-landscape-changes","tag-water-in-landscape","tag-wetlands"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10745","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10745"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10745\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30605,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10745\/revisions\/30605"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10741"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10745"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10745"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10745"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=10745"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Vymezen\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Vymezen\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed le\u017e\u00ed v\u00a0povod\u00ed V\u00fdrovky (povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du 1-04-06), v\u00a0m\u00edrn\u011b zvln\u011bn\u00e9, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b zalesn\u011bn\u00e9 planin\u011b klesaj\u00edc\u00ed pozvolna do Polabsk\u00e9 n\u00ed\u017einy (obr.\u00a01<\/em>). P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed podle r\u00e1mcov\u00e9ho typu p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed krajiny do m\u00edrn\u011b tepl\u00fdch krajin p\u00e1nv\u00ed a\u00a0pahorkatin a\u00a0\u010d\u00e1st do m\u00edrn\u011b chladn\u00e9 krajiny pahorkatin a\u00a0vrchovin a\u00a0do tepl\u00e9 krajiny n\u00ed\u017ein, podle funk\u010dn\u00edch typ\u016f krajiny pak do krajiny poln\u00ed a\u00a0krajiny lesn\u011b-poln\u00ed [1] v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 300\u2013555 m n. m. Dominuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed typy jsou hn\u011bdozem, kambizem kysel\u00e1 a\u00a0luvizem pseudoglejov\u00e1. Toto \u00fazem\u00ed bylo vymezeno pomoc\u00ed hranic sou\u010dasn\u00fdch k. \u00fa. z\u00e1rove\u0148 hranicemi povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du. Bylo vybr\u00e1no celkem 24 k. \u00fa. o\u00a0souhrnn\u00e9 rozloze 101,024 km2<\/sup>, z\u00a0\u010deho\u017e 91,372 km2<\/sup> pat\u0159\u00ed do povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du 1-04-06 V\u00fdrovka, a\u00a0tvo\u0159\u00ed tak \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed (obr.<\/em> 1<\/em> a\u00a02<\/em>). Povod\u00ed V\u00fdrovky bylo zvoleno proto, \u017ee se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na rozvod\u00ed d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch povod\u00ed Doln\u00ed Vltava a\u00a0Horn\u00ed a\u00a0st\u0159edn\u00ed Labe, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed 175\u2013555 m\u00a0n. m. v\u00a0celkem p\u011bti typech krajiny \u010cR podle Romportla [1], a\u00a0je tud\u00ed\u017e vhodn\u00e1 k\u00a0anal\u00fdz\u00e1m v\u00fdvoje krajiny podle v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho po\u010dtu krajinn\u00fdch typ\u016f. Tato krajina doznala intenzivn\u00edch zm\u011bn, kde byly mok\u0159ady vesm\u011bs p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bny na jin\u00e9 typy vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny. V\u00a0t\u00e9to krajin\u011b z\u00e1rove\u0148 mok\u0159ady do velk\u00e9 m\u00edry chyb\u00ed a\u00a0jsou zde v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 z\u00a0d\u016fvodu zlep\u0161en\u00ed vodn\u00edho re\u017eimu v\u00a0krajin\u011b, zejm\u00e9na zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed dopad\u016f z\u00e1plav a\u00a0d\u00e9letrvaj\u00edc\u00edch such\u00fdch obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n \u0158e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed k. \u00fa.: Be\u010dv\u00e1ry, C\u00edrkvice u\u00a0Kol\u00edna, Doubrav\u010dany, Drahobudice, Hat\u011b, Horn\u00ed Jel\u010dany, Hryzely, Chmeli\u0161t\u011b, Man\u010dice u\u00a0Ra\u0161ovic, Nesm\u011b\u0148 u\u00a0Z\u00e1smuk, Ra\u0161ovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic, Sobo\u010dice, Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 Janovice, Vav\u0159inec, Vr\u0161ice, Z\u00e1smuky a\u00a0\u017d\u00ed\u0161ov celou rozlohou. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e9 k. \u00fa. Bl\u00e1to, Koch\u00e1nov u\u00a0Mitrova a\u00a0Sta\u0148kovice u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic, zhruba polovina \u00fazem\u00ed k. \u00fa. Janovick\u00e1 Lhota, Sud\u011bjov a\u00a0Mitrov u\u00a0Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch Janovic a\u00a0mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st k. \u00fa. Opatovice II. [2].<\/p>\n Cel\u00e9 povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du 1-04-06 V\u00fdrovka m\u00e1 rozlohu 543,045 km2 <\/sup>(\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed tedy cca p\u011btinu rozlohy tohoto povod\u00ed) a\u00a0soused\u00ed s\u00a0<\/sup>t\u011bmito povod\u00edmi III. \u0159\u00e1du v d\u00edl\u010d\u00edm povod\u00ed Horn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed Labe: 1-04-01 Labe od Doubravy po Cidlinu, 1-04-04 Cidlina od Byst\u0159ice po \u00fast\u00ed a Labe od Cidliny po Mrlinu, 1-04-05 Mrlina a Labe od Mrliny po V\u00fdrovku a 1-04-07 Labe od V\u00fdrovky po Jizeru. V d\u00edl\u010d\u00edm povod\u00ed Doln\u00ed Vltavy je sousedn\u00edm povod\u00edm III. \u0159\u00e1du 1-09-03 S\u00e1zava od \u017delivky po \u00fast\u00ed [3].<\/p>\n Pro mapov\u00e1n\u00ed historick\u00e9ho stavu krajiny a\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed byly pou\u017eity C\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 povinn\u00e9 otisky map stabiln\u00edho katastru (SK), kter\u00e9 jsou \u010dlen\u011bny podle tehdej\u0161\u00edch hranic katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed. Byly mapov\u00e1ny v\u00a0letech 1838 (\u010c\u00e1slavsk\u00fd kraj) a\u00a01841 (Kou\u0159imsk\u00fd kraj). Jsou k\u00a0dispozici na webu \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edho archivu zem\u011bm\u011b\u0159ictv\u00ed a\u00a0katastru [2]. Jednotliv\u00e9 mapov\u00e9 listy byly spojeny do celk\u016f podle p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti k\u00a0historick\u00e9mu katastr\u00e1ln\u00edmu \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0grafick\u00e9m programu Adobe Photoshop CS5.v12.<\/p>\n V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee hranice historick\u00e9ho a\u00a0nov\u00e9ho k. \u00fa. nebyly toto\u017en\u00e9 a\u00a0\u010d\u00e1st \u00fazem\u00ed nov\u00e9ho k. \u00fa. by chyb\u011bla, byla zpracov\u00e1na tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st sousedn\u00edho historick\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. V\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed do\u0161lo k\u00a0t\u011bmto p\u0159\u00edpad\u016fm nap\u0159. u\u00a0k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice (obr. 2<\/em>), kde do\u0161lo ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m \u00fazem\u00ed se sousedn\u00edmi k. \u00fa. Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 Janovice, Man\u010dice a\u00a0Sud\u011bjov [3]. D\u00e1le sou\u010dasn\u00e9 k. \u00fa. Sud\u011bjov se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 tak\u00e9 na \u010d\u00e1sti historick\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed k. \u00fa. \u017dandov. Do\u0161lo k\u00a0p\u0159ipojen\u00ed podstatn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti k. \u00fa. Mitrov ke k. \u00fa. Uhl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 Janovice a\u00a0cel\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho k. \u00fa. Bl\u00e1to bylo historicky sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice.<\/p>\n Takto zpracovan\u00e9 podklady byly georeferencov\u00e1ny v\u00a0sou\u0159adn\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu S-JTSK East North pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1stroje Georeferencing v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v\u00a0programu ArcMAP 10.7.1. Jako referen\u010dn\u00ed vrstvy pro georeferencov\u00e1n\u00ed byly pou\u017eity vrstvy Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed mapy \u010cR v\u00a0m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1 : 10 000, sou\u010dasn\u00e9 hranice k. \u00fa. a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e1 ortofotomapa. V\u0161echny uveden\u00e9 podklady byly p\u0159ipojeny pomoc\u00ed WMS slu\u017eby, kter\u00e1 je k\u00a0dispozici na Geoport\u00e1lu \u010c\u00daZK [3].<\/p>\n Sledovan\u00e9 kategorie mok\u0159ad\u016f vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z\u00a0legendy map SK a\u00a0byly definov\u00e1ny tak, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 sledovat v\u00fdvoj toto\u017en\u00fdch kategori\u00ed jak na map\u00e1ch SK, tak v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0historick\u00e9 kategorie mokr\u00e9 louky, mokr\u00e9 louky s\u00a0d\u0159evinami a\u00a0ba\u017einy a\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly. V\u00fdjimku tvo\u0159\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e1 kategorii podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lesy, kter\u00e9 se na map\u00e1ch SK nevyskytuj\u00ed. Obdobn\u011b byly klasifikov\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 ostatn\u00ed (nemok\u0159adn\u00ed) kategorie land use\/cover. Jednalo se o\u00a0ornou p\u016fdu, lesy, k\u0159oviny a\u00a0d\u0159eviny, louky a\u00a0pastviny, z\u00e1stavbu, komunikace, vodn\u00ed plochy, vodn\u00ed toky a\u00a0sukcesn\u00ed travnat\u00e9 plochy na orn\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b, tj. plochy, v\u011bt\u0161inou podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e nebylo mo\u017eno sou\u010dasn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem obd\u011bl\u00e1vat a\u00a0na jejich m\u00edst\u011b vznikaly pov\u011bt\u0161inou mok\u0159adn\u00ed anebo travinn\u00e9 biotopy a\u010dkoli na v\u0161ech podkladech byly d\u00e1le vedeny jako orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, nicm\u00e9n\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00fdch i\u00a0historick\u00fdch ortofotomap a\u00a0ter\u00e9nn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu byla ur\u010dena tato kategorie.<\/p>\n Typy vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed\/krajinn\u00e9ho pokryvu (land use\/land cover) sou\u010dasn\u00e9 krajiny a\u00a0st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed typy mok\u0159ad\u016f byly identifikov\u00e1ny metodou manu\u00e1ln\u00ed visu\u00e1ln\u00ed intepretace s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm kombinace n\u011bkolika r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f podklad\u016f. Hlavn\u00edm zdrojem dat byla sou\u010dasn\u00e1 ortofotomapa, kter\u00e1 je k\u00a0dispozici na Geoport\u00e1lu \u010c\u00daZK\u00a0[4]. Pro verifikaci informac\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch z\u00a0ortofotomapy byly vyu\u017eity n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed dodate\u010dn\u00e9 podklady:<\/p>\n Prostorov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza zm\u011bn mok\u0159ad\u016f na \u00farovni krajiny prob\u011bhla v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed GIS s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm programu ArcMAP 10.7.1 za pomoci n\u00e1stroje Symetrical difference pro tvorbu nov\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd prvk\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159enos atribut\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b kombinac\u00ed dvou p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se t\u0159\u00edd prvk\u016f a\u00a0n\u00e1stroje Intersection. V\u0161echny krajinn\u00e9 segmenty byly interpretov\u00e1ny jako polygony, bez ohledu na to, zda jde o\u00a0enkl\u00e1vy, nebo koridory v\u00a0krajin\u011b [8], z\u00a0d\u016fvodu nezbytnosti vytvo\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fdhradn\u011b polygonov\u00e9 vrstvy pro n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 GIS prostorov\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy. V\u00fdsledkem anal\u00fdzy byla kategorizace mok\u0159ad\u016f podle jejich \u010dasoprostorov\u00e9 dynamiky, a\u00a0to na segmenty kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed, zmizel\u00e9 a\u00a0nov\u00e9. Kategorie kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f znamen\u00e1 v\u00fdskyt na stejn\u00e9 lokalit\u011b jak na map\u00e1ch stabiln\u00edho katastru, tak v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti (podle DIBAVOD [7] a\u00a0ortofotomapy [4] a\u00a0p\u0159i verifikaci dat tak\u00e9 podle ter\u00e9nn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu), zmizel\u00e9 mok\u0159ady jsou na dan\u00e9 lokalit\u011b zaznamen\u00e1ny jen na map\u00e1ch stabiln\u00edho katastru a\u00a0nov\u00e9 mok\u0159ady naopak jen na sou\u010dasn\u00fdch podkladech.<\/p>\n Historick\u00e9 mok\u0159ady jsou tvo\u0159eny sou\u010dtem ploch mok\u0159ad\u016f zmizel\u00fdch a\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch. V\u00a0prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed byla plocha mok\u0159ad\u016f na \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed 687,74 ha, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje 7,52 % rozlohy \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. Naproti tomu v\u00a0roce 2019 mok\u0159ady zauj\u00edmaly jen 9,29 ha, tj. pouze 0,1 % rozlohy \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. Celkov\u00e1 rozloha mok\u0159ad\u016f se tedy zmen\u0161ila zhruba p\u011btasedmdes\u00e1tkr\u00e1t.<\/p>\n Podstatnou \u010d\u00e1st rozlohy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed tvo\u0159ily mokr\u00e9 louky, a\u00a0to 679,63 ha (tj. 98,82 % rozlohy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f), n\u00e1sledovaly mokr\u00e9 louky s\u00a0d\u0159evinami o\u00a0plo\u0161e 7,34 ha (1,07 %). Zbytek rozlohy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, 0,77 ha (0,11 %), p\u0159ipadal na ba\u017einy a\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly (tabulka 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 mok\u0159ady jsou tvo\u0159eny sou\u010dtem ploch mok\u0159ad\u016f nov\u00fdch a\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti mezi mok\u0159adn\u00edmi typy nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed plochu zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lesy a\u00a0mokr\u00e9 louky. Pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed 3,91 ha, resp. 3,74 ha (tj. 42,1 %, resp. 40,23 %). Zbytek rozlohy sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, 1,07 ha (0,11 %), p\u0159ipadal na mokr\u00e9 louky s\u00a0d\u0159evinami. Klasick\u00e9 ba\u017einy a\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly z\u00a0t\u00e9to krajiny vymizely (tabulka 1<\/em>).<\/p>\n Na cel\u00e9m z\u00e1jmov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed o\u00a0souhrnn\u00e9 plo\u0161e 91,372 km2<\/sup> (24 k. \u00fa.) zmizel\u00e9 mok\u0159ady zauj\u00edmaly plochu 681,51 ha, co\u017e je 99,1 % plochy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, kontinu\u00e1ln\u011b se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed mok\u0159ady pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed plochu 6,22 ha (0,9\u00a0% plochy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f). Mok\u0159ady nov\u00e9 se rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed na plo\u0161e 3,07 ha, co\u017e je cca 220\u00d7 m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e plocha zmizel\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f (tabulky 2\u20134<\/em>). Z\u00a0t\u011bchto \u00fadaj\u016f je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st plochy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f z\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed zmizela a\u00a0tato ztr\u00e1ta nebyla kompenzov\u00e1na vznikem mok\u0159ad\u016f nov\u00fdch.<\/p>\n Naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed vymizela (681,51 ha, tj. 98,65 %) (tabulka 2<\/em>), kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed a\u00a0nov\u00e9 mok\u0159ady tvo\u0159\u00ed pouze nepatrn\u00fd zlomek plochy v\u0161ech typ\u016f mok\u0159ad\u016f podle stability (obr. 2<\/em>). U\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a06,22 ha (0,9 %) a\u00a0u\u00a0nov\u00fdch o\u00a03,07 ha (0,45 %) (tabulky 3<\/em> a\u00a04<\/em>).<\/p>\n Na m\u00edst\u011b zmizel\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti dominantn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, kter\u00e1 tvo\u0159\u00ed 49,68 % jejich p\u016fvodn\u00ed plochy. V\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 louky a\u00a0pastviny (19,27 %) a\u00a0k\u0159oviny a\u00a0d\u0159eviny (13,3 %). Les se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 na 8,89 % a\u00a0z\u00e1stavba na 5,15 % plochy p\u016fvodn\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f. M\u00e9n\u011b jsou zastoupeny vodn\u00ed plochy. Komunikace a\u00a0vodn\u00ed toky zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed pouze nev\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl z\u00a0plochy zmizel\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f. Mokr\u00e9 louky se nejv\u00edce zm\u011bnily z\u00a050,1 % na ornou p\u016fdu. Ba\u017einy s\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly se zm\u011bnily ze 40,39 % na vodn\u00ed plochy a\u00a0ze\u00a023,66 % na louky a\u00a0pastviny. Na m\u00edst\u011b mokr\u00fdch luk s\u00a0d\u0159evinami se nejv\u00edce vyskytuj\u00ed louky a\u00a0pastviny (42,08 %), k\u0159oviny a\u00a0d\u0159eviny (27,32 %) a\u00a0z\u00e1stavba (25,07\u00a0%) (tabulka 2<\/em>).<\/p>\n Nov\u011b vznikl\u00e9 mok\u0159ady tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lesy (1,98 ha). Mokr\u00e9 louky a\u00a0mokr\u00e9 louky s d\u0159evinami se jako nov\u00e9 mok\u0159ady rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed na plo\u0161e 0,84\u00a0ha, resp. 0,25\u00a0ha. Nov\u00e9 mok\u0159ady se vyskytuj\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na m\u00edst\u011b b\u00fdval\u00fdch les\u016f (50,98\u00a0%), orn\u00e9 p\u016fdy (20,71 %) a\u00a0vodn\u00edch ploch (19,13 %). D\u00e1le jsou v\u00fdznamn\u011bji zastoupeny jen louky a\u00a0pastviny (6,25 %). Minim\u00e1ln\u011b jsou zastoupeny vodn\u00ed toky a\u00a0komunikace (tabulka 3<\/em>).<\/p>\n U\u00a0kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed plochu mokr\u00e9 louky (4,29 ha). Plochu 1,93 ha zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lesy. Mokr\u00e9 louky s\u00a0d\u0159evinami tvo\u0159\u00ed plochu o\u00a0rozloze 0,803 ha. V\u0161echny typy kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b na m\u00edst\u011b historick\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk (tabulka 4<\/em>).<\/p>\n V\u00fdsledky dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed zcela z\u00e1sadn\u00ed \u00fabytek mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, kdy se z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00ed rozlohy v\u00a0letech 1838\u20131843 zachovalo pouze 1,35 % mok\u0159ad\u016f. I\u00a0s\u00a0ohledem na anal\u00fdzu prostorov\u00fdch zm\u011bn mok\u0159ad\u016f (tabulka 2<\/em>), kdy polovinu zmizel\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f zaujala orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, lze sledovan\u00e9 zm\u011bny p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst na vrub zejm\u00e9na zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed produkce zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, co\u017e je v\u00a0souladu s\u00a0trendy v\u00fdvoje land use v\u00a0\u010cesk\u00fdch zem\u00edch [9\u201311]. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 je i\u00a0zm\u011bna slo\u017een\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f\u00a0\u2013 zat\u00edmco v\u00a019. stolet\u00ed dominovaly mokr\u00e9 louky (98,82 %, oproti 40,23 % dnes), v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 krajin\u011b m\u00edrn\u011b p\u0159eva\u017euje kategorie podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lesy (42,15 %) nad mokr\u00fdmi loukami (40,19 %). D\u016fvodem je z\u0159ejm\u011b fakt, \u017ee do\u0161lo ke zm\u011bn\u011b funkce mok\u0159ad\u016f\u00a0\u2013 zat\u00edmco v\u00a0minulosti plnily mokr\u00e9 louky do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry funkci produk\u010dn\u00ed a\u00a0byly vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny pro sklize\u0148 sena nebo r\u00e1kosu [12], a\u00a0to nejen u\u00a0n\u00e1s, ale tak\u00e9 v\u00a0jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch, nap\u0159. ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku [13], v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti mokr\u00e9 louky p\u0159estaly b\u00fdt obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1ny a\u00a0za\u010daly zar\u016fstat vlivem sukcese [12].<\/p>\n Tato pr\u00e1ce je realizov\u00e1na formou p\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e9 studie, nen\u00ed souhrnn\u011b mapov\u00e1no cel\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR. Jeliko\u017e je \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e9 (24 k. \u00fa., rozloha 91,372 km2<\/sup>), je zde p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee z\u00edskan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky budou pro tento typ krajiny reprezentativn\u00ed. Z hlediska metodiky bylo zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 za\u0159azen\u00ed kategorie podm\u00e1\u010den\u00fdch les\u016f k sou\u010dasn\u00fdm mok\u0159ad\u016fm, a\u010dkoli na map\u00e1ch SK se tato kategorie nevyskytuje. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b pokud bychom tuto kategorii ponechali jako ba\u017einy a mo\u010d\u00e1ly, neodpov\u00eddalo by to skute\u010dnosti, a pokud bychom ji ponechali jako les, zkreslilo by to plochu sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f. V \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed takto ba\u017einy a mo\u010d\u00e1ly \u00fapln\u011b vymizely, ale pokud bychom podm\u00e1\u010den\u00fd les p\u0159ekvalifikovali, tak by ba\u017einy a mo\u010d\u00e1ly zaznamenaly n\u00e1r\u016fst na 512 % z p\u016fvodn\u00ed plochy. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b tato kategorie se vyskytuje p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v k. \u00fa. Sta\u0148kovice na \u00fazem\u00ed Ratajsk\u00e9 obory, kde je p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd les, bez velk\u00fdch smrkov\u00fdch monokultur, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed posti\u017een k\u016frovcovou kalamitou, a\u00a0jedn\u00e1 se opravdu o\u00a0vlhkomiln\u00e9 d\u0159evinn\u00e9 porosty zapojen\u00e9 do okoln\u00edho lesa. Podm\u00e1\u010den\u00e9 lesy se vyskytuj\u00ed jak na m\u00edst\u011b historick\u00e9ho lesa (1,57 ha), tak na m\u00edst\u011b mokr\u00fdch luk a\u00a0mokr\u00fdch luk s\u00a0d\u0159evinami (1,46 ha, resp. 0,47 ha), kter\u00e9 byly obklopeny lesem. Zat\u00edmco na m\u00edst\u011b lesa se ned\u00e1 ur\u010dit, zda historicky ji\u017e tyto lokality nebyly podm\u00e1\u010deny, na m\u00edst\u011b mokr\u00fdch luk je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee doch\u00e1zelo k\u00a0zar\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed vlivem sukcese, proto\u017ee mokr\u00e9 louky p\u0159estaly b\u00fdt hospod\u00e1\u0159sky vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny. Je p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee v\u00a0doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed V\u00fdrovky se ji\u017e sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ba\u017einy a\u00a0mo\u010d\u00e1ly budou vyskytovat, jeliko\u017e tomu napov\u00eddaj\u00ed v\u00fdsledky studi\u00ed zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se krajinou n\u00ed\u017ein [14, 15].<\/p>\n Rybn\u00edky jako typ mok\u0159ad\u016f nebyly uva\u017eov\u00e1ny. Jako mok\u0159ad byl ur\u010den pouze biotop s\u00a0vegeta\u010dn\u00edm pokryvem nikoli s\u00a0otev\u0159enou vodn\u00ed hladinou. Z\u00a0hlediska krajinn\u011b ekologick\u00e9ho i\u00a0vodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho jsou rybn\u00edky \u0159azeny mezi vodn\u00ed plochy, nicm\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1rove\u0148 spl\u0148uj\u00ed definici mok\u0159ad\u016f [16]. Pokud bychom k\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016fm za\u0159adily tak\u00e9 rybn\u00edky, tak by se plocha historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f zv\u00fd\u0161ila z\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edch 687,74 ha (7,52 % plochy \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed) na 839,02 ha (9,18 %). Plocha sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f by pak \u010dinila 150,35 ha (1,64 %), nam\u00edsto 9,29 ha (0,1 %). Rybn\u00edky by zauj\u00edmaly 18 % plochy historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f a\u00a0mokr\u00e9 louky by st\u00e1le byly dominantn\u00edm typem historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, ale nam\u00edsto p\u016fvodn\u00edch 98,82 % by pokr\u00fdvaly jen 81\u00a0%. Rybn\u00edky by tak\u00e9 byly naprosto dominantn\u00edm typem sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f, kde by tvo\u0159ily 93,24 %. Tak\u00e9 by za\u0159azen\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f mezi mok\u0159ady zp\u016fsobilo nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed pod\u00edlu plochy sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f na plochu historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f z\u00a01,35\u00a0% na 17,92 %. U\u00a0historick\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f by za\u0159azen\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f nezp\u016fsobilo v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 zm\u011bny ve v\u00fdsledc\u00edch, zat\u00edmco u\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fdch by byl rozd\u00edl markantn\u00ed (tabulka 5<\/em>). Je to d\u00e1no velk\u00fdm v\u00fdskytem mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0minulosti a\u00a0jejich t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u00fdm vymizen\u00edm v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v\u00a0doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti povod\u00ed V\u00fdrovky je p\u0159edpoklad nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed plochy zmizel\u00fdch rybn\u00edk\u016f, proto\u017ee rybn\u00edky byly zazem\u0148ov\u00e1ny kv\u016fli \u00farodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u016fd\u00e1m v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch a\u00a0zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edmu se tlaku na zem\u011bd\u011blskou produkci.<\/p>\n Za sledovanou dobu se n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t zm\u011bnilo spr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed. Zat\u00edmco v\u00a0polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed pat\u0159ilo sledovan\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b ke Kou\u0159imsk\u00e9mu a\u00a0\u010c\u00e1slavsk\u00e9mu kraji, v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti pat\u0159\u00ed cel\u00e9 do St\u0159edo\u010desk\u00e9ho kraje, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b do okresu Kutn\u00e1 Hora a\u00a0okresu Kol\u00edn. A\u010dkoli jako \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed je prim\u00e1rn\u011b po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1no cel\u00e9 povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du V\u00fdrovka, je prakti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed zpracov\u00e1vat podle jednotliv\u00fdch k. \u00fa., proto\u017ee takto jsou distribuov\u00e1ny mapy SK a\u00a0je jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed evidence zpracovan\u00e9ho, resp. nezpracovan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n Bylo by vhodn\u00e9 z\u00edskan\u00e9 poznatky vyu\u017e\u00edt p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed krajiny s\u00a0ohledem na ochranu a\u00a0management mok\u0159ad\u016f, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b vzhledem k\u00a0m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edm se klimatick\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m. Evaporace \u010cR rychle roste, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 evaporace byla mezi lety 2001 a\u00a02018 o\u00a018\u00a0% (519 mm) vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00a0letech 1971\u20132000 (440 mm). P\u0159i\u010dem\u017e simulace budouc\u00edch sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f pomoc\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00edch klimatick\u00fdch model\u016f p\u0159edpov\u00eddaj\u00ed r\u016fst a\u017e o\u00a054 %. Takov\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst by m\u011bl v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro dostupnost povrchov\u00fdch vod a\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blskou produkci v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha v\u00a0\u010cR, jak se ji\u017e prok\u00e1zalo v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha 2014\u20132018 [17].<\/p>\n Tak\u00e9 by se daly vyu\u017e\u00edt jako n\u00e1vod pro vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho z\u00a0podklad\u016f pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed pl\u00e1n\u016f povod\u00ed 3. pl\u00e1novac\u00edho obdob\u00ed (2022\u20132027). Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zlep\u0161it zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ekologick\u00fd stav vodn\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod, jeliko\u017e za posledn\u00ed hodnocen\u00e9 obdob\u00ed 2016\u20132018 vych\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0nevyhovuj\u00edc\u00edm ekologick\u00e9m stavu\/potenci\u00e1lu 94,6 % \u00fatvar\u016f povrchov\u00fdch vod kategorie \u201e\u0159eka\u201c a\u00a086,3 % \u00fatvar\u016f kategorie \u201ejezero\u201c [18]. N\u011bkter\u00e9 slo\u017eky hodnocen\u00ed ekologick\u00e9ho stavu\/potenci\u00e1lu, jako je zastoupen\u00ed fytoplanktonu, makrozoobentosu, ryb, makrofyt nebo fytobentosu a\u00a0d\u00e1le nasycen\u00ed vody kysl\u00edkem, by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161it p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00edm stavu vodn\u00edch tok\u016f tomu p\u016fvodn\u00edmu, tj. obnovou meandr\u016f a\u00a0p\u0159ilehl\u00fdch mokr\u00fdch luk vhodn\u00fdch pro rozliv nam\u00edsto zahlouben\u00fdch nap\u0159\u00edmen\u00fdch, \u010dasto vydl\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch koryt. Z\u0159ejm\u011b by bylo vhodn\u00e9 spustit v\u00a0r\u00e1mci mo\u017enost\u00ed jak\u00fdsi reverzn\u00ed proces k\u00a0tomu, co zde prob\u00edhalo ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed (nap\u0159imov\u00e1n\u00ed koryt, meliorace, likvidace rem\u00edzk\u016f a\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016f apod.). Jestli\u017ee mohlo b\u00fdt v\u011bnov\u00e1no tak velk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed a\u00a0tak mnoho finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f na v\u00fd\u0161e uvedenou p\u0159em\u011bnu na\u0161i krajiny, z\u0159ejm\u011b bude nutn\u00e9 v\u011bnovat tak\u00e9 velk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed a\u00a0mnoho finan\u010dn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f na p\u0159em\u011bnu na\u0161\u00ed krajiny zp\u011bt bl\u00ed\u017ee k\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00edmu stavu, kde krajina plnila mnohem l\u00e9pe mimoproduk\u010dn\u00ed funkce, zejm\u00e9na byla mnohem zp\u016fsobilej\u0161\u00ed pro zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vody.<\/p>\n Mo\u017en\u00e1 \u017ee se v\u00a0oblasti reakce na prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed klimatickou zm\u011bnu a\u00a0s\u00a0t\u00edm spojen\u00e9 udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed bl\u00fdsk\u00e1 na lep\u0161\u00ed \u010dasy. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku b\u0159ezna 2020 byl zve\u0159ejn\u011bn dokument vyz\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed k\u00a0tomu, aby spole\u010dn\u00e1 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 politika EU (SZP) \u0159e\u0161ila tak\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnost, podepsan\u00fd v\u00edce ne\u017e 3\u00a0600 signat\u00e1\u0159i [19]. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 byl publikov\u00e1n \u010dl\u00e1nek p\u0159ibli\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed tuto v\u00fdzvu a\u00a0s\u00a0n\u00ed spojenou problematiku. V\u00a0z\u00e1sad\u011b \u0161lo o\u00a0to za\u010d\u00edt prosazovat udr\u017eitelnost zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. V\u00a0EU selh\u00e1v\u00e1 SZP, zejm\u00e9na pokud jde o\u00a0biologickou rozmanitost a\u00a0degradaci p\u016fdy. Je zde vyz\u00fdv\u00e1n Evropsk\u00fd parlament, Rada a\u00a0Komise, aby p\u0159ijaly 10 nal\u00e9hav\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 v\u00fdroby potravin, zachov\u00e1n\u00ed biologick\u00e9 rozmanitosti a\u00a0zm\u00edr\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bny klimatu v\u00a0oblasti SZP [20]. Tv\u016frci SZP na v\u00fdzvu reagovali, ale nyn\u00ed jsou z\u0159ejm\u011b na po\u0159adu dne jin\u00e1 nal\u00e9hav\u00e1 t\u00e9mata t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se epidemiologick\u00e9 situace. Zat\u00edm nezb\u00fdv\u00e1 ne\u017e doufat, \u017ee v\u00a0oblasti SZP dojde skute\u010dn\u011b k\u00a0prosazovan\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m.<\/p>\n Hlavn\u00edmi v\u00fdsledky byly popis trajektori\u00ed v\u00fdvoje mok\u0159adn\u00edch biotop\u016f na horn\u00edm toku V\u00fdrovky a\u00a0ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed metodiky sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoje mok\u0159ad\u016f pro pou\u017eit\u00ed na cel\u00e9m povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du V\u00fdrovka. Plocha mok\u0159ad\u016f p\u0159ed polovinou 19. stolet\u00ed byla na \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed 687,74 ha, zat\u00edmco v\u00a0roce 2019 jen 9,29 ha (1,35 % jejich p\u016fvodn\u00ed rozlohy), co\u017e znamen\u00e1 dramatick\u00fd \u00fabytek mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b. Zmizel\u00e9 mok\u0159ady v\u00a0tomto \u00fazem\u00ed zauj\u00edmaly plochu 681,51 ha (98,65 % plochy v\u0161ech typ\u016f mok\u0159ad\u016f podle stability), kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f je 6,22 ha (0,9 %) a\u00a0mok\u0159ady nov\u00e9 zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed plochu 3,07 ha (0,45 %). Na m\u00edst\u011b zmizel\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f je v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti nejdominantn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm land use\/cover typem orn\u00e1 p\u016fda, tvo\u0159\u00ed 49,68 % jejich plochy. V\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed louky a\u00a0pastviny a\u00a0k\u0159oviny s\u00a0d\u0159evinami, je to 19,27 %, resp. 13,3 %. Tyto skute\u010dnosti potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee ve sledovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00ed vlivem hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0krajin\u011b zmizel\u00e9 v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 typy mok\u0159ad\u016f a\u00a0\u017ee mok\u0159ady byly p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b nahrazeny ornou p\u016fdou. Z\u00a0toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee sledovan\u00e9 zm\u011bny lze p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst na vrub p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed produkce zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby.<\/p>\n Tyto v\u00fdsledky ukazuj\u00ed tak\u00e9, jak by m\u011bl vypadat jeden z\u00a0d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch podklad\u016f pro obnovu mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0krajin\u011b. Obnova mok\u0159ad\u016f je v\u00a0dob\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, av\u0161ak st\u00e1le opom\u00edjen\u00e1. Tyto biotopy maj\u00ed toti\u017e velk\u00fd polyfunk\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdznam v\u00a0krajin\u011b. Zejm\u00e9na maj\u00ed schopnost zadr\u017eovat vodu v\u00a0obdob\u00ed jej\u00edho p\u0159ebytku a\u00a0posl\u00e9ze v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha vodu uvol\u0148ovat (tzn. \u017ee funguj\u00ed v\u00a0krajin\u011b jako jak\u00e1si houba). Krom\u011b toho, \u017ee zm\u00edr\u0148uj\u00ed dopady sucha a\u00a0povodn\u00ed, zlep\u0161uj\u00ed kvalitu vody ve vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch a\u00a0redukuj\u00ed proces eroze.<\/p>\n Z\u00e1v\u011brem si dovol\u00edm apelovat na to, aby st\u00e1tn\u00ed instituce p\u0159i podpo\u0159e obnovy mok\u0159ad\u016f zohled\u0148ovaly to, kde mok\u0159ady p\u0159irozen\u011b byly a\u00a0kde je pro n\u011b vhodn\u00fd ter\u00e9n. Hlavn\u011b tedy, aby se v\u00a0\u201eboji proti suchu\u201c kone\u010dn\u011b finan\u010dn\u011b podporovaly konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 p\u0159inesou zadr\u017een\u00ed vody v\u00a0krajin\u011b a\u00a0ne jen zpr\u00e1vy \u010di studie, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b predik\u010dn\u00ed modely pro p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f v\u00fdvoje sucha nebo v\u00fdstavba dal\u0161\u00edch velk\u00fdch p\u0159ehrad, pro kter\u00e9 u\u017e v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b nen\u00ed ve vodn\u00edch toc\u00edch dostatek vody apod. Pro vymezen\u00ed mok\u0159ad\u016f na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b je nastaven vcelku jednozna\u010dn\u00fd legislativn\u011b a\u00a0metodicky podpo\u0159en\u00fd postup, v\u010detn\u011b dota\u010dn\u00ed politiky, kter\u00fd v\u0161ak nen\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u016fbec vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The article is focused on analysis of the change of wetlands coverage and the representation of various types of wetlands in the upper part of the V\u00fdrovka river basin over the last 180 years. The historical maps of the Stable Cadastre, current orthophotographs and GIS layers of actual localization and classification of different types of land cover were used as data sources. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":10741,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[1983,1980,279,2314,2315,1981],"coauthors":[1421],"class_list":["post-10745","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-informatics-cartography-in-water-management","tag-agricultural-management","tag-archival-maps","tag-gis","tag-landscape-changes","tag-water-in-landscape","tag-wetlands"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10745","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10745"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10745\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30605,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10745\/revisions\/30605"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10741"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10745"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10745"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10745"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=10745"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.vtei.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Richter-1.jpg\")
<\/a>\nObr. 1. Lokalizace \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed v\u00a0r\u00e1mci povod\u00ed III. \u0159\u00e1du V\u00fdrovka; podkladov\u00e1 data \u010c\u00daZK [4] a\u00a0DIBAVOD [7]
\nFig. 1. Localization of the study area within of the V\u00fdrovka river basin; underlying data of \u010c\u00daZK [4] and DIBAVOD [7]<\/h6>\nMapov\u00e9 poklady a\u00a0jejich zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n
Historick\u00fd stav krajiny a\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h3>\n
<\/a>\nObr. 2. Zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed zm\u011bn hranic k. \u00fa. Ra\u0161ovice [3]
\nFig. 2. Image of boundaries changes of the Ra\u0161ovice cadastral area [3]<\/h6>\nSou\u010dasn\u00fd stav krajiny a\u00a0mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h3>\n
\n
Anal\u00fdza prostorov\u00fdch zm\u011bn mok\u0159ad\u016f na \u00farovni krajiny<\/h2>\n
V\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n
Rozloha historick\u00fdch a\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h3>\n
Tabulka 1. Zm\u011bna rozlohy mok\u0159adn\u00edch ploch v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed
\nTable 1. Change of wetlands in the study area<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nTabulka 2. Trajektorie zm\u011bn rozlohy zmizel\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f v \u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed
\nTable 2. Trajectory of changes of the disappeared wetlands in the study area<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nTrajektorie zm\u011bn mok\u0159ad\u016f<\/h3>\n
Tabulka 3. Trajektorie zm\u011bn rozlohy nov\u00fdch mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed
\nTable 3. Trajectory of changes of the new wetlands in the study area<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nTabulka 4. Trajektorie zm\u011bn rozlohy kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed
\nTable 4. Trajectory of changes of the continuous wetlands in the study area<\/h5>\n<\/a>\nDiskuse<\/h2>\n
Tabulka 5. Zm\u011bna rozlohy mok\u0159adn\u00edch ploch v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159i zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed rybn\u00edk\u016f
\nTable 5. Change of wetlands in the study area, including ponds<\/h5>\n<\/a>\n<\/a>\nObr. 3. V\u00fdvoj mok\u0159ad\u016f v\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, podkladov\u00e1 data \u010c\u00daZK [4]
\nFig. 3. Development of wetlands in the study area, underlying data of \u010c\u00daZK [4]<\/h6>\nZ\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n